Do racial patterns in psychological distress shed light on the Black–White depression paradox? A systematic review

Barnes, David M.; Bates, Lisa M.

doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1394-9

Cited by 193Health disparities and outcomesRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchMental Health Treatment and Access

Do racial patterns in psychological distress shed light on the Black–White depression paradox? A systematic review

Barnes, David M., Bates, Lisa M.·2017·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

DOI 10.1007/s00127-017-1394-9

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose Major epidemiologic studies in the US reveal a consistent "paradox" by which psychiatric outcomes such as major depressive disorder (MDD) are less prevalent among Blacks relative to Whites, despite greater exposure to social and economic stressors and worse physical health outcomes. A second paradox, which has received less attention and has never been systematically documented, is the discrepancy between these patterns and Black-White comparisons in psychological distress, which reveal consistently higher levels among Blacks. By systematically documenting the latter paradox, this paper seeks to inform efforts to explain the first paradox. Methods We conduct a systematic review of the literature estimating the prevalence of MDD and levels of psychological distress in Blacks and Whites in the US. Results The literature review yielded 34 articles reporting 54 relevant outcomes overall. Blacks have a lower prevalence of MDD in 8 of the 9 comparisons observed. In contrast, Blacks have higher levels of psychological distress (in terms of "high distress" and mean scores) than Whites in 42 of the 45 comparisons observed. Tests of statistical significance, where available, confirm this discrepant pattern. Conclusions A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence supports the existence of a "double paradox" by which Blacks' lower prevalence of MDD relative to Whites' is inconsistent with both the expectations of social stress theory and with the empirical evidence regardin…

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00127-017-1394-9

Cites

109 of 109 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The social stress paradigm holds that disadvantaged groups have worse physical and mental health than advantaged groups because they face more stressors, lifetime adversity, and fewer socioeconomic resources.
“The SSP posits that groups of disadvantaged status will have poorer physical and mental health outcomes than groups of advantaged status due to increased exposure to stressors, lifetime adversity, and fewer socioeconomic resources”
From Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans. (2021) · cites this paper as Barnes and Bates 2017
A large body of research documents that Black Americans often report positive mental health despite limited socioeconomic resources, high social stress exposure, and poor physical health.
“A substantial body of research has documented paradoxical health patterns among Black Americans such that this group generally reports positive mental health (i.e., a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders) despite limited socioeconomic resources, heightened exposure to social stress, and poor physical health outcomes”
From Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans. (2021) · cites this paper as Barnes and Bates 2017
High levels of psychological distress and poor physical health tend to be prevalent among Black Americans.
“At the same time, high levels of psychological distress (i.e., depressive symptoms) and poor physical health tend to be prevalent among this group (Barnes and Bates 2017; Mouzon et al. 2016; Thomas Tobin 2021; Thomas Tobin et al. 2020).”
From Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans. (2021) · cites this paper as Barnes and Bates 2017

The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress
KESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327 · see citing works
The Stress Process
Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136676 · Cited by 6,289 · see citing works
The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population
Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026 · Cited by 5,121 · see citing works
Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination
Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539700200305 · Cited by 4,786 · see citing works
Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health
Courtenay, W. H. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00390-1 · Cited by 4,091 · see citing works
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Ogburn, E., & Grant, B. F. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830 · Cited by 2,908 · see citing works
Strong Inference: Certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others.
Platt, J. R. (1964) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.146.3642.347 · Cited by 2,907 · see citing works
Twelve-Month Use of Mental Health Services in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.629 · Cited by 2,695 · see citing works
Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications
Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Tehranifar, P. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510383498 · Cited by 2,533 · see citing works
Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2001) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00310.x · Cited by 2,021 · see citing works
Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity—A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
Satcher, D. S. (2001) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/jela-ckxw · Cited by 2,009 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorders in America
Robins, L. N. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.7.979 · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works
Failure and delay in initial treatment contact after first onset of mental disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Wang, P. S., Berglund, P., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.603 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health Second Edition
Scheid, T. L., & Brown, T. N. (2009) · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression
Simon, G. E., VonKorff, M., Piccinelli, M., Fullerton, C., & Ormel, J. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199910283411801 · Cited by 1,303 · see citing works
Prevalence and Distribution of Major Depressive Disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites
Williams, D. R., González, H. M., Neighbors, H. W., Nesse, R. M., Abelson, J. M., Sweetman, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.305 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
The Loss of Sadness
Horwitz, A. V., & Wakefield, J. C. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195313048.001.0001 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Nonspecific Psychological Distress and Other Dimensions of Psychopathology
Dohrenwend, B. P. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780240027003 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Surveillance for dental caries, dental sealants, tooth retention, edentulism, and enamel fluorosis : United States, 1988-1994 and 1909-2002
Beltrán‐Aguilar, E. D. (2005) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Race and unhealthy behaviors: chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course
Jackson, J. S., Knight, K. M., & Rafferty, J. A. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.143446 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder
(2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e671332011-001 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample
BRESLAU, J., AGUILAR-GAXIOLA, S., KENDLER, K. S., SU, M., WILLIAMS, D., & KESSLER, R. C. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006161 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States
BRESLAU, J., KENDLER, K. S., SU, M., GAXIOLA-AGUILAR, S., & KESSLER, R. C. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003514 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America
Herring, C., & Conley, D. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654395 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Somatization and the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care
Kirmayer, L. J., Robbins, J. M., Dworkind, M., & Yaffe⃰, M. J. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.5.734 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
The Role of Adversity and Stress in Psychopathology: Some Evidence and Its Implications for Theory and Research
Dohrenwend, B. P. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676357 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
RACE AND ETHNICITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH: Models to Explain Health Disparities
Dressler, W. W., Oths, K. S., & Gravlee, C. C. (2005) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120505 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Ethnic Minorities And Mental Health
Vega, W. A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (1991) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.002031 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Depression-anxiety relationships with chronic physical conditions: results from the World Mental Health Surveys
Scott, K. M., Bruffaerts, R., Tsang, A., Ormel, J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Benjet, C., Bromet, E., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., et al. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.015 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
A New Perspective on the Relationships Among Race, Social Class, and Psychological Distress
Kessler, R. C., & Neighbors, H. W. (1986) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136310 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
More than just race: being black and poor in the inner city
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-3523 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America.
