Kessler psychological distress scale: normative data from the 2007 Australian national survey of mental health and wellbeing
Abstract
Objective: To present Australian normative data on the ten-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Method: Analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, a nationally representative household survey of 8841 adults. Mean K10 scores and K10 scores at selected percentiles of the K10 score distribution are presented by sex, age, the presence of mental disorders and the presence of physical conditions. Stratum-specific likelihood ratios were computed to help clinicians and researchers calculate predicted probabilities of mental disorder given scores on the K10. Results: Scores on the K10 were generally higher in women compared to men, in people with a mental disorder compared to without a mental disorder and in people with affective disorders compared to people with substance use disorders. The SSLRs were informative in ruling in a diagnosis of mental disorder, particularly at the high or very high end of the psychological distress spectrum. Conclusions: These data may be helpful for clinicians and researchers alike in understanding the likelihood of mental disorder in a given individual or sample.
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The K10 cut-off score of 16 indicates moderate levels of distress.
“A cut-off score of 16 was used because it has been shown to be indicative of moderate levels of distress (Slade, Grove, & Burgess, 2011).”
From Feasibility trial of a scalable transdiagnostic group psychological intervention for Syrians residing in a refugee camp (2021) · cites this paper as Slade, Grove, & Burgess, 2011
The pre-pandemic prevalence of anxiety symptoms was estimated to range from 5% to 14.4%.
“Based on effect sizes from Lowe et al. (2008), Slade et al. (2011), and Baxter et al., 2013), the pre-pandemic rate of anxiety symptoms was estimated to range from 5% to 14.4%.”
From Prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms between the pre- and peri-COVID-19 eras: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Slade et al. (2011)
The pre-pandemic prevalence of depressive symptoms was estimated to range from 6.2% to 11.5%.
“Based on effect sizes from these large studies (Ell et al., 2006; Ko et al., 2012, Slade et al., 2011), we determined pre-pandemic rate of depressive symptoms to range from 6.2% to 11.5%.”
From Prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms between the pre- and peri-COVID-19 eras: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Slade et al., 2011
The K10 cutoff of 16 has been shown to indicate psychological distress.
“a cutoff of 16 has been shown to indicate psychological distress [32].”
From Effectiveness of a brief group behavioral intervention for common mental disorders in Syrian refugees in Jordan: a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Slade, T., Grove, R., & Burgess, P.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Slade, Tim
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 308-316
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2065188129
- Cited by
- 372
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 26.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K10, psychological distress, reference values, mental illness, likelihood ratios, sex differences, age differences, physical condition, mood disorders, substance use disorders, Australian adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Australia, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Reference Values, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Prevalence
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