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The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children
Open accessAbstract
The impact of early physical and sexual abuse (EPA/SA) occurring in the first 5 years of life was investigated in relation to depressive and internalizing symptomatology and diurnal cortisol regulation. In a summer camp context, school-aged maltreated (n = 265) and nonmaltreated (n = 288) children provided morning and late afternoon saliva samples on 5 consecutive days. Child self-report and adult observer reports of child internalizing and depressive symptoms were obtained. Children experiencing EPA/SA and high depressive or internalizing symptoms uniquely exhibited an attenuated diurnal decrease in cortisol, indicative of neuroendocrine dysregulation. These results were specific to EPA/SA rather than later onset physical or sexual abuse or early occurring neglect or emotional maltreatment.
Checked 2026-10-06 · 5 references not checked yet
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study tested whether physical or sexual abuse during the first five years of life, combined with high depressive or internalizing symptoms, predicts atypical daytime cortisol regulation in school-aged children. It found that only children with early physical/sexual abuse and high symptoms showed a flatter morning-to-afternoon cortisol decline, while other maltreatment timing and subtype features did not explain the pattern.
Key findings
- Among 553 children (265 maltreated, 288 nonmaltreated), early physical/sexual abuse (EPA/SA; n = 60) was linked to more internalizing symptoms: 33.3% of EPA/SA children had high symptoms versus 14.9% of nonmaltreated children and 21.5% of other maltreated children.
- A significant group × symptom level × time-of-day interaction, F(2,545) = 6.07, p = .002, showed that high-symptom EPA/SA children had a smaller cortisol decline from morning to late afternoon (0.12) than high-symptom NEPA/SA children (0.23) and nonmaltreated children (0.25).
- Specificity analyses indicated that early neglect/emotional maltreatment and later-onset physical/sexual abuse did not show the same pattern; other maltreatment parameters such as onset, recency, chronicity, diversity, and perpetrator type were not significant moderators (p values ranged from .16 to .99).
- Girls had a greater diurnal cortisol decrease than boys (0.27 vs. 0.22), and older children had a steeper decrease than younger children (0.29 vs. 0.19), but neither gender nor age moderated the main early-abuse/high-symptom effect.
Methods
- School-aged children (ages 7–13; M = 10.02, SD = 1.87) attending a summer day camp provided morning (9 a.m.) and late afternoon (4 p.m.) saliva samples on five consecutive days; cortisol was assayed and log-transformed, then averaged across days.
- Maltreatment status and subtype/timing were coded from Department of Human Services records using the Maltreatment Classification System; EPA/SA was defined as physical or sexual abuse before age 5, and comparisons included other maltreated children and nonmaltreated children.
- Depressive/internalizing symptoms came from child self-report (Children’s Depression Inventory) and counselor report (Teacher Report Form internalizing scale); high symptoms were defined as scoring above the clinical cutpoint on either measure, yielding 19.3% classified as symptomatic. Analyses used repeated-measures ANCOVA and follow-up contrasts, covarying age and gender.
Limitations
- The authors state that physical/sexual abuse could not be fully separated from neglect because the two overlap heavily, especially in low-income samples, so it remains unclear whether abuse-specific features or greater overall severity drove the findings.
- The authors note that wake-up time was not measured, puberty stage data were not collected, and it is unknown whether the observed cortisol flattening predicts later physical or mental health problems.
- The text also makes evident that the sample excluded children in foster care or out-of-home placement, likely omitting more extreme maltreatment cases, and the design was cross-sectional, so causal and longitudinal interpretations are limited.