Emerson, M. O., & Conley, D. (2000) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/3006189 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
The Prevalence and Distribution of Major Depression in a National Community Sample: The National Comorbidity Survey
Blazer, D. G., Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., & Swartz, M. S. (1994) · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Changes in the prevalence of major depression and comorbid substance use disorders in the United States between 1991-1992 and 2001-2002
Compton, W. M., Conway, K. P., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2141 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
One‐month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic characteristics: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study
Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M. E., Robins, L. N., George, L. K., Karno, M. P., & Locke, B. Z. (1993) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03411.x · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-reported distress: Analog or Ersatz depression?
Coyne, J. C. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.29 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Hearing Impairment Associated With Depression in US Adults, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010
Li, C., Zhang, X., Hoffman, H. J., Cotch, M. F., Themann, C. L., & Wilson, M. R. (2014) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.42 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
RATES OF SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION IN A NATIONAL SAMPLE
Eaton, W. W., & Kessler, L. G. (1981) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113218 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
The Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Social Support and Moderation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Hurricane-Exposed Adults
Kilpatrick, D. G., Koenen, K. C., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R. E., Galea, S., Resnick, H. S., Roitzsch, J. C., Boyle, J. M., & Gelernter, J. E. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06122007 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Mental illness surveillance among adults in the United States.
Reeves, W. C., Strine, T. W., Pratt, L. A., Thompson, W., Ahluwalia, I. B., Dhingra, S. S., McKnight-Eily, L. R., Harrison, L., D’Angelo, D. V., Williams, L., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 387 · see citing works
The Black–White Paradox in Health: Flourishing in the Face of Social Inequality and Discrimination
Keyes, C. L. M. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00597.x · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Stress Burden and the Lifetime Incidence of Psychiatric Disorder inYoung Adults
Turner, R. J., & Lloyd, D. A. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.481 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Critical Race Theory Speaks to the Sociology of Mental Health: Mental Health Problems Produced by Racial Stratification
Brown, T. N. (2003) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/1519780 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Comorbid Mental Disorders Account for the Role Impairment of Commonly Occurring Chronic Physical Disorders: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C., Ormel, J., Demler, O., & Stang, P. (2003) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000100000.70011.bb · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Current depression among adults--United States, 2006 and 2008
(2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e664792010-002 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
The relationship of self-reported distress to depressive disorders and other psychopathology
Fechner-Bates, S., Coyne, J. C., & Schwenk, T. L. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.3.550 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The relationship of self-reported distress to depressive disorders and other psychopathology.
Fechner-Bates, S., Coyne, J. C., & Schwenk, T. L. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.62.3.550 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Mental Illness in the United States: Epidemiological Estimates
(1980) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.137.12.1631-b · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Health-related quality of life surveillance--United States, 1993-2002.
Zahran, H. S., Kobau, R., Moriarty, D. G., Zack, M. M., Holt, J. B., & Donehoo, R. S. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Physical and Mental Health Characteristics of U.S. and Foreign-Born Adults: United States, 1998-2003
Dey, A. N., & Lucas, J. W. (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e609222007-001 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Social disadvantage, stress, and alcohol use among black, Hispanic, and white Americans: findings from the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey.
