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Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To provide normative data on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), a scale that is being increasingly used for clinical and epidemiological purposes. METHOD: The National Survey of Mental Health And Well-Being was used to provide normative comparative data on symptoms, disability, service utilisation and diagnosis for the range of possible K10 scores. RESULTS: The K10 is related in predictable ways to these other measures. IMPLICATIONS: The K10 is suitable to assess morbidity in the population, and may be appropriate for use in clinical practice.
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“Using this sum it is possible to identify cut-off points of stress levels, where 10–15 points correspond to “low distress,” 16–21 points to “moderate,” 22–29 points to “high,” and 30–50 points to “very high.” Values between 22 and 50 points indicate a risk of developing a psychological disorder (Andrews and Slade, 2001; Pereira et al., 2019).”
From Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (2020) · cites this paper as Andrews and Slade, 2001
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In the citing paper
“Overall, it is a valid and reliable measure21 and an efficient way to ensure that study participants were likely to be experiencing some level of anxiety or depressive symptoms prior to entering the study.”
From Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of Acceptance Commitment Therapy for Adults Living With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Distress. (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
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“The K10 is a 10-item measure of psychological distress that is sensitive to symptoms of both anxiety and depression [30].”
From Feasibility and Acceptability of the Aboriginal and Islander Mental Health Initiative for Youth App: Nonrandomized Pilot With First Nations Young People (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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“Several Australian studies using national survey data support the psychometric properties of the K10 including its validity as a measure of distress and as screen for mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depressive conditions (1, 42, 43).”
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“The K-10 has excellent psychometric properties (Andrews and Slade, 2001), including high internal consistency (α = 0.93; Kessler et al., 2002) and discriminant validity (Furukawa et al., 2003).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Andrews and Slade, 2001
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“The K-10 has good psychometric properties [18], demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for current anxiety and affective disorders [19].”
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“Psychological distress was measured in the MCQ questionnaire using the 10-item Kessler (K10) scale [59,60].”
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“Despite fears that focusing on suicidal ideation might give rise to further suicidal thoughts and even attempts, there is no evidence to validate this idea [15,28].”
From The effectiveness of a suicide prevention app for indigenous Australian youths: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Emerging evidence suggests that online intervention to prevent suicide is feasible and effective [14,15].”
From The effectiveness of a suicide prevention app for indigenous Australian youths: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Andrews, G., & Slade, T.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Andrews, Gavin
- Venue
- Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 494-497
- ISSN
- 1326-0200 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025961724
- Cited by
- 2,021
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 161 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 114 · 2012: 89
- FWCI
- 12.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K10, psychological distress, reference values, psychiatric symptoms, disability, mental health service utilization, psychiatric diagnosis, population morbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Australia, Mental Disorders, Family Characteristics, Health Surveys, Humans, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence
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