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Claims the paper makes
59 Not checked yet · 59 Own result · 19 Own method · 15 Own interpretation · 3 Sources not found · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children experiencing EPA/SA and high depressive or internalizing symptoms uniquely exhibited an attenuated diurnal decrease in cortisol, indicative of neuroendocrine dysregulation.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 265- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: DHS records provide complete and accurate information about children's maltreatment histories, including subtype and timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current sample, 11.4% (n = 63) of the children reported clinical level depressive symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plainn = 63- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the high symptom level groups for the CDI and TRF were significantly but weakly associated, χ2 (1, N = 553) = 4.48, p = .03.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plaincorrelationaln = 553 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To combine both perspectives, the presence of high symptoms on either the CDI or the TRF was determined and used as an index of high depressive and internalizing symptomatology, resulting in 19.3% of the children being classified as symptomatic.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plainn = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the CDI and TRF internalizing scores were significantly but not strongly correlated, r = .20, p < .001.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in terms of recency, only 18.4% had been maltreated beyond the preschool period.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other contrasts were not significant.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plainn = 41- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the NEPA/SA maltreated children had marginally higher rates of elevated symptoms than the nonmaltreated children, χ2 (2, N = 493) = 3.52, p = .06.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plaincorrelationaln = 493 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant main effect was found for symptom status, F(1,204) = 13.13, p < .001; however, this effect was clarified by a significant interaction effect of symptom status and maltreatment type, F(1,204) = 7.29, p = .007.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Early Physical/Sexual Abuse versus Early Neglect/Emotional Maltreatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, significant differences for group classification were found for counselor-reported TRF internalizing symptoms, F(2,550) = 9.14, p < .001.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 47
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results were specific to EPA/SA, rather than later onset physical or sexual abuse or early occurring neglect or emotional maltreatment.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: DHS records provide complete and accurate information about children's maltreatment histories, including subtype and timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the sample, 9.9% of the participants (n = 55) were classified as having high level internalizing problems.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plainn = 55- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the EPA/SA group, 80% had experienced physical abuse and 28.3% had experienced sexual abuse; five children had experienced both maltreatment subtypes.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the maltreated children 89.8% had experienced some form of maltreatment from their mothers, and this rate did not differ for the EPA/SA (91.7%) versus NEPA/SA children (89.3%) groups, χ2 (1, N = 265) = .29, p = .81.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plainn = 265- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EPA/SA group with high symptoms (M = 0.12, SD = .24 had a significantly lower decrease in cortisol than the later abuse/low level symptom group (M = 0.29, SD = .20; p = .05) and the EPA/SA group with low level symptoms (M = 0.27, SD = .17, p = .001); however, a significant contrast was not found with the later abuse and low level symptom group (M = 0.21, SD = .20; p = .25).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the EPA/SA group, the onset of maltreatment had occurred in infancy for 43.3%, in toddlerhood for 25.0%, and in preschool for 31.7% of the early abuse group.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the group differences were in the expected direction (see Figure 1b), the groups did not differ significantly at either time of day.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the results did not yield a significant three-way interaction, β = .01, p = .73, indicating that age did not moderate the overall findings observed involving attenuated diurnal decrease in children with early abuse and high symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of fathers as perpetrator also was comparable by group, χ2 (1, N = 265) = .04, p = .88, 43.3% versus 42.0%.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plainn = 265- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, 63.3 % of the children had been maltreated during the toddler period and 93.3% had been maltreated in the preschool period.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found that both gender and age were associated with morning to afternoon change in cortisol level.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, children who experienced the onset of physical or sexual abuse beyond the preschool period were identified (n = 41), and these children were contrasted with the EPA/SA group.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plainn = 41- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the three-way interaction of early abuse, symptom level, and gender also was not significant, β = −.01, p = .82, indicating that the effects were not operating differently among boys and girls.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, 73.3% of the children in the EPA/SA group had experienced neglect, and 73.3% had also experienced emotional maltreatment.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronicity of maltreatment, as indexed by the number of developmental periods of maltreatment, averaged 2.22 developmental periods (SD = .92).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the EPA/SA group had been exposed to an average of 2.55 subtypes of maltreatment (SD = .70).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, as shown in Table 2, the groups did not differ on average morning, F(2,550) = 1.52, p = .22, or afternoon cortisol levels, F(2,550) = .07, p = .94.