Mulia, N., Ye, Y., Zemore, S., & Greenfield, T. (2008) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2008.69.824 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Reconsidering the Role of Social Disadvantage in Physical and Mental Health: Stressful Life Events, Health Behaviors, Race, and Depression
Mezuk, B. R., Rafferty, J. A., Kershaw, K. N., Hudson, D., Abdou, C. M., Lee, H., Eaton, W. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq283 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“White Box” Epidemiology and the Social Neuroscience of Health Behaviors: The Environmental Affordances Model
Mezuk, B., Abdou, C. M., Hudson, D., Kershaw, K. N., Rafferty, J. A., Lee, H., & Jackson, J. S. (2013) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869313480892 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Mental Health Problems and Use of Mental Health Care
Harris, K. M., Edlund, M. J., & Larson, S. L. (2005) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000170405.66264.23 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Subtypes of depression in a nationally representative sample
Carragher, N., Adamson, G., Bunting, B. P., & McCann, S. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.05.015 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Accuracy of Reports of Lifetime Mental and Physical Disorders
Takayanagi, Y., Spira, A. P., Roth, K. B., Gallo, J. J., Eaton, W. W., & Mojtabai, R. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3579 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Mental health disparities research: The impact of within and between group analyses on tests of social stress hypotheses
Schwartz, S., & Meyer, I. H. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.032 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Race/Ethnic Differences in Nonspecific Psychological Distress: Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey*
Bratter, J. L., & Eschbach, K. (2005) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00321.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Outcomes in the Sociology of Mental Health and Illness: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
Horwitz, A. V. (2002) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090193 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Depression in African Americans: breaking barriers to detection and treatment.
Das, A. K., Olfson, M., McCurtis, H. L., & Weissman, M. M. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Characterizing life events as risk factors for depression: The role of fateful loss events.
Shrout, P. E., Link, B. G., Dohrenwend, B. P., Skodol, A. E., Stueve, A., & Mirotznik, J. (1989) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.98.4.460 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Psychic Distress, Life Crisis, and Use of Psychotherapeutic Medications
Mellinger, G. D. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770330019001 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
THE PREVALENCE OF MAJOR DEPRESSION IN BLACK AND WHITE ADULTS IN FIVE UNITED STATES COMMUNITIES
Somervell, P. D., Leaf, P. J., Weissman, M. M., Blazer, D. G., & BRUCE, M. L. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115394 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Serious Psychological Distress, as Measured by the K6, and Mortality
Pratt, L. A. (2009) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.005 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Mental Health of Ethnic Minority Groups: Challenges Posed by the Supplement to the Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health
Sue, S., & Chu, J. Y. (2003) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1023/b:medi.0000005483.80655.15 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Social Psychological Aspects of Reporting Behavior: Lifetime Depressive Episode Reports
Aneshensel, C. S., Estrada, A. L., Hansell, M. J., & Clark, V. A. (1987) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136843 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Symptoms of depression among blacks and whites.
Jones‐Webb, R., & Snowden, L. R. (1993) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.83.2.240 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Polymorphisms in <i>CRHR1</i> and the serotonin transporter loci: Gene × Gene × Environment interactions on depressive symptoms
Ressler, K. J., Bradley, B., Mercer, K. B., Deveau, T. C., Smith, A. K., Gillespie, C. F., Nemeroff, C. B., Cubells, J. F., & Binder, E. B. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31052 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Differential Item Functioning Between Ethnic Groups in the Epidemiological Assessment of Depression
Breslau, J. A., Javaras, K. N., Blacker, D., Murphy, J. M., & Normand, S. T. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31816a490e · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Racial differences in depression in the United States: how do subgroup analyses inform a paradox?
Barnes, D. M., Keyes, K. M., & Bates, L. M. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0718-7 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Race, social relationships, and mental health
Kiecolt, K. J., Hughes, M. D., & Keith, V. M. (2008) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00195.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Black-white differences in psychopathology in an urban psychiatric population
Fàbrega, H., Mezzich, J. E., & Ulrich, R. F. (1988) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(88)90051-x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Gender and Mental Health: Do Men and Women Have Different Amounts or Types of Problems?
Rosenfield, S., & Smith, D. T. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.017 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Does psychological distress contribute to racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality?
