Media enjoyment as need satisfaction: the contribution of hedonic and nonhedonic needs
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Most early research on entertainment defines media enjoyment in functional terms as the satisfaction of hedonic needs. Two studies demonstrate the value of including nonhedonic and hedonic need satisfaction in defining enjoyment. Both studies find support for a need-satisfaction model showing that hedonic (arousal and affect) and nonhedonic (competence and autonomy) need satisfaction account for unique variance in enjoyment experienced during video game play. Study 2 extends the findings of Study 1 to account for noninteractive media entertainment enjoyment. Results show hedonic and nonhedonic need satisfaction to be distinct but complementary components of media enjoyment. Discussion focuses on the advantage of a needs-based approach for understanding positive valuations of media and offers a new perspective on the enjoyment–appreciation distinction.
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Well-designed games are enjoyable and engaging because playing them provides basic need satisfaction.
“Research has confirmed that well-designed games are enjoyable and engaging because playing them provides basic need satisfaction (Mekler et al., 2014, Przybylski et al., 2010, Tamborini et al., 2011).”
From Gamification for health and wellbeing: A systematic review of the literature (2016) · cites this paper as Tamborini et al., 2011
The Study 2 and Results sections link need satisfaction during video-game play with self-reported enjoyment. The paper does not evaluate whether games are well-designed, and its Measures section treats engagement as an item measuring absorption rather than a separate outcome explained by need satisfaction. The reported associations therefore do not establish the full causal claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Bowman, N. D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190072216.013.34 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Role of Suspense in Gaming: Inducing Consumers’ Game Enjoyment
Moulard, J. G., Kroff, M. W., Pounders, K. R., & Ditt, C. (2019) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2019.1689208 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Attracted but Unsatisfied: The Effects of Sensational Content on Television Consumption Choices
Stanca, L., Gui, M., & Gallucci, M. (2013) · Journal of Media Economics · doi:10.1080/08997764.2013.785552 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Role-Playing with Robot Characters: Increasing User Engagement through Narrative and Gameplay Agency
Ng, S., Lin, T.-H., Li, Y., & Sebo, S. S. (2024) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3610977.3634941 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The effects of digital games on hedonic, eudaimonic and telic entertainment experiences
Kümpel, A. S., & Unkel, J. (2017) · Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds · doi:10.1386/jgvw.9.1.21_1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Synergistic Multiprocess Model of Video Game Entertainment
Klimmt, C., & Possler, D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190072216.013.33 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Media enjoyment as a function of control over characters
Rogers, R. P., Carpentier, F. R. D., & Barnard, L. (2015) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2015.11.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
How the Visual Design of Video Game Antagonists Affects Perception of Morality
Pradantyo, R., Birk, M. V., & Bateman, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2021.531713 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Riddle, K. E., Liao, X., & Minich, M. (2022) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2022.2137510 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ridder, A. D., Vandebosch, H., & Dhoest, A. (2021) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2021.101601 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ulusoy, E., Sethi, N., Baldwin, J. A., Grady, S. M., & Roskos‐Ewoldsen, D. R. (2022) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqac019 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tamborini, R., Grizzard, M., David Bowman, N., Reinecke, L., Lewis, R. J., & Eden, A.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- University of Mannheim (DE)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Communication
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1025-1042
- ISSN
- 0021-9916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2130927697
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 137.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Communication (publishedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MADOC (University of Mannheim) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- media enjoyment, need satisfaction, hedonic needs, video gaming, competence, autonomy, arousal, affect
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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