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plainn = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the absence of pubertal measures, we used age group (under age 10, age 10 and older) as a proxy measure, and as reported earlier, we did not find that age level moderated the effects of early abuse and high symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, not all individuals with depression exhibited cortisol dysregulation; we found it only for the early physically or sexually abused children with high internalizing and depressive symptomatology”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a large body of animal studies shows that adverse parental care during early development increases fearful, anxious behavior and shapes increased reactivity in neurobiological systems involved in defensive behaviors and physiological stress reactions”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among the array of difficulties exhibited by maltreated children, one of the most prevalent and widely documented is an increased risk for internalizing problems and depression in childhood and major depressive disorder in adulthood”
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while also suggesting that individuals at genetic risk for depression may be the most susceptible to these early experience effects”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim & Nemeroff, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“both the releasing hormone (corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH) and the final hormonal product of this system (cortisol in humans) play critical roles in brain development, affecting neurotrophic factors and regulating gene transcription”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, these animal studies suggest that inadequate or abusive parenting early in life persistently sensitizes the neurocircuits that are involved in the regulation of stress and emotion”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim & Nemeroff, 2001
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coders demonstrated acceptable reliability (weighted κ‘s with the criterion ranging from .86 to .98).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current investigation, internal consistency was .85.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHS record searches were completed for these families to verify the absence of any record of child maltreatment. Trained research assistants also interviewed mothers of children recruited for the nonmaltreatment group to confirm a lack of DHS involvement and prior maltreatment experiences”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Absence of documented maltreatment in DHS records and maternal interview indicates no maltreatment history.
In the paper
“Given the approximate 45-minute transportation time and the time spent being greeted by camp staff, children had been awake at least one hour prior to providing the morning saliva samples, thus avoiding the period of the dynamic cortisol awakening response”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Day Camp Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Susman, Dockray, Dorn, Schiefelbein, Herwehe, & Heaton, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these maltreatment subtypes have different onsets, occur with varying severities, and can recur”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While dysregulation of the HPA axis appears to be associated with maltreatment for children who are high in internalizing problems or who are clinically depressed, it remains unclear whether this is due to the type, severity, or developmental timing of the maltreatment.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Kaplow, Dodge, Amaya-Jackson, and Saxe (2005) discovered that an earlier age of sexual abuse onset predicted higher levels of anxiety years later.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplow, Dodge, Amaya-Jackson, and Saxe (2005)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Across the years, reliabilities for internalizing ranged from .56 to .84 (M = .68), consistent with the greater difficulty in observers rating internalizing symptoms (Achenbach, 1991).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency was .84.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The TRF is a widely used and validated instrument to assess behavioral disturbance from the perspective of teachers, and the measure was used in the present study, because camp counselors are able to observe similar behaviors to that of teachers.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Camp counselors can observe behaviors similar to those teachers observe, making the TRF appropriate for use in the camp setting.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolger et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites English et al., 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: DHS records provide complete and accurate information about children's maltreatment histories, including subtype and timing.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This level of correspondence is consistent with the degree of agreement typically found between different sources of report for child internalizing symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plaincorrelationaln = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The HPA axis tends to down-regulate in response to prolonged hyper-activation; thus in response to chronic stressors first hyper- and later hypo-activity of the axis may be noted”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller, Chen and Zhou, 2007 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, demographically comparable nonmaltreated children were recruited from families receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The TRF, containing 118 items rated for frequency, assesses two broadband dimensions of child symptomatology, internalizing and externalizing, as well as total behavior problems.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With regards to basal cortisol, chronic stress and negative emotionality tend to be associated with slight elevations in the late afternoon and evening, but often lower than typical levels in the early morning”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeSantis, Adam, Doanne, Mineka, Zinbarg, & Craske, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CDI is a widely used self-report questionnaire to assess depressive symptomatology in school-age children.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovacs, 1982, 2004
