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Primary‐care patients’ expectations and experiences of online cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a qualitative study
Open accessAbstract
Objective To explore expectations and experiences of online cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) among primary‐care patients with depression, focusing on how this mode of delivery impacts upon the therapeutic experience. Design Qualitative study, using repeat semi‐structured interviews with patients before and after therapy. The study was conducted in parallel with a randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of online CBT for patients with depression. Participants Twenty‐four patients with depression recruited from five general practices in southwest England, who were offered up to 10 sessions of CBT, delivered via the internet by a psychologist. Results Most participants accessed the therapy from their home computer and found this to be a major advantage, in terms of convenience and fitting therapy into their daily routine, with any technical problems quickly resolved. Two key themes regarding expectations and experiences of online CBT were: developing a virtual relationship with a therapist, and the process of communicating thoughts and emotions via an online medium. Online CBT seems to be acceptable to, and experienced as helpful by, certain subgroups of patients with depression, particularly those who are familiar with computers, feel comfortable with writing their feelings down, enjoy the opportunities to review and reflect that written (or typed) communication offers are attracted to the ‘anonymity’ of an online therapeutic relationship and are open to the proactive requirements of CBT itself. However, on‐line CBT may feed into the vulnerability of depressed people to negative thoughts, given the absence of visual cues and the immediate response of face‐to‐face interaction. Conclusions Online CBT has the potential to enhance care for patients with depression who are open to engaging in ‘talking’ (or typing) therapies as part of their treatment. If online CBT is to be provided via the NHS, it is important to establish patient preferences regarding this mode of delivery and ensure that referral practices are appropriately targeted. The results of our main trial will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of receiving therapy via this modality.
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“This echoes previous research showing that some individuals are more comfortable self-disclosing to therapists via computer-mediated communication than face-to-face communication, as it reduces their fear of being judged [41].”
From User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
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“Studies on the experiences of patients with online therapy also show that personal feedback and support are perceived as positive among patients, to optimally use the program and to keep them motivated [12-14].”
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“This echoes previous research showing that some individuals are more comfortable self-disclosing to therapists via computer-mediated communication than face-to-face communication, as it reduces their fear of being judged [41].”
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“Although it is relatively well established that mental health service users highly value the personal component of face-toface therapy [21], it is possible that the high importance ratings found in this study are somewhat an artefact of directly comparing self-help treatments against face-toface therapy.”
BackgroundResultvan der Vaart, R., Witting, M., Riper, H., Kooistra, L., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & van Gemert-Pijnen, L. J. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0355-z · Cited by 273
“Studies on the experiences of patients with online therapy also show that personal feedback and support are perceived as positive among patients, to optimally use the program and to keep them motivated [12-14].”
BackgroundRichardson, T., Stallard, P., & Velleman, S. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0069-9 · Cited by 272
“Computerised cCBT is potentially available 24 h a day 7 days a week (Kalenthaler et al. 2006), and patients like the ability to use software packages at home in their own time (Beattie et al. 2009; Graham et al. 2000; MacGregor et al. 2009).”
BackgroundOnline Counseling: A Narrative and Critical Review of the Literature
Richards, D., & Viganò, N. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21974 · Cited by 325
“… have reported their belief in the effectiveness of online counseling, and reported advantages included enhanced freedom of expression through writing, reduced costs, and convenience (Bambling et al., 2008; Beattie et al., 2009; Cook & Doyle, 2002).”