Fiscella, K. A., & Franks, P. J. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00111-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Rethinking a Universal Framework in the Psychiatric Symptom-Disorder Relationship
Alegria, M. M., & McGuire, T. (2003) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/1519778 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Diagnosing Depression in African Americans
Baker, F. M. (2001) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1023/a:1026540321366 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Correlates of Psychological Distress and Major Depressive Disorder Among African American Men
Lincoln, K. D., Taylor, R. J., Watkins, D. C., & Chatters, L. M. (2010) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731510386122 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Stress, coping, and depression: Testing a new hypothesis in a prospectively studied general population sample of U.S.-born Whites and Blacks
Keyes, K. M., Barnes, D. M., & Bates, L. M. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.12.005 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Use of item response theory to understand differential functioning of DSM-IV major depression symptoms by race, ethnicity and gender
Uebelacker, L. A., Strong, D. R., Weinstock, L. M., & Miller, I. W. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003875 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Social Stratification, Social Closure, and Social Class as Determinants of Mental Health Disparities
Muntaner, C., Ng, E., Vanroelen, C., Christ, S. L., & Eaton, W. W. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_11 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Asthma and Serious Psychological Distress
Oraka, E., King, M. E., & Callahan, D. B. (2009) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.09-1777 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A methodological note on modeling the effects of race: the case of psychological distress
Nuru‐Jeter, A., Williams, C. T., & LaVeist, T. A. (2008) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1215 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Untangling Inequalities: Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Differences in Depression1
Roxburgh, S. (2009) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01103.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Race/ethnicity moderates the relationship between depressive symptom severity and C-reactive protein: 2005–2010 NHANES data
Case, S. M., & Stewart, J. C. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.04.004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Race, Ethnicity, John Henryism, and Depressive Symptoms: The National Survey of American Life Adult Reinterview
Neighbors, H. W., Njai, R., & Jackson, J. S. (2007) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427600701481004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A Comparison Of Depressive Symptons In African Americans And Caucasian Americans
Ayalon, L., & Young, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022102239158 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Psychological Distress and Smoking Behavior: The Nature of the Relation Differs by Race/Ethnicity
Kiviniemi, M. T., Orom, H., & Giovino, G. A. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq218 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-reported frequent mental distress among adults--United States, 1993-2001.
(2004) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Proximity of Common Unhappiness and Misery
Schnittker, J. (2012) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869312451153 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Interaction of chronic stress with serotonin transporter and catechol-O -methyltransferase polymorphisms in predicting youth depression
Conway, C., Hammen, C. L., Brennan, P. A., Lind, P. A., & Najman, J. M. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20715 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Can social relationships explain the race paradox in mental health?
Mouzon, D. M. (2010) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t33n233x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Health-related quality of life among minority populations in the United States, BRFSS 2001-2002.
Chowdhury, P. P., Balluz, L. S., & Strine, T. W. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Psychiatric Concepts of Depression: Nomenclature and Classification
Lehmann, H. E. (1959) · Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal · doi:10.1177/070674375900401s01 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Comparison of Depressive Symptoms in African Americans and Caucasian Americans.
Ayalon, L., & Young, M. A. (2003) · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gene-environment interactions in developmental psychopathology
Dodge, K. A., & Rutter, M. L. (2011) · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The estimated rate of depressed mood in US adults: recent evidence for a peak in later life
Wu, L.-T. T., & Anthony, J. C. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00176-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Personal characteristics associated with consistency of recall of depressed or anhedonic mood in the 13‐year follow‐up of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey
Thompson, R., Bogner, H. R., Coyne, J. C., Gallo, J. J., & Eaton, W. W. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2003.00284.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Recognizing psychiatric symptoms in black Americans.
Carter, J. H. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Depression in the US Population During the Time Periods Surrounding the Great Recession
Mehta, K., Kramer, H., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Cao, G., Tong, L., & Rao, M. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09637 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
An Update on the Mental Health of Black Americans
Earl, T. R., Williams, D. R., & Anglade, S. (2011) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798410396077 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Somatization Among Depressed Patients in Industrialized Nations
Cadoret, R. J., & Wilson, D. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.8.1103-a · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Comparing Adult Males and Females in the United States to Examine the Association between Body Mass Index and Frequent Mental Distress: An Analysis of Data from BRFSS 2011
Mukherjee, S. (2013) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/230928 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Health disparities and the stress hypothesis: A commentary on Schwartz and Meyer
Turner, R. J. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.035 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Racial and ethnic differences in asthma and mental health among US adults: results from the national survey on drug use and health
Arias, D., Becerra, B. J., & Becerra, M. B. (2015) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.3109/02770903.2015.1005843 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Psychiatric Illness
Blazer, D. G., & Hybels, C. F. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-252-6_32 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 110 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Trends in depression prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: widening disparities in vulnerable groups
Weinberger, A. H., Gbedemah, M., Martinez, A. M., Nash, D., Galea, S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002781 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Trends in the Prevalence and Incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Adults and Children of Different Racial and Ethnic Groups
Chung, W. W., Jiang, S., Paksarian, D., Nikolaidis, A., Castellanos, F. X., Merikangas, K. R., & Milham, M. P. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.14344 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Explaining the black-white disparity in preterm birth: a consensus statement from a multi-disciplinary scientific work group convened by the March of Dimes
Braveman, P., Dominguez, T. P., Burke, W., Dolan, S. M., Stevenson, D. K., Jackson, F. M., Collins, J. W., Driscoll, D. A., Haley, T., Acker, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2021.684207 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The Changing Characteristics of African-American Adolescent Suicides, 2001–2017
Price, J. H., & Khubchandani, J. (2019) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-019-00678-x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Across Early- and Mid-Life Among the Add Health Cohort
Hargrove, T. W., Halpern, C. T., Gaydosh, L. M., Hussey, J. M., Whitsel, E. A., Dole, N., Hummer, R. A., & Harris, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00692-8 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Is the Black-White Mental Health Paradox Consistent Across Gender and Psychiatric Disorders?