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One study that did address all subtypes of maltreatment found that serious neglect experienced during the preschool period was associated with a higher rate of internalizing symptoms”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Manly et al., 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Utilizing the T-Scores for the internalizing scale, a cutpoint of 60T was used to designate the presence or absence of high internalizing symptoms (Achenbach, 1991).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A total score of 19 and above has been established as a cutpoint for clinical level depressive symptoms (Kovacs, 2004).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovacs, 2004
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Kovacs (2004) reports that internal consistency for the total scale has ranged from .71 to .89, and validity has been well established.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovacs, 2004
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is increasing evidence that adults, who were abused as children, exhibit dysregulation of the HPA axis only or primarily if they have major depression and that adults with major depression in the absence of early child abuse do not show evidence of neuroendocrine dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Heim et al., 2004, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The camp context allowed for a setting where a consistent collection of saliva samples could occur at uniform times across the camp week.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Day Camp Measures
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trained research assistants, who also were unaware of research hypotheses and maltreatment status, conducted individual research sessions with children”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Day Camp Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed the empirical evidence gleaned from rodent and nonhuman primate investigation indicates that adverse or maltreating (i.e., neglectful and abusive) care early in an animal’s life has long-lasting effects.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another investigation indicated that the experience of harsh physical punishment before age five was related to higher teacher ratings of internalizing behaviors in kindergarten children”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keiley et al., 2001 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The groups did not differ in age, race/ethnicity, or in family history of receiving welfare benefits.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Participants
plainn = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each group was led by three trained camp counselors, who were unaware of the maltreatment status of children and the hypotheses of the study.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Day Camp Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportion of boys differed between the NC and both the EPA/SA and NEPA/SA groups, χ2 (2) = 17.86, p < .001; thus, gender was controlled in analyses.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Participants
plaincorrelationaln = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“families who had received preventive services through DHS due to concerns over risk for maltreatment were excluded from the sample to reduce the potential for unidentified maltreatment existing within this group.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Absence of documented maltreatment in DHS records and maternal interview indicates no maltreatment history.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neither the Hart et al. study nor the Kaufman et al. study examined the influence of the developmental timing of maltreatment subtypes.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hart et al., 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Very young children also may be less able than older children to discern the cues predictive of an abusive attack, and this lack of predictability may engender chronic stress and hypervigilance to aggression in these youngsters, even when abusive events are not occurring (Rieder & Cicchetti, 1989; Teisl & Cicchetti, 2008).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the EPA/SA group with high depressive or internalizing symptoms was distinguished by the smaller decrease or attenuated slope of the daytime diurnal rhythm of cortisol, due to slightly but not significantly lower AM and slightly but not significantly higher afternoon levels than the other children.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, children experiencing early abuse who had high internalizing symptoms exhibited an atypical flattening of cortisol production over the daytime hours.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
In the paper
“Kaufman (1991) noted that maltreated and depressed children in her sample were less likely than non-depressed maltreated children to show a decrease in cortisol from 9 AM to 4 PM.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1991
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, Kaplow and Widom (2007) reported that an earlier occurrence of maltreatment, defined as onset of maltreatment in the first 5 years of life, predicted more symptoms of anxiety and depression in adulthood.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplow and Widom (2007) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whereas the pattern we noted is not the same as that seen among adults with clinical depression, the findings are consistent with those described in two other reports on depressed, maltreated children studied in a day camp setting (Hart et al., 1996; Kaufman, 1991).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hart et al., 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“School-aged physically abused children, on the other hand, have been shown to be highly sensitive to even very degraded signals of threat, which although potentially maladaptive in some contexts, may provide some relief from constant vigilance in the abusive home (Pollak, Cicchetti, & Klorman, 1998; Pollak & Sinha, 2002; Shackman, Shackman, & Pollak, 2007).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the findings are generally applicable for boys and girls, as well as for children across the age range studied.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our findings suggest that the results of Kaplow and Widom (2007) may have been even more compelling if they had been able to examine physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect separately.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplow and Widom (2007) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Hart and colleagues found that maltreated children who were also depressed showed a less marked diurnal decrease in cortisol from 9 AM to 4 PM, although no attempt was made in that study to differentiate patterns based on subtype of maltreatment.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hart et al., 1996 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Notably similar to the present study, she also observed that the depressed maltreated children were more likely to have suffered abuse in addition to neglect, rather than solely neglect.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1991
