Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires
Open accessAbstract
Background: Screening of patients for common mental disorders (CMDs) is needed in primary-care management programmes. This study aimed to compare the screening properties of five widely used questionnaires. Method: Adult attenders in five primary-care settings in India were recruited through systematic sampling. Four questionnaires were administered, in pairs, in random order to participants: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 12 items); the Primary Health Questionnaire (PHQ, nine items); the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10, 10 items), and from which we could extract the score of the shorter 6-item K6; and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ, 20 items). All participants were interviewed with a structured lay diagnostic interview, the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Results: Complete data were available for 598 participants (participation rate 99.3%). All five questionnaires showed moderate to high discriminating ability; the GHQ and SRQ showed the best results. All five showed moderate to high degrees of correlation with one another, the poorest being between the two shortest questionnaires, K6 and PHQ. All five had relatively good internal consistency. However, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the questionnaires compared with the diagnostic interview ranged from 51% to 77% at the optimal cut-off scores. Conclusions: There is little difference in the ability of these questionnaires to identify cases accurately, but none showed high PPVs without a considerable compromise on sensitivity. Hence, the choice of an optimum cut-off score that yields the best balance between sensitivity and PPV may need to be tailored to individual settings, with a higher cut-off being recommended in resource-limited primary-care settings.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The PHQ has previously been validated among South Asian populations and used in previous studies measuring the prevalence of depressive symptoms among various communities in India.
“The PHQ has previously been validated among South Asian populations and used in previous studies measuring the prevalence of depressive symptoms among various communities in India.15–19”
From Mental Health, Suicidality, Health, and Social Indicators Among College Students Across Nine States in India (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The Method (Data collection) says the PHQ had been used in depression studies in South Asia, and the Abstract (Method and Results) describes this paper's evaluation of the PHQ in Indian primary-care patients. Our copy does not establish that previous studies used it to measure depressive-symptom prevalence across various communities in India; this study evaluates screening performance rather than community prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
KESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327 · see citing works
Spitzer, R. L. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737 · Cited by 9,802 · see citing works
Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine
ZWEIG, M. H., & Campbell, G. (1993) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/39.4.561 · Cited by 6,528 · see citing works
(1988) · NFER-Nelson eBooks · Cited by 5,560 · see citing works
Kushner (2021) · doi:10.12788/jfp · Cited by 3,799 · see citing works
Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2001) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00310.x · Cited by 2,021 · see citing works
FURUKAWA, T. A., KESSLER, R. C., SLADE, T., & ANDREWS, G. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006700 · Cited by 1,570 · see citing works
Lewis, G., Pelosi, A. J., Araya, R., & Dunn, G. (1992) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700030415 · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
Self-citationHarding, T. W., De Arango, V., Baltazar, J., Climent, C. E., Ibrahim, H. H. A., Ladrido-Ignacio, L., & Wig, N. N. (1980) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700043993 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Wittchen, H.-U., Robins, L. N., Cottler, L. B., Sartorius, N., Burke, J. D., Regier, D., & Trials, P. I. T. M. W. F. (1991) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.159.5.645 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Gender, Poverty, and Postnatal Depression: A Study of Mothers in Goa, India
Patel, V., Rodrigues, M., & DeSouza, N. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.43 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Self-citationCommon mental disorders. A bio-social model
King, M. (1993) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(93)90179-j · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Illness in General Health Care: An International Study
Morriss, R. K. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7006.696a · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Thompson, C., Kinmonth, A., Stevens, L., Pevele, R., Stevens, A., Ostler, K., Pickering, R., Baker, N., Henson, A., Preece, J., et al. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)03171-2 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Adewuya, A. O., Ola, B. A., & Afolabi, O. O. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Case-Finding Instruments for Depression in Primary Care Settings
Mulrow, C. D., Williams, J. W., Gerety, M. B., Ramirez, G., Montiel, O. M., & Kerber, C. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-12-199506150-00004 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Bower, P., Gilbody, S., Richards, D., Fletcher, J., & Sutton, A. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.023655 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
(1955) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.31.361.583-c · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Translation of Health Status Instruments
Sartorius, N., & Kuyken, W. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79123-9_1 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Gender Disadvantage and Reproductive Health Risk Factors for Common Mental Disorders in Women
Patel, V., Kirkwood, B. R., Pednekar, S., Pereira, B., Barros, P., Fernandes, J., Datta, J., Pai, R., Weiss, H. A., & Mabey, D. C. W. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.404 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Feasibility of Using the Spanish PHQ-9 to Screen for Depression in Primary Care in Honduras