Erving, C. L., Thomas, C. S., & Frazier, C. (2019) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwy224 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?
Chen, E., Brody, G. H., & Miller, G. E. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-122814 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The influence of internalized racism on the relationship between discrimination and anxiety
Sosoo, E. E., Bernard, D. L., & Neblett, E. W. (2020) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000320 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: Differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort
Abrams, L. R., & Mehta, N. (2019) · SSM: Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100399 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Do Racial Differences in Coping Resources Explain the Black–White Paradox in Mental Health? A Test of Multiple Mechanisms
Louie, P., Upenieks, L., Erving, C. L., & Tobin, C. S. T. (2021) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211041031 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Centering Culture in Mental Health: Differences in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Access to Care Among Older People of Color
Jimenez, D. E., Park, M., Rosen, D., Joo, J. H., Garza, D. M., Weinstein, E. R., Conner, K. O., Silva, C., & Okereke, O. I. (2022) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.07.001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Race and SES Differences in Psychosocial Resources: Implications for Social Stress Theory
Tobin, C. S. T., Erving, C. L., & Barve, A. (2020) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272520961379 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans.
Robinson, M. N., & Thomas Tobin, C. S. (2021) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211009142 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Dampening of positive affect and depression: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships
Bean, C. A. L., Summers, C. B., & Ciesla, J. A. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104153 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Social determinants of mental health in major depressive disorder: Umbrella review of 26 meta-analyses and systematic reviews
Alon, N., Macrynikola, N., Jester, D. J., Keshavan, M. S., Reynolds, C. F., Saxena, S., Thomas, M. L., Torous, J. B., & Jeste, D. V. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115854 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Evaluating hypothesized explanations for the Black-white depression paradox: A critical review of the extant evidence
Pamplin, J. R., & Bates, L. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114085 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Black-White Paradox Revisited: Understanding the Role of Counterbalancing Mechanisms during Adolescence
Louie, P., & Wheaton, B. (2019) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146519845069 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Measuring More Than Exposure: Does Stress Appraisal Matter for Black–White Differences in Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults?
Brown, L. L., Abrams, L. R., Mitchell, U. A., & Ailshire, J. (2020) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igaa040 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans
Phuong, D., Locklar, L. R. B., & Florsheim, P. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Vicarious Discrimination, Psychosocial Resources, and Mental Health among Black Americans
Louie, P., & Upenieks, L. (2022) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/01902725221079279 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prevalência de depressão autorreferida no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019 e 2013
Brito, V. C. D. A., Corassa, R. B., Stopa, S. R., Sardinha, L. M. V., Dahl, C. M., & Viana, M. C. (2022) · Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde · doi:10.1590/ss2237-9622202200006.especial · Cited by 49 · see citing works
What Factors Lead to Racial Disparities in Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty?
Hu, D. A., Hu, J. B., Lee, A., Rubenstein, W. J., Hwang, K. M., Ibrahim, S. A., & Kuo, A. C. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01168-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Meta-Regression of Racial Disparities in Wellbeing Outcomes During and After Foster Care
Kennedy, R. S., Potter, M. H., & Font, S. A. (2023) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221111481 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders Among Older Black Americans: Within- and Between-Group Differences
Taylor, R. J., & Chatters, L. M. (2020) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igaa007 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Do assets explain the relation between race/ethnicity and probable depression in U.S. adults?
Ettman, C. K., Cohen, G. H., Abdalla, S. M., & Galea, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239618 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Uterine fibroids and incidence of depression, anxiety and self-directed violence: a cohort study
Chiuve, S. E., Huisingh, C., Petruski‐Ivleva, N., Owens, C. D., Kuohung, W., & Wise, L. A. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-214565 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Prevalence of depressive symptoms in U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review
Ettman, C. K., Fan, A. Y., Subramanian, M., Adam, G. P., Goicoechea, E. B., Abdalla, S. M., Stuart, E. A., & Galea, S. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101348 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Increased social identification is linked with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms among ethnic minorities and migrants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Brance, K., Chatzimpyros, V., & Bentall, R. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102216 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Revisiting the Black-White Mental Health Paradox During the Coronavirus Pandemic
LaMotte, M. E., Elliott, M., & Mouzon, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01457-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Food Insecurity and Mental Well-Being Among Low-Income Families During COVID-19 Pandemic
Ling, J., Duren, P., & Robbins, L. B. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221089627 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The impact of anticipated, vicarious, and experienced racial and ethnic discrimination on depression and suicidal behavior among Chicago youth
Zimmerman, G. M., & Miller-Smith, A. (2022) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102623 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mental health outcomes of multiracial individuals: A systematic review between the years 2016 and 2022
Oh, H. Y., Winn, J. G., Verdugo, J. L., Bañada, R., Zachry, C. E., Chan, G., Okine, L., Park, J., Formigoni, M., & Leaune, É. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.040 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Does Early Life Racial Discrimination Explain a Mental Health Paradox among Black Adults?