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas Heim and colleagues examined reactions of the HPA axis to psychosocial stressors and pharmacological challenges, we addressed only the children’s typical daytime pattern of cortisol production.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, the Bruce and colleagues (2008) study revealed the sensitivity of cortisol regulation to transient impacts of neglect and relationship disruption, while the present study indicated the long-term impacts of early physical and sexual abuse in the absence of the child being removed from the home.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce and colleagues (2008)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we cannot ascertain whether differences in the diurnal decrease in cortisol of the magnitude we observed will be predictive of future physical or mental health risks in children.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it is possible, it seems unlikely that this was the case.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies of adult cohorts now show that “flattening” of the diurnal decrease in the same range as we observed predicts heightened risk of impairment in cardiovascular and immune system functioning (Heim et al., 2000; Raison & Miller, 2003).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Raison & Miller, 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in order for differences in wake-up time to have explained our results, high symptom children with physical or sexual abuse prior to age 5 would have to have woken up earlier than all the other children.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Puberty is associated with increases in cortisol levels and reactivity to stressors (Gunnar et al., 2008; Stroud et al., 2008).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Stroud et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be, as we argued above, that abuse (physical or sexual) has features (e.g., provoke feelings of fear) that are particularly potent in activating stress and emotion pathways, and thus in dysregulating rapidly developing stress and emotion neurobiological systems.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, we cannot conclude that this is the case without longitudinal studies.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Studying pre-school children who had primarily experienced neglect, Bruce and colleagues (2008) found reduced morning cortisol in the first months following a new foster placement.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce and colleagues (2008)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While early neglect has been shown to have marked impacts on young children’s social and cognitive competence (Pears & Fisher, 2005), neglect experiences may not be as fear and threat arousing as are the experiences of being physically attacked and hurt.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pears & Fisher, 2005
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Undoubtedly some of the older children in our study were entering puberty and this may have influenced their cortisol levels.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Some older children in the sample were entering puberty.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the impact of early physical and sexual abuse on developing brain systems may be especially pernicious because it occurs during a period when the child is nearly wholly dependent on parents for survival.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
DHS records provide complete and accurate information about children's maltreatment histories, including subtype and timing.
“Comprehensive searches of DHS records were completed and maltreatment information was coded utilizing operational criteria from the maltreatment nosology specified in the Maltreatment Classification System”
“The MCS codes all available information from DHS records, making independent determinations of maltreatment experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Absence of documented maltreatment in DHS records and maternal interview indicates no maltreatment history.
“DHS record searches were completed for these families to verify the absence of any record of child maltreatment. Trained research assistants also interviewed mothers of children recruited for the nonmaltreatment group to confirm a lack of DHS involvement and prior maltreatment experiences”
“Only children from families without any history of documented abuse or neglect were retained in the nonmaltreatment group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Camp counselors can observe behaviors similar to those teachers observe, making the TRF appropriate for use in the camp setting.
“the measure was used in the present study, because camp counselors are able to observe similar behaviors to that of teachers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children who experience early and extreme maltreatment are generally removed from their homes and placed in foster care.
“Generally children who experience early and extreme maltreatment are removed from their homes and placed in foster care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neglect is almost always present for maltreated children, especially in low-income samples.
“The clinical reality is that there is an extremely high overlap and that neglect is almost a consistent experience for these children, particularly in low-income samples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol changes sharply in the first hour after waking and then declines gradually for the rest of the day.
“Cortisol levels change markedly in the first hour after morning awakening and then gradually decrease over the remainder of the day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol levels track an individual's wake-up time more closely than clock time.
“Levels are more closely related to the individual’s wake-up time than to clock time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Family disorganization would make children's reports of wake-up time error-prone.
“We chose not to measure wake-up time because we anticipated errors in child reporting of this measure, given the high level of disorganization in many of the families' homes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some older children in the sample were entering puberty.