Wulsin, L. R., Somoza, E. C., & Heck, J. E. (2002) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v04n0504 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Hodges, B. D., Inch, C., & Silver, I. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1579 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Cairney, J., Veldhuizen, S., Wade, T. J., Kurdyak, P. A., & Streiner, D. L. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200209 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Depression and social stress in Pakistan
Husain, N., Creed, F. H., & Tomenson, B. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700001707 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Patel, V., Chisholm, D., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Dias-Saxena, F., Andrew, G., & Mann, A. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12119-8 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationPoverty, psychological disorder and disability in primary care attenders in Goa, India
Patel, V., Pereira, J., Countinho, L., Fernandes, R., Fernandes, J., & Mann, A. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.6.533 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationSomatic and psychological models of common mental disorder in primary care in India
Patel, V., PEREIRA, J., & MANN, A. H. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005941 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationPothen, M., Kuruvilla, A., Philip, K., Joseph, A., & Jacob, K. S. (2003) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764003049002005 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Chen, T. M., Huang, F. Y., Chang, C., & Chung, H. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.7.976 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chen, T. M., Huang, F. Y., Chang, C., & Chung, H. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.7.976 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Improving the recognition and management of depression: is there a role for physician education?
Gerrity, M., Cole, S., Dietrich, A. J., & Barrett, J. E. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Standardisation of hindi version of goldbergs general health questionnaire.
Gautam, S., Nijhawan, M., & Kamal, P. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Psychiatric morbidity in a general practice in an Indian city.
Shamasundar, C., Murthy, S. K., Prakash, O. M., Prabhakar, N., & Krishna, D. K. S. (1986) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6537.1713 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sen, B., Wilkinson, G., & Mari, J. D. J. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.151.1.33 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Can depression be managed appropriately in primary care?
Simon, G. E. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationJacob, K. S., Everitt, B. J., Patel, V. J., Weich, S., Araya, R., & Lewis, G. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005710 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationShould Anxiety and Insomnia Influence Antidepressant Selection
Simon, G. E., Heiligenstein, J. H., Grothaus, L. C., Katon, W. J., & Revicki, D. A. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v59n0202 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity of a short 5-item version of the general health questionnaire (g.h.q).
Shamasunder, C., Sriram, T. G., Raj, S. G. M., & Shanmugham, V. (1986) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Extent and Nature of Depressive Phenomena in Primary Health Care
Sen, B., & Williams, P. R. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.151.4.486 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lewis, G. (1992) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700038575 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Psychiatric phenomena in primary health care their extent and nature.
Sen, B. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Presence of suicidality as a prognostic indicator.
Malhotra, K., Schwartz, T., & Hameed, U. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nonpsychotic morbidity in a general hospital: Early detection based on presenting complaint
Srinivasan, T. N., & Suresh, T. R. (1990) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(90)90037-d · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Goldberg D Huxley P Common Mental Disorders: A Biosocial Model Tavistock/Routledge London 1992
- Patel V The epidemiology of common mental disorders in South Asia NIMHANS Journal 1999 17 307 327
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006 · Cited by 4,057 · see citing works
Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D. (2012) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.110829 · Cited by 1,966 · see citing works
Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005 · Cited by 1,882 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Bromet, E., Cuitan, M., Furukawa, T. A., Gureje, O., Hinkov, H., Hu, C., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.310 · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
Poverty, depression, and anxiety: Causal evidence and mechanisms
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay0214 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
Self-citationPatel, V., Weiss, H. A., Chowdhary, N., Naik, S., Pednekar, S., Chatterjee, S., De Silva, M. J., Bhat, B., Araya, R., King, M., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61508-5 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Self-citationBeaglehole, R., Epping-Jordan, J., Patel, V., Chopra, M., Ebrahim, S., Kidd, M., & Haines, A. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61404-x · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Self-citationGimeno, D., Kivimäki, M., Brunner, E. J., Elovainio, M., De Vogli, R., Steptoe, A., Kumari, M., Lowe, G. D. O., Rumley, A., Marmot, M. G., et al. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003723 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Validity of the patient health questionnaire-9 for depression screening and diagnosis in East Africa
Gelaye, B., Williams, M. A., Lemma, S., Deyessa, N., Bahretibeb, Y., Shibre, T., Wondimagegn, D., Lemenhe, A., Fann, J. R., Stoep, A. V., et al. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.015 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Tripathy, P., Nair, N., Barnett, S., Mahapatra, R., Borghi, J., Rath, S., Rath, S., Gope, R., Mahto, D., Sinha, R., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62042-0 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Self-citationPatel, V., Weobong, B., Weiss, H. A., Anand, A., Bhat, B., Katti, B., Dimidjian, S., Araya, R., Hollon, S. D., King, M., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31589-6 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Self-citationMental illness surveillance among adults in the United States.