Tobin, C. S. T., & Moody, M. D. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264320988187 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vicarious Experiences of Major Discrimination and Psychological Distress among Black Men and Women
Moody, M. D., Tobin, C. S. T., & Erving, C. L. (2022) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/21568693221116631 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Age and Gender Differences in Psychological Distress among African Americans and Whites: Findings from the 2016 National Health Interview Survey
Watkins, D. C., & Johnson, N. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6010006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The complex relationship between depression and progression to incident cognitive impairment across race and ethnicity
Babulal, G. M., Zhu, Y., Roe, C. M., Hudson, D., Williams, M., Murphy, S. A., Doherty, J. M., Johnson, A. M., & Trani, J. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12631 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Evidence for skin-deep resilience using a co-twin control design: Effects on low-grade inflammation in a longitudinal study of youth
Chen, E., Yu, T., Siliezar, R., Drage, J. N., Dezil, J., Miller, G. E., & Brody, G. H. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.070 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Intersectional Approaches to Minority Aging Research
Tobin, C. S. T., Gutiérrez, Á., Farmer, H. R., Erving, C. L., & Hargrove, T. W. (2023) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-022-00317-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Discrimination and Multimorbidity Among Black Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life
Oh, H. Y., Glass, J. E., Narita, Z. C., Koyanagi, A., Sinha, S., & Jacob, L. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00773-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Temporal trends and age-period-cohort analysis of depression in U.S. adults from 2013 to 2022
Xu, Y. Y., Wu, Z., Xin, S., Gao, Y., Han, Y., Zhao, J., Guo, Y., Dong, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.090 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Stress and Mental Health: A Focus on COVID-19 and Racial Trauma Stress
Dush, C. M. K., Manning, W. D., Berrigan, M. N., & Hardeman, R. R. (2022) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2022.8.8.06 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Keeping hope alive: racial-ethnic disparities in distress tolerance are mitigated by religious/spiritual hope among Black Americans
McIntosh, R., Ironson, G., & Krause, N. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110403 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Racial/ethnic disparities in depression: Investigating how sources of support and types of integration matter
Yang, T., & Park, K. (2019) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.04.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Psychological distress among migrant groups in Australia: results from the 2015 National Health Survey
Brijnath, B., Antoniades, J., & Temple, J. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01782-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sex, race, and the role of relationships in diabetes health: intersectionality matters
Naqvi, J. B., Helgeson, V. S., Gary‐Webb, T. L., Korytkowski, M. T., & Seltman, H. J. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00057-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Psychological distress across intersections of race/ethnicity, gender, and marital status during the COVID-19 pandemic
Hearne, B. N. (2021) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2021.1969537 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Migrant and ethnic minority status as risk indicators for schizophrenia
van der Ven, E., & Selten, J. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000405 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Links of communal coping to relationship and psychological health in type 2 diabetes: actor–partner interdependence models involving role, sex, and race
Helgeson, V. S., Naqvi, J. B., Seltman, H. J., Vaughn, A. K., Korytkowski, M. T., Hausmann, L. R. M., & Gary‐Webb, T. L. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz052 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms, childhood maltreatment, and allostatic load: The importance of sex differences
O’Shields, J., & Gibbs, J. J. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105130 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical Side Effects and Mental Health Paradoxes among Racial-Ethnic Minorities
Schnittker, J., & Do, D. (2020) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146519899115 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Complicating Narratives of Sexual Minority Mental Health: An Intersectional Analysis of Frequent Mental Distress at the Intersection of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Race/Ethnicity
Walubita, T., Beccia, A. L., Boama-Nyarko, E., Ding, E., Ferrucci, K. A., & Jesdale, B. M. (2022) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2021.0099 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Incident Heart Failure in the Jackson Heart Study: Differential Risk Among Black Men and Women
Gaffey, A. E., Cavanagh, C. E., Rosman, L., Wang, K., Deng, Y., Sims, M., O’Brien, E. C., Chamberlain, A. M., Mentz, R. J., Glover, L. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.022514 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Built Environment, Natural Environment, and Mental Health
Wei, Y. D., Wang, Y., Curtis, D. S., Shin, S. C., & Wen, M. (2024) · GeoHealth · doi:10.1029/2024gh001047 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Residential segregation and Black-White differences in physical and mental health: Evidence of a health paradox?
Smith, N. C. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116417 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Childhood Adversity and Internalizing Problems: Evidence of a Race Mental Health Paradox
Kysar‐Moon, A. (2019) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869319843325 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Distinguishing distress from disorder: Black-white patterns in the determinants of and links between depressive symptoms and major depression
Tobin, C. S. T. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.035 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale: Internal Structure and Relation to Other Variables
da Silva-Ferraz, B. F. P., Santos-Vitti, L., & Faro, A. (2021) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712021260108 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Discrimination, psychological functioning, and substance use among U.S. young adults aged 18–28, 2017.