BackgroundDonkin, L., & Glozier, N. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2100 · Cited by 212
Patel, S., Akhtar, A., Malins, S., Wright, N., Rowley, E., Young, E., Sampson, S., & Morriss, R. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16228 · Cited by 190
Establishing Guidelines for Executing and Reporting Internet Intervention Research
Proudfoot, J., Klein, B., Barak, A., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., Lange, A., Ritterband, L., & Andersson, G. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.573807 · Cited by 202
Krusche, A., Cyhlarova, E., & Williams, J. M. G. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003498 · Cited by 192
“vention website more often seem to benefit most from an online course.(26) 35 Computerised CBT with therapist support has also become part of the intervention for”
BackgroundO'Mahen, H. A., Richards, D. A., Woodford, J., Wilkinson, E., McGinley, J., Taylor, R. S., & Warren, F. C. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002092 · Cited by 201
“Internet-based interventions also provide a level of anonymity not possible with face-to-face therapy (e.g. distance-based, supporter does not see client’s face) (Beattie et al. 2009), potentially overcoming women’s concerns about stigma (Dennis & Chung-Lee, 2006).”
BackgroundO'Mahen, H. A., Woodford, J., McGinley, J., Warren, F. C., Richards, D. A., Lynch, T. R., & Taylor, R. S. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.005 · Cited by 202
Stawarz, K., Preist, C., Tallon, D., Wiles, N., & Coyle, D. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10120 · Cited by 198
“Much of this work has focused on the development and evaluation of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) [5,8-13].”
Bendelin, N., Hesser, H., Dahl, J., Carlbring, P., Nelson, K. Z., & Andersson, G. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-107 · Cited by 173
“One study investigated experiences of an Internet depression treatment that was delivered in real time with scheduled online session appointments [15].”
BackgroundVis, C., Mol, M., Kleiboer, A., Bührmann, L., Finch, T., Smit, J., & Riper, H. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9769 · Cited by 183
O’Cathain, A., Thomas, K. J., Drabble, S. J., Rudolph, A., Goode, J., & Hewison, J. (2014) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta18380 · Cited by 159
Moderated online social therapy: Designing and evaluating technology for mental health
Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Gleeson, J., Bendall, S., & Álvarez-Jiménez, M. (2014) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/2513179 · Cited by 151
Wallin, E. E. K., Mattsson, S., & Olsson, E. M. G. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5324 · Cited by 136
“The qualitative part of this study generated similar advantages and disadvantages as have previously been reported [12-14,16].”
BackgroundResultGerhards, S. A. H., Abma, T. A., Arntz, A., de Graaf, L. E., Evers, S. M. A. A., Huibers, M. J. H., & Widdershoven, G. A. M. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.012 · Cited by 141
“Former qualitative research on depression treatment has focused on the patient experience of guided self-help in primary mental health care (Khan et al., 2007) and of CBT delivered ‘live’ online byapsychologist (Beattie et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKleiboer, A., Smit, J., Bosmans, J., Ruwaard, J., Andersson, G., Topooco, N., Berger, T., Krieger, T., Botella, C., Baños, R., et al. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1511-1 · Cited by 133
“Patients often present with complex clinical problems and may need more intensive guidance than Internet-based treatments alone are able to offer [24].”
BackgroundVassilev, I., Rowsell, A., Pope, C., Kennedy, A., O’Cathain, A., Salisbury, C., & Rogers, A. (2015) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-015-0238-9 · Cited by 137
“Papers for review were identified from searches in PubMed and the Web of Science.”
BackgroundInfluentialHollinghurst, S., Peters, T. J., Kaur, S., Wiles, N., Lewisand, G., & Kessler, D. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.073080 · Cited by 123
“35 On the other hand, the study found that this type of therapy appeals in particular to those who like to write their feelings down, those who value the opportunity to review and reflect on the dialogue of the therapy session, and those who prefer the anonymity offered by this method of delivering…”
Self-citationIvtzan, I., Young, T., Martman, J., Jeffrey, A., Lomas, T., Hart, R., & Eiroá‐Orosa, F. J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0581-1 · Cited by 146
“Therefore, online mindfulness programs would benefit a large number of people, who otherwise could not have joined such courses (Beattie et al. 2009).”
BackgroundKrusche, A., Cyhlarova, E., King, S., & Williams, J. M. G. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000803 · Cited by 121
McCloud, T. L., Jones, R., Lewis, G., Bell, V., & Tsakanikos, E. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/15418 · Cited by 133
“The results of this trial may also not be generalizable beyond university students, but arguably, these are the individuals who are most likely to benefit from the accessibility of this type of treatment [46].”
BackgroundStallard, P., Richardson, T., Velleman, S., & Attwood, M. (2011) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246581000086x · Cited by 118
“Such work has demonstrated a number of benefits of cCBT, such as increased availability (Griffiths and Christensen, 2007), and the ability to use cCBT in your own home (Beattie, Shaw, Kaur and Kessler, 2009; Graham, Franses, Kenwright and Marks, 2000).”
BackgroundStawarz, K., Preist, C., & Coyle, D. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12546 · Cited by 107
Ethical and Legal Implications on the Use of Technology in Counselling
Harris, B., & Birnbaum, R. (2014) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-014-0515-0 · Cited by 108
“For example, Beattie et al. (2009) found that ten sessions of online cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) delivered to twenty-four patients with depression was experienced as helpful due to its accessibility (i.e., clients accessed from their home computer).”
BackgroundEffectiveness of Web-based Psychological Interventions for Depression: A Meta-analysis
Cowpertwait, L., & Clarke, D. (2013) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-012-9416-z · Cited by 101
“Other reasons are not including reminders (Clarke et al. 2005), being too long (Christensen et al. 2006b) and not assessing suitability before allowing access to the intervention (Beattie et al. 2009; de Graaf et al. 2009b).”
BackgroundStallard, P. N., Richardson, T. H., & Velleman, S. C. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000421 · Cited by 106
“In addition, issues such as engagement, computer access and lack of privacy and security can be problematic when cCBT is used with adults (Carlbring et al., 2001; Kiropoulos et al., 2008; Beattie, Shaw, Kaur and Kessler, 2009; Whitfield and Williams 2004).”
BackgroundMethodBergman Nordgren, L., Carlbring, P., Linna, E., & Andersson, G. (2013) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.2292 · Cited by 92
“The results are, however, consistent with findings from research on face-to-face therapy, and research showing that Internet relationships can be as important as face-to-face relationships [44].”
Sjöström, M., Umefjord, G., Stenlund, H., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Samuelsson, E. (2015) · BJU International · doi:10.1111/bju.13091 · Cited by 84
Ly, K. H., Janni, E., Wrede, R., Sedem, M., Donker, T., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.12.002 · Cited by 78
“The results indicate that the participants' experiences on the whole are comparable with previous findings within qualitative research of internet-based guided self-help treatment (Bendelin et al., 2011; Beattie et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2007; MacDonald et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMental health related Internet use among psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional analysis
Kalckreuth, S., Trefflich, F., & Rummel-Kluge, C. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0368-7 · Cited by 86
“They have been explored in prior research, concluding that the negative perception of such programs mainly stems from the lack of immediate patient – therapist interaction [44,45].”
BackgroundTonkin-Crine, S. K., Bishop, F. L., Ellis, M., Moss-Morris, R. E., & Everitt, H. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2672 · Cited by 85
“Previous qualitative work has explored patients’ views of Internet-delivered CBT self-management programs to help management of depression [20-22].”
BackgroundJiao, N., Zhu, L., Chong, Y. S., Chan, W.-C. S., Luo, N., Wang, W., Hu, R., Chan, Y. H., & He, H. G. (2019) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.07.002 · Cited by 79
Zagorscak, P., Heinrich, M., Sommer, D., Wagner, B., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2018) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000481515 · Cited by 85
Etzelmueller, A., Radkovsky, A., Hannig, W., Berking, M., & Ebert, D. D. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.01.003 · Cited by 75
“video-based transmission such as the vulnerability to negative thoughts in the absence of immediate response within unguided self-help interventions (Beattie et al., 2009), the data suggested that this limitation to the therapeutic process can be overcome using VTS.”