“Undoubtedly some of the older children in our study were entering puberty”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The relationship between the quality of the early social environment and health in adulthood appears to be, in part, mediated by the development of individual differences in neural systems that underlie the expression of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress.26-30”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Cortisol metabolism has been found to be altered in children who experienced abuse.”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2010
In the citing paper
“For example, children who were physically or sexually abused in early childhood had smaller diurnal decreases in cortisol than neglected children, however, this was only found in abused children with high internalizing symptoms (Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2010).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2010
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = .29, p = .81”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
Reported p = .81 · recomputed p = .590
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (2, N = 265) = 3.57, p = .06”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
Reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .168
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = .04, p = .88”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
Reported p = .88 · recomputed p = .841
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = 10.39, p = .002”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
Reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .001
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (2, N = 493) = 3.52, p = .06”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
Reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .172
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 0.29reported p = .81 · recomputed p = .590
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = .29, p = .81”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 0.04reported p = .88 · recomputed p = .841
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = .04, p = .88”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 10.39reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .001
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = 10.39, p = .002”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(2) = 3.57reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .168
“χ2 (2, N = 265) = 3.57, p = .06”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(2) = 3.52reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .172
“χ2 (2, N = 493) = 3.52, p = .06”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 17.86reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (2) = 17.86, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 4.48reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .034
“χ2 (1, N = 553) = 4.48, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(2, 550) = 2.62reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .074
“F(2,550) = 2.62, p = .07”
- ConsistentF(2, 550) = 9.14reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2,550) = 9.14, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 11.71reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“χ2 (2, N = 553) = 11.71, p = .003”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 11.34reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (1, N = 348) = 11.34, p = .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 550) = 1.52reported p = .22 · recomputed p = .220
“F(2,550) = 1.52, p = .22”
- ConsistentF(2, 550) = 0.07reported p = .94 · recomputed p = .932
“F(2,550) = .07, p = .94”
- ConsistentF(2, 545) = 6.07reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“F(2,545) = 6.07, p = .002”
- ConsistentF(2, 441) = 0.81reported p = .45 · recomputed p = .446
“F(2,441) = .81, p = .45”
- ConsistentF(2, 104) = 5.94reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“F(2,104) = 5.94, p = .004”
- ConsistentF(2, 101) = 4.27reported p = .017 · recomputed p = .017
“F(2,101) = 4.27, p = .017”
- Consistentt(551) = 2.83reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .005
“t (551) = 2.83, p = .005”
- Consistentt(551) = 0.74reported p = .46 · recomputed p = .460
“t (551) = 0.74, p = .46”
- Consistentt(551) = 2.41reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .016
“t (551) = 2.41, p = .02”
- Consistentt(551) = 6.12reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t (551) = 6.12, p < .001”
- Consistentt(551) = 0.56reported p = .58 · recomputed p = .576
“t (551) = .56, p = .58”
- ConsistentF(1, 204) = 13.13reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,204) = 13.13, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 204) = 7.29reported p = .007 · recomputed p = .008
“F(1,204) = 7.29, p = .007”
- ConsistentF(1, 94) = 11.87reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,94) = 11.87, p = .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
“the later abuse/low level symptom group (M = 0.29, SD = .20; p = .05)”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
“the later abuse and low level symptom group (M = 0.21, SD = .20; p = .25)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children
“(McEwen, 2003; McEwen & Stellar, 1992)”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > References
“66. McEwen B Stellar E Stress and the individual mechanisms leading to disease Archives of Internal Medicine 1993 153 2093 2101 8379800”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Gunnar, M. R., & Toth, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cicchetti, Dante
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 252-269
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC2846099
- OpenAlex
- W2158907250
- Semantic Scholar
- 4f212debcdb63f0ad76fad03332ac525d2a82419
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 32.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA12903, DA17741, R01DA012903, R01DA017741)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child abuse, internalizing problems, depressive symptoms, diurnal cortisol rhythm, neuroendocrine dysfunction, school-aged children, summer camps, neglect, psychological maltreatment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child Behavior Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Critical Period, Psychological, Depression, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Internal-External Control, Male, Risk Factors, Saliva, Social Environment, Time Factors, Crime Victims
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