Jones, D. M., Masyn, K. E., & Spears, C. A. (2021) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000502 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Testing a somatization hypothesis to explain the Black–White depression paradox
Barnes, D. M., & Bates, L. M. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01707-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
More, less, or the same: A scoping review of studies that compare depression between Black and White U.S. adult populations
Ettman, C. K., Koya, S. F., Fan, A. Y., Robbins, G., Shain, J., Cozier, Y. C., Abdalla, S. M., & Galea, S. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100161 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The role of the broader autism phenotype in anxiety and depression in college-aged adults
Kurtz, M. R., Kana, R. K., Rivera, D. L., & Newman, S. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1187298 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Perceived Neighborhood Racial Composition and Depressive Symptoms Among Black Americans Across Adulthood: Evaluating the Role of Psychosocial Risks and Resources
Tobin, C. S. T., Huỳnh, J., Farmer, H. R., Cross, R. I., Barve, A., Robinson, M. N., Leslie, E. P., & Thorpe, R. J. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643221100789 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Reevaluating the “deaths of despair” narrative: Racial/ethnic heterogeneity in the trend of psychological distress-related death
Zheng, H., & Choi, Y. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2307656121 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Correlates of psychological distress and self-rated health among Palestinian citizens of Israel: findings from the health and environment survey (HESPI)
Khatib, M., Mansbach‐Kleinfeld, I., Abu‐Kaf, S., Ifrah, A., & Sheikh-Muhammad, A. A. (2021) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-021-00439-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Psychological Distress: Racial Differences Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Hamler, T. C., Nguyen, A. W., Mouzon, D. M., Taylor, H. O., Qin, W., & Cobb, R. J. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac043 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Trajectories of psychological distress among individuals exposed to the 9/11 World Trade Center disaster
Ko, T. M., Alper, H., Brackbill, R. M., & Jacobson, M. H. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004912 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Psychological Distress and Suicidality Among Transgender Young Adults in the United States
Wang, Y.-C., Hoatson, T., Stamoulis, C., Herman, J. L., Reisner, S. L., Meyer, I. H., & Katz‐Wise, S. L. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.11.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Perceived skin tone discrimination and psychotic experiences among Black Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life
Oh, H. Y., Jacob, L., Anglin, D. M., & Koyanagi, A. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.033 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Are Distressed Black Women Also Depressed? Implications for a Mental Health Paradox
Robinson, M. N., Erving, C. L., & Tobin, C. S. T. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01313-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Healthcare Discrimination Experience Scale: Assessing a Variable Crucial for Explaining Racial/Ethnic Inequities in Patient Activation and Health
Sanford, K., & Pizzuto, A. E. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01350-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Race and income moderate the association between depressive symptoms and obesity
Bell, C. N., Walton, Q. L., & Thomas, C. S. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.11.024 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Investigating a Paradox: Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationships Between Racial Group Membership, Stress, and Major Depressive Disorder
Pamplin, J. R., Rudolph, K. E., Keyes, K. M., Susser, E., & Bates, L. M. (2023) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwad128 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fear of a Black Neighborhood: Anti-Black Racism and the Health of White Americans
Louie, P., & DeAngelis, R. T. (2023) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soad112 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disparate Dementia Risk Factors Are Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Rates of Decline in African Americans
Lachner, C., Craver, E. C., Babulal, G. M., Lucas, J. A., Ferman, T. J., White, R. O., Graff‐Radford, N. R., & Day, G. S. (2023) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26847 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Geographic Region, Racial/Ethnic Disparities, and Late-Life Depression: Results From a Large US Cohort of Older Adults
Vyas, C. M., Reynolds, C. F., Donneyong, M. M., Mischoulon, D., Chang, G., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., & Okereke, O. I. (2021) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.11.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Neighborhood cohesion and psychological distress across race and sexual orientation
Miller, G. H., Márquez-Velarde, G., Lindstrom, E.-D., Keith, V. M., & Brown, L. E. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101134 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flourishing among young adult college students in the United States: sexual/gender and racial/ethnic disparities
Oh, H. Y. (2022) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2022.2155502 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dismantling the monolith: ethnic origin, racial identity, and major depression among US-born Black Americans
Esie, P., & Bates, L. M. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02412-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychological distress and mental health care utilization among Black survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer
Choi, E., Berkman, A. M., Battle, A., Betts, A. C., Salsman, J. M., Milam, J. E., Andersen, C. R., Miller, K. A., Peterson, S. K., Lü, Q., et al. (2024) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35348 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Differential associations of neighborhood disadvantage, race/ethnicity, and cognitive status with experiences of psychosocial distress in the HABS‐HD cohort
Rhoads, T., Wong, C. G., Cobos, K., O’Bryant, S. E., Kind, A., Miller, J. B., & Health and Aging Brain Study (HABS‐HD) Team (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14257 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Coping While Black: Chronic Illness, Mastery, and the Black-White Health Paradox
Hill-Joseph, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00594-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
State Policy and Mental Health Outcomes under COVID-19