A Moment of Mindfulness: Computer-Mediated Mindfulness Practice Increases State Mindfulness
Mahmood, L., Hopthrow, T., & Randsley de Moura, G. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153923 · Cited by 75
“The findings from the present research suggests that allowing participants to carry out interventions in their own surroundings, with greater anonymity, may be the cause of increases in the effectiveness of interventions [48, 49] and that this is true even when the practice is very brief, and the participants are not…”
Computerized cognitive behavioural therapy and the therapeutic alliance: A qualitative enquiry
Barazzone, N., Cavanagh, K., & Richards, D. A. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02035.x · Cited by 67
Therapist behaviours in internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) for depressive symptoms
Holländare, F., Gustafsson, S. A., Berglind, M., Grape, F., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Hadjistavropoulos, H., & Tillfors, M. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.11.002 · Cited by 65
“Consistent with this quantitative research, in a qualitative study many participants expressed appreciation for therapist guidance and were surprised by the high quality of the relationship that developed with the therapist during online communication in ICBT (Beattie et al., 2009).”
ResultA qualitative exploration of Internet-based treatment for comorbid depression and alcohol misuse
Darvell, M. J., Kavanagh, D. J., & Connolly, J. M. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.03.003 · Cited by 69
Participatory design of an online therapy for youth mental health
Wadley, G., Lederman, R., Gleeson, J., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2013) · Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/2541016.2541030 · Cited by 70
“Mediated interaction with health workers can be convenient for patients who are geographically distant from health services, or busy re-engaging with normal life (Beattie et al., 2009).”
BackgroundNo pain, no gain: Depressed clients' experiences of cognitive behavioural therapy
Barnes, M., Sherlock, S., Thomas, L., Kessler, D. S., Kuyken, W., Owen‐Smith, A., Lewis, G., Wiles, N., & Turner, K. M. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12021 · Cited by 72
Self-citationHolst, A., Nejati, S., Björkelund, C., Eriksson, M. C. M., Hange, D., Kivi, M., Wikberg, C., & Petersson, E. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2017.1288813 · Cited by 74
“Only a few similar studies conducted in primary care context have to date been carried out [28,29].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Implementation of Internet Interventions for Depression: A Scoping Review
Drozd, F., Vaskinn, L., Bergsund, H. B., Haga, S. M., Slinning, K., & Bjørkli, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5670 · Cited by 67
“Only 3 studies using print media appear to have used a more targeted approach [47,59,60].”
Erşahin, Z., & Hanley, T. (2017) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896917704675 · Cited by 55
“Thus, the online environment might be perceived by some young clients to be more comfortable and controllable than meeting professionals face-to-face (e.g. Beattie et al., 2009; Gibson et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInternet‐based interventions for postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Mu, T., Li, Y., Xu, R., Chen, J., Wang, Y., & Shen, C. (2020) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.724 · Cited by 58
O'Mahen, H. A., Grieve, H., Jones, J., McGinley, J., Woodford, J., & Wilkinson, E. L. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.11.003 · Cited by 53
“Their relatively anonymous delivery may also overcome women's fears of stigma (Beattie et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLinguistic Indicators of Severity and Progress in Online Text-based Therapy for Depression
Howes, C., Purver, M., & McCabe, R. (2014) · Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych) · doi:10.3115/v1/w14-3202 · Cited by 53
“However, this new online setting provides a challenge of evaluation and optimisation (Hanley and Reynolds, 2009; Beattie et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodPatient experiences of psychological therapy for depression: a qualitative metasynthesis
McPherson, S., Wicks, C., & Tercelli, I. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02682-1 · Cited by 52
Kemmeren, L., van Schaik, A., Riper, H. M., Kleiboer, A. M., Bosmans, J. E., & Smit, J. H. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0818-5 · Cited by 49
“From a clinical perspective it seems rational that patients with more severe and more complex symptomatology of depression as present in routine care, may need face-toface interaction [22].”
BackgroundFleischmann, R. J., Harrer, M., Zarski, A.-C., Baumeister, H., Lehr, D., & Ebert, D. D. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.12.001 · Cited by 47
Women’s Experiences of Internet-Based or Postal Treatment for Stress Urinary Incontinence
Björk, A. B., Sjöström, M., Johansson, E. E., Samuelsson, E. C., & Umefjord, G. (2014) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314524486 · Cited by 47
“The lack of face-to-face contact can have a dual impact: It might make it easier to communicate about sensitive issues (Suler, 2004), but the loss of some communicational aspects might lead to a superficial relationship (Beattie et al., 2009).”
BackgroundUrech, A., Krieger, T., Möseneder, L., Biaggi, A., Vincent, A., Poppe, C., Meyer, B., Riper, H., & Berger, T. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2018.1430910 · Cited by 43
Nakao, S., Nakagawa, A., Oguchi, Y., Mitsuda, D., Kato, N., Nakagawa, Y., Tamura, N., Kudo, Y., Abe, T., Hiyama, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10743 · Cited by 45
Catarino, A., Bateup, S., Tablan, V., Innes, K., Freer, S., Richards, A., Stott, R., Hollon, S. D., Chamberlain, S. R., Hayes, A., et al. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.57 · Cited by 40
“9,10 Despite multiple potential advantages, varying degrees of therapist intervention in online CBT can affect clinical outcomes and patient engagement in real-world settings, 5,8,11,12 with therapist-guided online CBT associated with better clinical outcomes and lower drop-out rates than…”
Women’s expectations and experiences regarding e-health treatment: A systematic review
Verhoeks, C. M., Teunissen, D. A. M., van der Stelt-Steenbergen, A., & Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2017) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458217720394 · Cited by 47
Wallin, E., Norlund, F., Olsson, E. M. G., Burell, G., Held, C., & Carlsson, T. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9690 · Cited by 36
Koenig, H. G. (2012) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/460419 · Cited by 41
“Furthermore, this approach is acceptable to depressed patients, and therapy without face-to-face contact may encourage greater disclosure [24].”
BackgroundEveritt, H., Landau, S., Little, P. S., Bishop, F. L., O’Reilly, G., Sibelli, A., Holland, R., Hughes, S. F., Windgassen, S., McCrone, P., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23170 · Cited by 40
“5) 9 (59) 0 (0) – 0 (0) Social worker 4 (2) 3.”
Rozental, A., Forsström, D., Tangen, J. A., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.05.001 · Cited by 39
Westerhof, G. J., Lamers, S. M. A., Postel, M. G., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnx140 · Cited by 38
“They mentioned reasons to participate in an online intervention that were also found in other studies (Beattie et al., 2009; Cuijpers et al., 2010): the perceived anonymity and the flexibility to carry out assignments in their own time and place.”
Lara-Cinisomo, S., Olarte, A. R., Rosales, M. F., & Barrera, A. Z. (2021) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-03028-9 · Cited by 40
“Internet-based interventions to treat depression have also been shown to offer anonymity when disclosing feelings and thoughts (Beattie et al. 2009).”
BackgroundRichards, D., & Viganò, N. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0315-8.ch059 · Cited by 38
Dwyer, A., Neto, A. D. A., Estival, D., Li, W., Lam‐Cassettari, C., & Antoniou, M. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/19478 · Cited by 39
“Interviews with 24 patients with depression [54] were used to evaluate an online e-mental health treatment [34].”
BackgroundMethodLundgren, J., Andersson, G., Dahlström, Ö., Jaarsma, T., Köhler, A. K., & Johansson, P. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.04.013 · Cited by 34
“These results are similar to other findings of positive aspects of ICBT programs [41,55].”
ResultWikman, A., Kukkola, L., Börjesson, H., Cernvall, M., Woodford, J., Grönqvist, H., & von Essen, L. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9457 · Cited by 32
Facilitating and hindering factors in Internet-delivered treatment for insomnia and depression
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.03.004 · Cited by 33
“Some of the previous qualitative studies on ICBT look into motivators and motivations (Donkin and Glozier, 2012), expectations and experiences in primary care (Beattie et al., 2009) and therapist behaviors (Paxling et al.”
BackgroundBeukes, E. W., Manchaiah, V. K. C., Davies, A. S. A., Allen, P. M., Baguley, D., & Andersson, G. (2018) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2018.1514538 · Cited by 31
“Some of these factors have been identified before (Andersson and Titov 2014; Beattie et al. 2009).”
BackgroundKysely, A., Bishop, B. J., Kane, R. T., Cheng, M., Palma, M. D., & Rooney, R. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02992 · Cited by 38
Barriers to Mental Health Care: Perceived Delivery System Differences
Lingley-Pottie, P., McGrath, P. J., & Andreou, P. (2013) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0b013e31828077eb · Cited by 27
What can low and high technologies do for late-life mental disorders?
Westphal, A., Dingjan, P. G., & Attoe, R. (2010) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32833d74d4 · Cited by 27
Experiences and implications of smartphone apps for depression and anxiety
Crosby, L., & Bonnington, O. (2020) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13076 · Cited by 27
ICBT program for improving informal caregiver well-being: A qualitative study
Biliunaite, I., Dumarkaite, A., Kazlauskas, E., Sanderman, R., & Andersson, G. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100361 · Cited by 22
Online counseling using email: a qualitative study
Salleh, A. M., Hamzah, R., Nordin, N. M., Ghavifekr, S., & Joorabchi, T. N. (2015) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-015-9393-6 · Cited by 31
“As online counseling or therapy has become increasingly accepted by mental health providers (Richards and Viganó 2013; Beattie et al. 2009; Wade 2010), numerous”
BackgroundInfluentialMontero-Marín, J., Carrasco, J. M., Roca, M., Serrano-Blanco, A., Gili, M., Mayoral, F., Luciano, J. V., Lopez-del-Hoyo, Y., Olivan, B., Collazo, F., et al. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-64 · Cited by 26
“To date, research on these issues has been restricted to the perspective of the patient [32-35] without adequately addressing the perspectives of health officials who would be involved in recommending this type of intervention.”
BackgroundKim, S. Y., Song, D., Bottema‐Beutel, K., & Gillespie‐Lynch, K. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231205915 · Cited by 30
“This suggests an increase in one-time computerized approaches, likely due to reduced costs, increased convenience for participants, and increased flexibility of time and location as compared with other types of intervention delivery (Beattie et al., 2009; Griffith et al., 2006).”
BackgroundComputer-based self-help therapy: A qualitative analysis of attrition
Hermes, E. D. A., Merrel, J. D., Clayton, A. R., Morris, C., & Rowe, M. (2016) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458216683536 · Cited by 25
Stawarz, K., Preist, C., Tallon, D., Wiles, N., Kessler, D., Turner, K., Shafran, R., & Coyle, D. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/15972 · Cited by 24
Self-citationHai, A. H., Hammock, K., & Velasquez, M. M. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14203 · Cited by 24
Orienting to Emotion in Computer-Mediated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Ekberg, S., Shaw, A. R. G., Kessler, D. S., Malpass, A., & Barnes, R. (2016) · Research on Language and Social Interaction · doi:10.1080/08351813.2016.1199085 · Cited by 23
Self-citationJardine, J., Earley, C., Richards, D., Timulák, L., Palacios, J. E., Duffy, D. J., Tierney, K., & Doherty, G. J. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376254 · Cited by 24
“that it will be difficult to form a trusting, meaningful relationship online and this will lead to a lack of accountability, or conversely that the anonymity of online treatment will aid their commitment and make it easier to be honest [4].”
BackgroundGilmore, A. K., Wilson, S. M., Skopp, N. A., Osenbach, J. E., & Reger, G. M. (2016) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x16664205 · Cited by 22
Atik, E., Schückes, M., & Apolinário-Hagen, J. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/36806 · Cited by 22
“According to one interpretation of the data, different patients should not be given identical psychological intervention content or feedback, which is consistent with previous research [26,41,50,53,54].”
ResultBarkham, M., Moller, N. P., & Pybis, J. (2017) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12141 · Cited by 24
Integrating the Digital and the Traditional to Deliver Therapy for Depression
Stawarz, K., Preist, C., Tallon, D., Thomas, L., Turner, K. M., Wiles, N., Kessler, D. S., Shafran, R., & Coyle, D. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376510 · Cited by 27
“Evidence suggests that including limited electronic contact from a health professional can help to improve patient motivation and completion rates, and increase the effectiveness of cCBT [1, 6, 10, 33, 50, 57].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationEkberg, S., Barnes, R., Kessler, D. S., Malpass, A., & Shaw, A. (2013) · Language Internet · Cited by 21
Self-citationWalsh, A., & Richards, D. (2017) · British Journal of Guidance & Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2016.1153039 · Cited by 20
Adaptation of Relationship Assessment Scale to Turkish Culture: Study of Validity and Reliability
Çeli̇k, E. (2014) · International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies · doi:10.17220/ijpes.2014.01.001 · Cited by 20
Ekberg, S., Barnes, R., Kessler, D. S., Malpass, A., & Shaw, A. R. G. (2014) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12227 · Cited by 39
“Methods Data This study follows a trial of online CBT for primary care clients diagnosed with depression.(30,31) This study utilises typed transcripts of online CBT sessions from 183 client-therapist dyads.”
MethodSelf-citationGamified Cognitive Control Training for Remitted Depressed Individuals: User Requirements Analysis
Vervaeke, J., LOOY, J. V., Hoorelbeke, K., Baeken, C., & Koster, E. H. W. (2018) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/games.8609 · Cited by 20
“For instance, previous research has shown beneficial effects of an intuitive and interactive product [53], of reminders and motivational prompts [54], and that presented text should match the individual’s reading and computer skill [55].”
BackgroundHughes, S. F., Sibelli, A., Everitt, H., Moss-Morris, R. E., Chalder, T., Harvey, J. M., Falcao, A. V., Landau, S., O’Reilly, G., Windgassen, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18691 · Cited by 19
Krebber, A.-M. H., van Uden‐Kraan, C. F., Melissant, H. C., Cuijpers, P. J., van Straten, A., Becker‐Commissaris, A., Leemans, C. R., & Leeuw, I. M. V. (2016) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3393-x · Cited by 18
“[30], regarding experiences with online CBT for depression in primary care.”
BackgroundAdherence to a web-based pre-treatment for phobias in outpatient clinics
Kok, R. N., Beekman, A. T. F., Cuijpers, P. J., & van Straten, A. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.05.004 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, assessment of patient expectations (Greenberg et al., 2006), preferences (Beattie et al., 2009; Boettcher et al., 2013) and intrinsic motivation (Mohr et al., 2011) should be assessed carefully.”
BackgroundThe effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for heart failure patients: a narrative review
Katta, M. R., Prasad, S., Tiwari, A., Abouzid, M. R. A., & Mitra, S. (2023) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605231198371 · Cited by 17
Bakker, M., Schipper, K., Koopman, F. S., Nollet, F., & Abma, T. (2016) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0544-0 · Cited by 17
“Most studies that paid attention to the patients’ experiences focused on mental health problems, like depression or psychosis [20, 21].”
BackgroundKnopp, J., Knowles, S. E., Bower, P., Lovell, K., & Bee, P. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1433-3 · Cited by 19
“Research in individuals with depression and anxiety [19–22] has identified both perceived advantages and disadvantages of low intensity interventions, highlighting individual differences in the value placed on professional support.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Beattie, A., Shaw, A., Kaur, S., & Kessler, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- Venue
- Health Expectations
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-59
- ISSN
- 1369-6513 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-7625
- PMC
- PMC5060477
- OpenAlex
- W1981927499
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health Expectations (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2007-25-001)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, depression, primary care, patient expectations, patient experience, therapeutic relationship, anonymity, written communication, computer literacy, acceptability, face-to-face interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Depression, England, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Patient Satisfaction, Internet, Young Adult
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