Reeves, W. C., Strine, T. W., Pratt, L. A., Thompson, W., Ahluwalia, I. B., Dhingra, S. S., McKnight-Eily, L. R., Harrison, L., D’Angelo, D. V., Williams, L., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Slade, T., Grove, R., & Burgess, P. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.543653 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Moriarty, A. S., Gilbody, S., McMillan, D., & Manea, L. (2015) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.06.012 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Factors associated with health service utilisation for common mental disorders: a systematic review
Roberts, T., Esponda, G. M., Krupchanka, D., Shidhaye, R. R., Patel, V., & Rathod, S. D. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1837-1 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citationMitchell, A., Yadegarfar, M., Gill, J., & Stubbs, B. (2016) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.001685 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Patel, V., Weiss, H. A., Chowdhary, N., Naik, S., Pednekar, S., Chatterjee, S., Bhat, B., Araya, R., King, M., Simon, G., et al. (2011) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092155 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citationAzad, K., Barnett, S., Banerjee, B., Shaha, S. K., Khan, K., Rego, A. R., Barua, S., Flatman, D., Pagel, C., Prost, A., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60142-0 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Rahman, A., Divan, G., Hamdani, S. U., Vajaratkar, V., Taylor, C., Leadbitter, K., Aldred, C., Minhas, A., Cardozo, P., Emsley, R., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00388-0 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationPackages of care for depression in low- and middle-income countries
Patel, V., Simon, G., Chowdhary, N., Kaaya, S., & Araya, R. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000159 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity of brief screening questionnaires to detect depression in primary care in Ethiopia
Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., Selamu, M., Breuer, E., Dubale, B. W., Hailemariam, M., Lund, C., Prince, M. J., & Fekadu, A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.015 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
van Ginneken, N., Chin, W. Y., Lim, Y. C., Ussif, A., Singh, R. K., Shahmalak, U., Purgato, M., Rojas‐García, A., Uphoff, E., McMullen, S., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009149.pub3 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Assessment of mood: Guides for clinicians
Furukawa, T. A. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.05.003 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Economic evaluation of a task-shifting intervention for common mental disorders in India
Buttorff, C., Hock, R., Weiss, H., Naik, S., Araya, R., Kirkwood, B., Chisholm, D., & Patel, V. (2012) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.12.104133 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationShidhaye, R. R., & Patel, V. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq179 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationChowdhary, N., Anand, A., Dimidjian, S., Shinde, S., Weobong, B., Balaji, M., Hollon, S. D., Rahman, A., Wilson, G. T., Verdeli, H., et al. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.161075 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationThe psychological toll of slum living in Mumbai, India: A mixed methods study
Subbaraman, R., Nolan, L. B., Shitole, T., Sawant, K., Shitole, S., Sood, K., Nanarkar, M., Ghannam, J. H., Betancourt, T. S., Bloom, D. E., et al. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.021 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Revisão integrativa: sofrimento psíquico em estudantes universitários e fatores associados
Graner, K. M., & Ramos‐Cerqueira, A. T. D. A. (2019) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232018244.09692017 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Andersen, L. S., Grimsrud, A., Myer, L., Williams, D. R., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.351 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Chishinga, N., Kinyanda, E., Weiss, H. A., Patel, V., Ayles, H., & Seedat, S. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-75 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationViolence, psychological distress and the risk of suicidal behaviour in young people in India
Pillai, A., Jothikaran, T. A. J., & Patel, V. (2008) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn166 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Westhuizen, C., Wyatt, G. E., Williams, J. K. Y., Stein, D. J., & Sorsdahl, K. R. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9566-x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Weobong, B., Weiss, H. A., McDaid, D., Singla, D. R., Hollon, S. D., Nadkarni, A., Park, A.-L., Bhat, B., Katti, B., Anand, A., et al. (2017) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002385 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationStewart, R. C., Kauye, F., Umar, E., Vokhiwa, M., Bunn, J., Fitzgerald, M. G., Tomenson, B., Rahman, A., & Creed, F. H. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.001 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Rocha, K. B., Pérez, K., Rodríguez‐Sanz, M., Borrell, C., & Obiols, J. E. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Assessing prenatal depression in the rural developing world: a comparison of two screening measures
Fernandes, M., Srinivasan, K., Stein, A. L., Menezes, G., Sumithra, R. S., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2010) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-010-0190-2 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Maselko, J., Bates, L. M., Bhalotra, S. R., Gallis, J. A., O’Donnell, K., Sikander, S., & Turner, E. L. (2017) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.10.004 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Cost and burden of informal caregiving of dependent older people in a rural Indian community
Brinda, E. M., Rajkumar, A. P., Enemark, U., Attermann, J., & Jacob, K. S. (2014) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-207 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Faisal‐Cury, A., Menezes, P. R., Araya, R., & Zugaib, M. (2009) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0081-6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationNatamba, B., Achan, J., Arbach, A., Oyok, T. O., Ghosh, S. A., Mehta, S., Stoltzfus, R. J., Griffiths, J. K., & Young, S. L. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0303-y · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Akena, D. H., Joska, J. A., Obuku, E. A., & Stein, D. J. (2013) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.764385 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Suicidal Behavior Among Female Sex Workers in Goa, India: The Silent Epidemic
Shahmanesh, M., Wayal, S., Cowan, F. M., Mabey, D. C. W., Copas, A. J., & Patel, V. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.149930 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationSaldivia, S., Aslan, J., Cova, F., Vicente, B., Inostroza, C., & Rincón, P. (2019) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872019000100053 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Shidhaye, R., Murhar, V., Gangale, S., Aldridge, L., Shastri, R., Parikh, R., Shrivastava, R., Damle, S., Raja, T., Nadkarni, A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30424-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationSikander, S., Lazarus, A., Bangash, O., Fuhr, D. C., Weobong, B., Krishna, R. N., Ahmad, I., Weiss, H. A., Price, L., Rahman, A., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1063-9 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationMagklara, K., Skapinakis, P., Gkatsa, T., Bellos, S., Araya, R., Stylianidis, S., & Mavreas, V. G. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-8 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical use of the Kessler psychological distress scales with culturally diverse groups
Stolk, Y., Kaplan, I., & Szwarc, J. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1426 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Scott, H. R., Stevelink, S. A. M., Gafoor, R., Lamb, D., Carr, E., Bakolis, I., Bhundia, R., Docherty, M. J., Dorrington, S., Gnanapragasam, S., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00375-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Tran, T. D., Tran, T., La, B., Lee, D., Rosenthal, D., & Fisher, J. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.038 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Silove, D. M., Liddell, B. J., Rees, S. J., Chey, T., Nickerson, A., Tam, N., Zwi, A. B., Brooks, R., Sila, L. L., & Steel, Z. (2014) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70196-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Epidemiological features of alcohol use in rural India: a population-based cross-sectional study
Rathod, S. D., Nadkarni, A., Bhana, A., & Shidhaye, R. R. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009802 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Vindel, A. C., Muñoz‐Navarro, R., Medrano, L. A., Ruiz‐Rodríguez, P., González‐Blanch, C., Gómez-Castillo, M. D., Capafons, A., Chacón, F., & Santolaya, F. J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.030 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Nakku, J. E. M., Rathod, S. D., Kizza, D., Breuer, E., Mutyaba, K., Baron, E. C., Ssebunnya, J., & Kigozi, F. N. (2016) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2016.14 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
van Heyningen, T., Honikman, S., Tomlinson, M., Field, S., & Myer, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193697 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Rocha, S. V., de Almeida, M. M. G., de Araújo, T. M., & Júnior, J. S. V. (2010) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/s1415-790x2010000400008 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Jaisoorya, T. S., Reddy, Y. C. J., Nair, B., Rani, A., Menon, P., Revamma, M., Jeevan, C. R., Radhakrishnan, K. S., Jose, V., & Thennarasu, K. (2017) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.204438 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ram, U., Strohschein, L., & Gaur, K. (2014) · International Journal of Population Research · doi:10.1155/2014/357145 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Prevalence and treatment coverage for depression: a population-based survey in Vidarbha, India
Shidhaye, R. R., Gangale, S., & Patel, V. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1220-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationDivan, G., Vajaratkar, V. P., Cardozo, P., Huzurbazar, S., Verma, M., Howarth, E., Emsley, R., Taylor, C., Patel, V., & Green, J. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1978 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationPillai, A., Nayak, M. B., Greenfield, T. K., Bond, J. C., Nadkarni, A., & Patel, V. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0538-1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationJansen, K., Mondin, T. C., Ores, L. D. C., Souza, L. D. D. M., Konradt, C. E., Pinheiro, R. T., & da Silva, R. A. (2011) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2011000300005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Patel, V., Kirkwood, B. R., Pednekar, S., Araya, R., King, M., Chisholm, D., Simon, G. E., & Weiss, H. A. (2008) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-9-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationPartner alcohol use, violence and women's mental health: population-based survey in India
Nayak, M. B., Patel, V., Bond, J. C., & Greenfield, T. K. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.068049 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationTurner, E. L., Sikander, S., Bangash, O., Zaidi, A., Bates, L. M., Gallis, J. A., Ganga, N. S., O’Donnell, K., Rahman, A., & Maselko, J. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1530-y · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Poverty, Depression, and Anxiety: Causal Evidence and Mechanisms
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27157 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationCarrà, G., Sciarini, P., Lusignani, G. S., Clerici, M., Montomoli, C., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Common mental disorder and associated factors amongst women with young infants in rural Malawi
Stewart, R. C., Bunn, J., Vokhiwa, M., Umar, E., Kauye, F., Fitzgerald, M. G., Tomenson, B., Rahman, A., & Creed, F. H. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0094-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Conflict in the Indian Kashmir Valley II: psychosocial impact
de Jong, K., van der Kam, S., Ford, N. P., Lokuge, K., Fromm, S., van Galen, R., Reilley, B. A., & Kleber, R. J. (2008) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-2-11 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Performance of the 6-item Kessler scale for measuring serious mental illness in Hong Kong
Lee, S., Tsang, A., Ng, K. L., Ma, Y. L., Guo, W., Mak, A. D. P., & Kwok, K. P. S. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.10.001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Kessler 10 Scale in Chinese Parents of Children With Cancer
Bu, X.-Q., You, L.-M., Li, Y., Liu, K., Zheng, J., Yan, T.-B., Chen, S.-X., & Zhang, L.-F. (2017) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000392 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gelaye, B., Tadesse, M. G., Lohsoonthorn, V., Lertmeharit, S., Pensuksan, W. C., Sánchez, S. E., Lemma, S., Berhane, Y., Vélez, J. C., Barbosa, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.045 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Singla, D. R., MacKinnon, D. P., Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Rahman, A., & Patel, V. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.184 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationTrends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
(2020) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Patel, V., Weobong, B., Nadkarni, A., Weiss, H. A., Anand, A., Naik, S., Bhat, B., Pereira, J., Araya, R., Dimidjian, S., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-101 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationProst, A., Lakshminarayana, R., Nair, N., Tripathy, P., Copas, A. J., Mahapatra, R., Rath, S., Gope, R., Rath, S., Bajpai, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.029 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationRose‐Clarke, K., Saville, N. M., Shrestha, B. P., Costello, A. M. D. L., King, M., Manandhar, D. S., Osrin, D., & Prost, A. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.018 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationIndu, P. S., Anilkumar, T. V., Vijayakumar, K., Kumar, K. A., Sarma, P. S., Remadevi, S., & Andrade, C. (2018) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.07.021 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mitchell, A. J., Rao, S., & Vaze, A. (2011) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp11x556227 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Rationale and design of South Asian Birth Cohort (START): a Canada-India collaborative study
The START Cohort Study Investigators, Anand, S. S., Vasudevan, A., Gupta, M., Morrison, K. M., Kurpad, A. V., Teo, K. K., & Srinivasan, K. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-79 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Sikander, S., Ahmad, I., Bates, L. M., Gallis, J. A., Hagaman, A. K., O’Donnell, K., Turner, E. L., Zaidi, A., Rahman, A., & Maselko, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025644 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Tomori, C., McFall, A. M., Srikrishnan, A. K., Mehta, S. H., Solomon, S. S., Anand, S., Vasudevan, C. K., Solomon, S., & Celentano, D. D. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1201-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Degefa, M. T., Dubale, B. W., Bayouh, F. G., Ayele, B. A., & Zewde, Y. Z. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02850-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Shidhaye, R. R., Garman, E. C., Murhar, V., Rathod, S. D., Khan, A., Singh, A. K., Shrivastava, S., Muke, S. S., Shrivastava, R., Lund, C., et al. (2019) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001344 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationThe temporal stability of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale
Merson, F., Newby, J. M., Shires, A. G., Millard, M., & Mahoney, A. (2021) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2021.1893603 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Women’s well-being during a pandemic and its containment
Bau, N., Khanna, G., Low, C., Shah, M., Sharmin, S., & Voena, A. (2022) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102839 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fung, J., Gelaye, B., Zhong, Q., Rondón, M. B., Sánchez, S. E., Barrios, Y. V., Hevner, K., Qiu, C., & Williams, M. A. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0428-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Kim, Y. J., Cho, M. J., Park, S., Hong, J. P., Sohn, J. H., Bae, J. N., Jeon, H. J., Chang, S. M., Lee, H. W., & Park, J. (2013) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2013.10.4.352 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chronic disease concordance within Indian households: A cross-sectional study
Patel, S. A., Dhillon, P. K., Kondal, D., Jeemon, P., Kahol, K., Manimunda, S. P., Purty, A. J., Deshpande, A., Negi, P. C., Ladhani, S., et al. (2017) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002395 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term mental health outcomes following the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster
Kar, N., Krishnaraaj, R., & Rameshraj, K. (2013) · Disaster Health · doi:10.4161/dish.24705 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Endsley, P., Weobong, B., & Nadkarni, A. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.023 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Rathod, S. D., Roberts, T., Medhin, G., Murhar, V., Samudre, S., Luitel, N. P., Selohilwe, O., Ssebunnya, J., Jordans, M. J. D., Bhana, A., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023421 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Concepcion, T. L., Barbosa, C., Vélez, J. C., Pepper, M., Andrade, A., Gelaye, B., Yanez, D., & Williams, M. A. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.917652 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
California's paid family leave law improves maternal psychological health
Doran, E., Bartel, A. P., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The explanatory models of depression and anxiety in primary care: a qualitative study from India
Andrew, G., Cohen, A., Salgaonkar, S., & Patel, V. (2012) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-499 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological distress among college students in Kerala, India—Prevalence and correlates
Jaisoorya, T. S., Rani, A., Menon, P. G., Jeevan, C. R., Revamma, M., Jose, V., Radhakrishnan, K. S., Kishore, A., Thennarasu, K., & Sivasankaran Nair, B. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.026 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Tomori, C., McFall, A. M., Solomon, S. S., Srikrishnan, A. K., Anand, S., Balakrishnan, P., Mehta, S. H., & Celentano, D. D. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.032 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Roberts, T., Shrivastava, R., Koschorke, M., Patel, V., Shidhaye, R. R., & Rathod, S. D. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112741 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationHajebi, A., Motevalian, S. A., Amin‐Esmaeili, M., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., Sharifi, V., Hoseini, L., Shadloo, B., & Mojtabai, R. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1726 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Srinivasan, M., Reddy, M. M., Sarkar, S., & Menon, V. (2020) · Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1700595 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Psychological Distress among Caregivers of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Nepal
Maridal, H. K., Bjørgaas, H. M., Hagen, K., Jonsbu, E., Mahat, P., Malakar, S., & Dørheim, S. K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052460 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
- Authors
- Patel, V., Araya, R., Chowdhary, N., King, M., Kirkwood, B., Nayak, S., Simon, G., & Weiss, H. A.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Sangath (IN)
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Group Health Cooperative (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patel, V.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007-11-30
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 221-228
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC4959557
- OpenAlex
- W2114480195
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 12.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (076783)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- common mental disorders, mental health screening, screening questionnaire, primary care, General Health Questionnaire, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Self-Reporting Questionnaire, positive predictive value, sensitivity, cut-off values, resource-limited settings, India
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, India, Interview, Psychological, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