Sances, M., & Campbell, A. L. (2021) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-9155991 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Intersectional health disparities: the relationships between sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation and depressive symptoms
Holm, A. K. J., Johnson, A. N., Clockston, R. L. M., Oselinsky, K. M., Lundeberg, P. J., Rand, K., & Graham, D. J. (2021) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2021.1982756 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults in South Los Angeles
Evans, M. C., Cobb, S., Smith, J., Bazargan, M., & Assari, S. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9100246 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Explaining the Black-white depression paradox: Interrogating the Environmental Affordances Model
Pamplin, J. R., Kezios, K., Hayes‐Larson, E., Keyes, K. M., Susser, E., Factor-Litvak, P. R., Link, B. G., & Bates, L. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113869 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Chronic Stress, Coping, and Mental Health Among Older African Americans
Mouzon, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643221085805 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychological Distress Among US-Born and Non–US-Born Black or African American Adults in the US
Elhabashy, M., Adzrago, D., & Williams, F. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.6558 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Stress is a Latent Construct: Exploring the Differential Experience of Stress and Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms Among Black Older Adults
Brown, L. L., García, C., Reeves, A. N., Pamplin, J. R., & Mitchell, U. A. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643221086333 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The effect of smoking on depressive symptoms
Magee, W. J., & Clarke, P. J. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106641 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Multimorbidity, disability, and mental health conditions in a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older Canadians
Chireh, B., Essien, S. K., & Novik, N. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100290 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Psychotic experiences in the context of mood and anxiety disorders and their associations with health outcomes among people of color in the United States
Oh, H. Y., Waldman, K. E., Stubbs, B., & Koyanagi, A. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.01.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Building Financial Capability and Assets to Reduce Poverty and Health Disparities: Race/Ethnicity Matters
Sun, S. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01648-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Asymmetric effects of transitioning into and out of housing hardship on depressive symptoms: Variation by gender and race/ethnicity
Kim, J., Park, G., & Morales, J. F. (2025) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2025.105734 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
THOSE LEFT BEHIND
Dennis, A. C. (2021) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x21000011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Discrimination in Context: Examining Neighborhood-Level Variation in the Incidence and Adverse Effects of Perceived Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Chicago Youth
Zimmerman, G. M., Trovato, D., & Miller-Smith, A. (2022) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-022-09367-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mental Health Status by Race, Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status among Young Adults in Texas during COVID-19
Thomas, P. B., Mantey, D. S., Clendennen, S. L., & Harrell, M. B. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-01923-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Urban upbringing and psychiatric disorders in the United States: A racial comparison
Oh, H. Y., Nicholson, H. L., Koyanagi, A., Jacob, L., & Glass, J. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020950781 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Delayed Medical Care of Underserved Middle-Aged and Older African Americans with Chronic Disease during COVID-19 Pandemic
Adinkrah, E. K., Cobb, S., & Bazargan, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11040595 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Disparities in depression and anxiety at the intersection of race and gender identity in a large community health sample
Stanton, A. M., Chiu, C., Dolotina, B., Kirakosian, N., King, D. S., Grasso, C., Potter, J. E., Mayer, K. H., O’Cleirigh, C. M., & Batchelder, A. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117582 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
At the intersection of race and immigration: a comprehensive review of depression and related symptoms within the US Black population
Esie, P., & Bates, L. M. (2023) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxad006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation

Depression and Distress in Blacks and Whites in the US: Testing a Hypothesis to Explain a Double Paradox
Barnes, D. M. (2015) · doi:10.7916/d8nk3crb
Self-citation
Distinguishing distress from disorder: Black-white patterns in the determinants of and links between depressive symptoms and major depression
Tobin, C. S. T. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.035 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Evaluating hypothesized explanations for the Black-white depression paradox: A critical review of the extant evidence
Pamplin, J. R., & Bates, L. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114085 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Explaining the Black-White Depression Paradox: understanding the role – and limits – of social stress theory
Pamplin, J. R. (2020) · doi:10.7916/d8-w84k-kb59
Investigating a Paradox: Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationships Between Racial Group Membership, Stress, and Major Depressive Disorder
Pamplin, J. R., Rudolph, K. E., Keyes, K. M., Susser, E., & Bates, L. M. (2023) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwad128 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Barnes, D. M., & Bates, L. M.
Affiliations: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Barnes, David M.
ORCID: Bates, Lisa M.
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-05-29
Volume: 52
Issue: 8
Pages: 913-928
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1394-9
OpenAlex: W2619634349
Cited by: 193
References: 110
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 1.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: major depressive disorder, psychological distress, racial disparities, African Americans, White Americans, depression prevalence
MeSH terms: Black or African American, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Stress, Psychological, United States, Prevalence, White People, Health Status Disparities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Do racial patterns in psychological distress shed light on the Black–White depression paradox? A systematic review

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks