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The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children
Open accessAbstract
The impact of early physical and sexual abuse (EPA/SA) occurring in the first 5 years of life was investigated in relation to depressive and internalizing symptomatology and diurnal cortisol regulation. In a summer camp context, school-aged maltreated (n = 265) and nonmaltreated (n = 288) children provided morning and late afternoon saliva samples on 5 consecutive days. Child self-report and adult observer reports of child internalizing and depressive symptoms were obtained. Children experiencing EPA/SA and high depressive or internalizing symptoms uniquely exhibited an attenuated diurnal decrease in cortisol, indicative of neuroendocrine dysregulation. These results were specific to EPA/SA rather than later onset physical or sexual abuse or early occurring neglect or emotional maltreatment.
Checked 2026-10-06 · 5 references not checked yet
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study tested whether physical or sexual abuse during the first five years of life, combined with high depressive or internalizing symptoms, predicts atypical daytime cortisol regulation in school-aged children. It found that only children with early physical/sexual abuse and high symptoms showed a flatter morning-to-afternoon cortisol decline, while other maltreatment timing and subtype features did not explain the pattern.
Key findings
- Among 553 children (265 maltreated, 288 nonmaltreated), early physical/sexual abuse (EPA/SA; n = 60) was linked to more internalizing symptoms: 33.3% of EPA/SA children had high symptoms versus 14.9% of nonmaltreated children and 21.5% of other maltreated children.
- A significant group × symptom level × time-of-day interaction, F(2,545) = 6.07, p = .002, showed that high-symptom EPA/SA children had a smaller cortisol decline from morning to late afternoon (0.12) than high-symptom NEPA/SA children (0.23) and nonmaltreated children (0.25).
- Specificity analyses indicated that early neglect/emotional maltreatment and later-onset physical/sexual abuse did not show the same pattern; other maltreatment parameters such as onset, recency, chronicity, diversity, and perpetrator type were not significant moderators (p values ranged from .16 to .99).
- Girls had a greater diurnal cortisol decrease than boys (0.27 vs. 0.22), and older children had a steeper decrease than younger children (0.29 vs. 0.19), but neither gender nor age moderated the main early-abuse/high-symptom effect.
Methods
- School-aged children (ages 7–13; M = 10.02, SD = 1.87) attending a summer day camp provided morning (9 a.m.) and late afternoon (4 p.m.) saliva samples on five consecutive days; cortisol was assayed and log-transformed, then averaged across days.
- Maltreatment status and subtype/timing were coded from Department of Human Services records using the Maltreatment Classification System; EPA/SA was defined as physical or sexual abuse before age 5, and comparisons included other maltreated children and nonmaltreated children.
- Depressive/internalizing symptoms came from child self-report (Children’s Depression Inventory) and counselor report (Teacher Report Form internalizing scale); high symptoms were defined as scoring above the clinical cutpoint on either measure, yielding 19.3% classified as symptomatic. Analyses used repeated-measures ANCOVA and follow-up contrasts, covarying age and gender.
Limitations
- The authors state that physical/sexual abuse could not be fully separated from neglect because the two overlap heavily, especially in low-income samples, so it remains unclear whether abuse-specific features or greater overall severity drove the findings.
- The authors note that wake-up time was not measured, puberty stage data were not collected, and it is unknown whether the observed cortisol flattening predicts later physical or mental health problems.
- The text also makes evident that the sample excluded children in foster care or out-of-home placement, likely omitting more extreme maltreatment cases, and the design was cross-sectional, so causal and longitudinal interpretations are limited.
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Claims the paper makes
59 Not checked yet · 59 Own result · 19 Own method · 15 Own interpretation · 3 Sources not found · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children experiencing EPA/SA and high depressive or internalizing symptoms uniquely exhibited an attenuated diurnal decrease in cortisol, indicative of neuroendocrine dysregulation.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 265- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: DHS records provide complete and accurate information about children's maltreatment histories, including subtype and timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current sample, 11.4% (n = 63) of the children reported clinical level depressive symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plainn = 63- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the high symptom level groups for the CDI and TRF were significantly but weakly associated, χ2 (1, N = 553) = 4.48, p = .03.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plaincorrelationaln = 553 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To combine both perspectives, the presence of high symptoms on either the CDI or the TRF was determined and used as an index of high depressive and internalizing symptomatology, resulting in 19.3% of the children being classified as symptomatic.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plainn = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the CDI and TRF internalizing scores were significantly but not strongly correlated, r = .20, p < .001.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in terms of recency, only 18.4% had been maltreated beyond the preschool period.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other contrasts were not significant.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plainn = 41- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the NEPA/SA maltreated children had marginally higher rates of elevated symptoms than the nonmaltreated children, χ2 (2, N = 493) = 3.52, p = .06.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plaincorrelationaln = 493 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant main effect was found for symptom status, F(1,204) = 13.13, p < .001; however, this effect was clarified by a significant interaction effect of symptom status and maltreatment type, F(1,204) = 7.29, p = .007.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Early Physical/Sexual Abuse versus Early Neglect/Emotional Maltreatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, significant differences for group classification were found for counselor-reported TRF internalizing symptoms, F(2,550) = 9.14, p < .001.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up contrasts indicated that the EPA/SA group (33.3%) had significantly higher rates of symptoms than the NC children (14.9%), χ2 (1, N = 348) = 11.34, p = .001, and marginally higher rates than the NEPA/SA children (21.5%), χ2 (2, N = 265) = 3.57, p = .06.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plainn = 265 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interpretation of the covariate effect of age involved a significant effect of age group on diurnal cortisol decrease, t (551) = 6.12, p < .001, with older children evincing a steeper decrease (M = .29, SD = .19) than younger children (M = .19, SD = .17).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tukey post hoc tests indicated that the EPA/SA group had higher internalizing scores than the NEPA/SA and NC children.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“First, we found that children experiencing abuse in the first five years of life exhibited more internalizing symptoms than maltreated children without early abuse and nonmaltreated children of the same socioeconomic level.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although morning cortisol levels did not differ by gender, t (551) = 0.74, p = .46, afternoon levels did, t (551) = 2.41, p = .02, with boys having higher cortisol (M = −1.02, SD = .16) than girls (M = −1.05, SD = .16).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Older children had significantly higher morning cortisol levels than younger children, t 20 (550.9) = 5.46, p < .001, M older = −.74, SD = .20; M younger = −.83, SD = .17).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the maltreatment parameters we considered resulted in a significant interaction effect (p's = .26, .46, .32, .19, .48, .16, and .99, for onset, chronicity, recency, diversity, and mother as perpetrator, father as perpetrator, and other as perpetrator of maltreatment, respectively).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Features of Maltreatment Timing, Diversity, and Perpetrator
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these main effects were qualified by a significant interaction among group, symptom level, and AM/PM, F(2,545) = 6.07, p = .002.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the rate of others as perpetrator was higher in the EPA/SA group (58.3%) than the NEPA/SA group (35.1%), χ2 (1, N = 265) = 10.39, p = .002.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plaincorrelationaln = 265 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No other contrast was significant.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Early Physical/Sexual Abuse versus Early Neglect/Emotional Maltreatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 2, a significant interaction between timing of abuse onset (< 60 mo., ≥ 60 mo.) and the presence of high depressive or internalizing symptoms was found, F(1,94) = 11.87, p = .001.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For child self reported symptoms on the CDI, the main effect of group was marginally significant, F(2,550) = 2.62, p = .07.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up contrasts indicated that the EPA/SA group (33.3%) had significantly higher rates of symptoms than the NC children (14.9%), χ2 (1, N = 348) = 11.34, p = .001, and marginally higher rates than the NEPA/SA children (21.5%), χ2 (2, N = 265) = 3.57, p = .06.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plaincorrelationaln = 348 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant group differences were observed on the presence or absence of high symptoms, χ2 (2, N = 553) = 11.71, p = .003.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plainn = 553 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The severity of emotional maltreatment and of neglect did not differ between these two groups.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Early Physical/Sexual Abuse versus Early Neglect/Emotional Maltreatment
plainn = 151- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gender differences were found, t (551) = 2.83, p = .005, such that girls had a significantly greater cortisol decrease across the day (M = .27, SD = .17) than boys (M = .22, SD = .19).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bonferroni-corrected post hoc comparisons indicated that the EPA/SA group had a significantly lower diurnal decline in cortisol (0.12) than the NEPA/SA group (0.23) and the NC group (0.25).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 151 children who experienced neglect or emotional maltreatment but not physical or sexual abuse, and these children were contrasted with the EPA/SA group.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Early Physical/Sexual Abuse versus Early Neglect/Emotional Maltreatment
plainn = 151- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Afternoon cortisol did not differ, t (551) = .56, p = .58.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EPA/SA group with high symptoms (M = 0.12, SD = .24 had a significantly lower decrease in cortisol than the later abuse/low level symptom group (M = 0.29, SD = .20; p = .05) and the EPA/SA group with low level symptoms (M = 0.27, SD = .17, p = .001); however, a significant contrast was not found with the later abuse and low level symptom group (M = 0.21, SD = .20; p = .25).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 1b, for children with high depressive or internalizing problems, group status was a significant predictor of diurnal cortisol activity, F(2,104) = 5.94, p = .004.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant main effect was found for symptom status, F(1,204) = 13.13, p < .001; however, this effect was clarified by a significant interaction effect of symptom status and maltreatment type, F(1,204) = 7.29, p = .007.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Early Physical/Sexual Abuse versus Early Neglect/Emotional Maltreatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 1a, for children who were not high on depressive or internalizing symptoms, no effect of group on diurnal variation in cortisol was obtained, F(2,441) = .81, p = .45.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The individual subtype severities for children who had experienced respective subtypes did not differ between the EPA/SA and NEPA/SA groups (p's ranged from .15 to .77).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The severity of physical abuse and of sexual abuse did not differ between these abuse onset groups.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plainn = 41- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EPA/SA group with high symptoms (M = 0.13, SD = .23) showed a smaller diurnal decrease than any of the other groups.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Early Physical/Sexual Abuse versus Early Neglect/Emotional Maltreatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of group was significant, F(2,101) = 4.27, p = .017.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although morning cortisol levels did not differ by gender, t (551) = 0.74, p = .46, afternoon levels did, t (551) = 2.41, p = .02, with boys having higher cortisol (M = −1.02, SD = .16) than girls (M = −1.05, SD = .16).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early physically and sexually abused children who were low on depressive and internalizing symptoms had cortisol patterns that were comparable to other maltreated and nonmaltreated children.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also important to note that not all of the children who experienced early abuse had high depressive or internalizing symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings that nonmaltreated children with high levels of depressive or internalizing symptomatology did not exhibit atypical cortisol regulation attest to this divergence.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, the median physical or sexual abuse severity score as coded using the MCS for the early abused children was 3 on the scale of 5 points, corresponding to incidents involving the infliction of marks on a child's face, serious bruises, or fondling a child for sexual gratification.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In non-human primates, individuals carrying gene variants associated with risk for depression in abused children (e.g., Caspi et al., 2003), exhibit larger cortisol responses to psychosocial stressors”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Chronic elevations in glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans and other primates), produced by the HPA axis, increase the production of fear-mediating neurochemicals in the central nucleus of the amygdala”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Makino, Gold, & Schulkin, 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First, this neuroendocrine system is frequently dysregulated in adults with clinical depression”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holsboer, 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it has become clear that a more accurate prediction is that the HPA axis will likely exhibit evidence of dysregulation and that this dysregulation may involve both hyper- and hypo-functioning”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2000 source
- Not matchedcites Heim et al., 2004, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies suggest that early occurring maltreatment may be particularly important in the experience of later depression and anxiety.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most maltreated children experience multiple types of maltreatment, and the previous studies have not attempted to differentiate among them”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Barnett, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Rizley, 1981 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Kaplow and Widom (2007) found that individuals whose age of onset of maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse or neglect) was prior to 5 years of age reported higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms later in life than did individuals with a later onset of maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplow and Widom (2007) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“components of the limbic system such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and the pathways to the prefrontal cortex from these structures develop rapidly over the first years of life”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thompson & Nelson, 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Non-maltreated children with early onset depression rarely display evidence of regulatory dysfunction of the HPA axis”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feder, Coplan, Goetz, Mathew, Pine, Dahl, Ryan, Greenwald, & Weissman, 2004 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared to the depressed nonabused and the normal control group children, the depressed abused children exhibited significantly greater peak, total, and net ACTH secretion post-CRH infusion.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman et al., 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reliabilities for the presence vs. absence of maltreatment subtypes (κ's of .90 to 1.00) and for individual subtypes severities (weighted κ's of .75 to 1.00) also were established.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, while there is some evidence that HPA axis dysregulation is associated with maltreatment in the context of depression, little is known about whether the type, timing, or duration of maltreatment is relevant to these findings.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even more striking, few such investigations also include a measure of timing, a critical variable in neuroendocrinology”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cicchetti and Rogosch (2001b) found that compared to symptomatic nonmaltreated children, maltreated children with clinical-level internalizing problems were distinguished by higher morning, afternoon, and average daily cortisol levels across a 5-day period, suggestive of HPA axis dysregulation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti and Rogosch (2001b)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“national epidemiological studies of child maltreatment highlight this period as a critical time for the emergence of neglect and abuse”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further analyses indicated that, even among children high on internalizing symptoms, other parameters of maltreatment, including developmental period of onset, recency, chronicity, diversity, and type of perpetrator, did not provide a better explanation of the phenomena than did the experience of early physical or sexual abuse.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early abuse may be more damaging to developing emotion and stress systems because it occurs during periods of rapid neurodevelopment (Cicchetti & Walker, 2001; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2006).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Walker, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The pattern of cortisol production noted for the early abused/high internalizing children provided consistent evidence of HPA axis dysregulation as noted in adults and children under chronic stress (Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001; Heim et al., 2000, 2008; Miller et al., 2007).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results again highlight the EPA/SA - high symptom group as uniquely demonstrating a pattern of attenuated diurnal decrease in cortisol.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For the abused infant, toddler, or preschooler, a hypervigilant state of mind and chronic stress with respect to unpredictable parental attacks may shift neurobiological development onto pathways leading to depression and neuroendocrine dysregulation (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001a; Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001a
- Not checked yetcites Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we do not have evidence that pubertal development in the current sample had a major impact on the findings.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“because cortisol dysregulation rarely occurs in depressed children who did not experience abuse early in life (Feder et al., 2004)”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feder et al., 2004 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, there may be different neurobiological subtypes of depression.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“There may be biologically distinct subtypes of depression as a function of the presence or absence of abuse early in life (cf. Heim et al., 2004, 2008).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Heim et al., 2004, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, it is impossible to isolate completely the effects of physical and sexual abuse from those of neglect.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Neglect is almost always present for maltreated children, especially in low-income samples.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While early neglect has been shown to have marked impacts on young children’s social and cognitive competence (Pears & Fisher, 2005), neglect experiences may not be as fear and threat arousing as are the experiences of being physically attacked and hurt.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the absence of early abuse, depression may not be related to changes in the HPA system.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation in the study was our lack of information about the time when the children awoke.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol changes sharply in the first hour after waking and then declines gradually for the rest of the day.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol levels track an individual's wake-up time more closely than clock time.
- Rests on an assumption: Family disorganization would make children's reports of wake-up time error-prone.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is likely that prior investigations of individuals with MDD have included persons who had experienced early abuse (Bemporad & Romano, 1992; Heim et al., 2008).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bemporad & Romano, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Heim et al., 2008 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As such, many of the established neurobiological findings in depression may be due to the undetected presence of early physical or sexual abuse (Heim et al., 2004).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim et al., 2004 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a group that is more likely to have dysfunctions in early neurobiological development through the high allostatic load caused by abuse.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third limitation was that we did not obtain puberty stage data on these children.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Consistent with the results of Heim et al. (2000), the combination of high depressive symptoms and early physical or sexual abuse appeared to be critical to dysregulation of the HPA axis.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim et al. (2000)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, by excluding children with out-of-home placements, we avoided confounding the impact of maltreatment with the stress of transitions in and out of foster care homes.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Children who experience early and extreme maltreatment are generally removed from their homes and placed in foster care.
In the paper
“There are many parallels between the neurobiological effects of early abuse and those of MDD (Heim et al., 2004, 2008).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Heim et al., 2004, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, the l/l genotype of the 5-HTTLPR may confer a protective function by decreasing the probability that individuals experiencing severe maltreatment will develop depression (Cicchetti et al., 2007; Kaufman et al., 2004).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman et al., 2004
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is likely that there are genes that increase the probability of depression and internalizing problems under conditions of high stress such as early physical or sexual abuse.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Caspi et al., 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Sturge-Apple, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman et al., 2004
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“childhood depression without early physical or sexual abuse may be caused by different processes and have different neurobiological features than childhood depression with early abuse.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feder et al., 2004 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a number of investigations have demonstrated that the s/s and s/l gentoypes of the serotonin transporter gene linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), in interaction with severe child maltreatment, are associated with increased risk for depression in children, adolescents, and adults”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Caspi et al., 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Sturge-Apple, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman et al., 2004
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 47
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results were specific to EPA/SA, rather than later onset physical or sexual abuse or early occurring neglect or emotional maltreatment.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: DHS records provide complete and accurate information about children's maltreatment histories, including subtype and timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the sample, 9.9% of the participants (n = 55) were classified as having high level internalizing problems.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plainn = 55- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the EPA/SA group, 80% had experienced physical abuse and 28.3% had experienced sexual abuse; five children had experienced both maltreatment subtypes.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the maltreated children 89.8% had experienced some form of maltreatment from their mothers, and this rate did not differ for the EPA/SA (91.7%) versus NEPA/SA children (89.3%) groups, χ2 (1, N = 265) = .29, p = .81.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plainn = 265- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EPA/SA group with high symptoms (M = 0.12, SD = .24 had a significantly lower decrease in cortisol than the later abuse/low level symptom group (M = 0.29, SD = .20; p = .05) and the EPA/SA group with low level symptoms (M = 0.27, SD = .17, p = .001); however, a significant contrast was not found with the later abuse and low level symptom group (M = 0.21, SD = .20; p = .25).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the EPA/SA group, the onset of maltreatment had occurred in infancy for 43.3%, in toddlerhood for 25.0%, and in preschool for 31.7% of the early abuse group.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the group differences were in the expected direction (see Figure 1b), the groups did not differ significantly at either time of day.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the results did not yield a significant three-way interaction, β = .01, p = .73, indicating that age did not moderate the overall findings observed involving attenuated diurnal decrease in children with early abuse and high symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of fathers as perpetrator also was comparable by group, χ2 (1, N = 265) = .04, p = .88, 43.3% versus 42.0%.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plainn = 265- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, 63.3 % of the children had been maltreated during the toddler period and 93.3% had been maltreated in the preschool period.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found that both gender and age were associated with morning to afternoon change in cortisol level.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, children who experienced the onset of physical or sexual abuse beyond the preschool period were identified (n = 41), and these children were contrasted with the EPA/SA group.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
plainn = 41- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the three-way interaction of early abuse, symptom level, and gender also was not significant, β = −.01, p = .82, indicating that the effects were not operating differently among boys and girls.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, 73.3% of the children in the EPA/SA group had experienced neglect, and 73.3% had also experienced emotional maltreatment.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronicity of maltreatment, as indexed by the number of developmental periods of maltreatment, averaged 2.22 developmental periods (SD = .92).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the EPA/SA group had been exposed to an average of 2.55 subtypes of maltreatment (SD = .70).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, as shown in Table 2, the groups did not differ on average morning, F(2,550) = 1.52, p = .22, or afternoon cortisol levels, F(2,550) = .07, p = .94.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
plainn = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the absence of pubertal measures, we used age group (under age 10, age 10 and older) as a proxy measure, and as reported earlier, we did not find that age level moderated the effects of early abuse and high symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, not all individuals with depression exhibited cortisol dysregulation; we found it only for the early physically or sexually abused children with high internalizing and depressive symptomatology”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a large body of animal studies shows that adverse parental care during early development increases fearful, anxious behavior and shapes increased reactivity in neurobiological systems involved in defensive behaviors and physiological stress reactions”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among the array of difficulties exhibited by maltreated children, one of the most prevalent and widely documented is an increased risk for internalizing problems and depression in childhood and major depressive disorder in adulthood”
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while also suggesting that individuals at genetic risk for depression may be the most susceptible to these early experience effects”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim & Nemeroff, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“both the releasing hormone (corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH) and the final hormonal product of this system (cortisol in humans) play critical roles in brain development, affecting neurotrophic factors and regulating gene transcription”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Vazquez, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, these animal studies suggest that inadequate or abusive parenting early in life persistently sensitizes the neurocircuits that are involved in the regulation of stress and emotion”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim & Nemeroff, 2001
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coders demonstrated acceptable reliability (weighted κ‘s with the criterion ranging from .86 to .98).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current investigation, internal consistency was .85.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHS record searches were completed for these families to verify the absence of any record of child maltreatment. Trained research assistants also interviewed mothers of children recruited for the nonmaltreatment group to confirm a lack of DHS involvement and prior maltreatment experiences”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Absence of documented maltreatment in DHS records and maternal interview indicates no maltreatment history.
In the paper
“Given the approximate 45-minute transportation time and the time spent being greeted by camp staff, children had been awake at least one hour prior to providing the morning saliva samples, thus avoiding the period of the dynamic cortisol awakening response”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Day Camp Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Susman, Dockray, Dorn, Schiefelbein, Herwehe, & Heaton, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these maltreatment subtypes have different onsets, occur with varying severities, and can recur”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While dysregulation of the HPA axis appears to be associated with maltreatment for children who are high in internalizing problems or who are clinically depressed, it remains unclear whether this is due to the type, severity, or developmental timing of the maltreatment.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Kaplow, Dodge, Amaya-Jackson, and Saxe (2005) discovered that an earlier age of sexual abuse onset predicted higher levels of anxiety years later.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplow, Dodge, Amaya-Jackson, and Saxe (2005)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Across the years, reliabilities for internalizing ranged from .56 to .84 (M = .68), consistent with the greater difficulty in observers rating internalizing symptoms (Achenbach, 1991).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency was .84.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The TRF is a widely used and validated instrument to assess behavioral disturbance from the perspective of teachers, and the measure was used in the present study, because camp counselors are able to observe similar behaviors to that of teachers.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Camp counselors can observe behaviors similar to those teachers observe, making the TRF appropriate for use in the camp setting.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolger et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites English et al., 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: DHS records provide complete and accurate information about children's maltreatment histories, including subtype and timing.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This level of correspondence is consistent with the degree of agreement typically found between different sources of report for child internalizing symptoms.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
plaincorrelationaln = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The HPA axis tends to down-regulate in response to prolonged hyper-activation; thus in response to chronic stressors first hyper- and later hypo-activity of the axis may be noted”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller, Chen and Zhou, 2007 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, demographically comparable nonmaltreated children were recruited from families receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The TRF, containing 118 items rated for frequency, assesses two broadband dimensions of child symptomatology, internalizing and externalizing, as well as total behavior problems.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With regards to basal cortisol, chronic stress and negative emotionality tend to be associated with slight elevations in the late afternoon and evening, but often lower than typical levels in the early morning”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeSantis, Adam, Doanne, Mineka, Zinbarg, & Craske, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CDI is a widely used self-report questionnaire to assess depressive symptomatology in school-age children.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovacs, 1982, 2004
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One study that did address all subtypes of maltreatment found that serious neglect experienced during the preschool period was associated with a higher rate of internalizing symptoms”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Manly et al., 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Utilizing the T-Scores for the internalizing scale, a cutpoint of 60T was used to designate the presence or absence of high internalizing symptoms (Achenbach, 1991).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A total score of 19 and above has been established as a cutpoint for clinical level depressive symptoms (Kovacs, 2004).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovacs, 2004
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Kovacs (2004) reports that internal consistency for the total scale has ranged from .71 to .89, and validity has been well established.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Internalizing and Depressive Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovacs, 2004
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is increasing evidence that adults, who were abused as children, exhibit dysregulation of the HPA axis only or primarily if they have major depression and that adults with major depression in the absence of early child abuse do not show evidence of neuroendocrine dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Heim et al., 2004, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The camp context allowed for a setting where a consistent collection of saliva samples could occur at uniform times across the camp week.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Day Camp Measures
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trained research assistants, who also were unaware of research hypotheses and maltreatment status, conducted individual research sessions with children”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Day Camp Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed the empirical evidence gleaned from rodent and nonhuman primate investigation indicates that adverse or maltreating (i.e., neglectful and abusive) care early in an animal’s life has long-lasting effects.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another investigation indicated that the experience of harsh physical punishment before age five was related to higher teacher ratings of internalizing behaviors in kindergarten children”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keiley et al., 2001 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The groups did not differ in age, race/ethnicity, or in family history of receiving welfare benefits.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Participants
plainn = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each group was led by three trained camp counselors, who were unaware of the maltreatment status of children and the hypotheses of the study.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Day Camp Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportion of boys differed between the NC and both the EPA/SA and NEPA/SA groups, χ2 (2) = 17.86, p < .001; thus, gender was controlled in analyses.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Participants
plaincorrelationaln = 553- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“families who had received preventive services through DHS due to concerns over risk for maltreatment were excluded from the sample to reduce the potential for unidentified maltreatment existing within this group.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > METHOD > Recruitment and Classification Procedures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Absence of documented maltreatment in DHS records and maternal interview indicates no maltreatment history.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neither the Hart et al. study nor the Kaufman et al. study examined the influence of the developmental timing of maltreatment subtypes.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hart et al., 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Very young children also may be less able than older children to discern the cues predictive of an abusive attack, and this lack of predictability may engender chronic stress and hypervigilance to aggression in these youngsters, even when abusive events are not occurring (Rieder & Cicchetti, 1989; Teisl & Cicchetti, 2008).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the EPA/SA group with high depressive or internalizing symptoms was distinguished by the smaller decrease or attenuated slope of the daytime diurnal rhythm of cortisol, due to slightly but not significantly lower AM and slightly but not significantly higher afternoon levels than the other children.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, children experiencing early abuse who had high internalizing symptoms exhibited an atypical flattening of cortisol production over the daytime hours.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Diurnal Cortisol Regulation: The Interaction of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse with Depressive and Internalizing Symptomatology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
In the paper
“Kaufman (1991) noted that maltreated and depressed children in her sample were less likely than non-depressed maltreated children to show a decrease in cortisol from 9 AM to 4 PM.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1991
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, Kaplow and Widom (2007) reported that an earlier occurrence of maltreatment, defined as onset of maltreatment in the first 5 years of life, predicted more symptoms of anxiety and depression in adulthood.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplow and Widom (2007) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whereas the pattern we noted is not the same as that seen among adults with clinical depression, the findings are consistent with those described in two other reports on depressed, maltreated children studied in a day camp setting (Hart et al., 1996; Kaufman, 1991).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hart et al., 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“School-aged physically abused children, on the other hand, have been shown to be highly sensitive to even very degraded signals of threat, which although potentially maladaptive in some contexts, may provide some relief from constant vigilance in the abusive home (Pollak, Cicchetti, & Klorman, 1998; Pollak & Sinha, 2002; Shackman, Shackman, & Pollak, 2007).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the findings are generally applicable for boys and girls, as well as for children across the age range studied.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our findings suggest that the results of Kaplow and Widom (2007) may have been even more compelling if they had been able to examine physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect separately.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplow and Widom (2007) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Hart and colleagues found that maltreated children who were also depressed showed a less marked diurnal decrease in cortisol from 9 AM to 4 PM, although no attempt was made in that study to differentiate patterns based on subtype of maltreatment.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hart et al., 1996 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Notably similar to the present study, she also observed that the depressed maltreated children were more likely to have suffered abuse in addition to neglect, rather than solely neglect.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman, 1991
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas Heim and colleagues examined reactions of the HPA axis to psychosocial stressors and pharmacological challenges, we addressed only the children’s typical daytime pattern of cortisol production.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, the Bruce and colleagues (2008) study revealed the sensitivity of cortisol regulation to transient impacts of neglect and relationship disruption, while the present study indicated the long-term impacts of early physical and sexual abuse in the absence of the child being removed from the home.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce and colleagues (2008)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we cannot ascertain whether differences in the diurnal decrease in cortisol of the magnitude we observed will be predictive of future physical or mental health risks in children.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it is possible, it seems unlikely that this was the case.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies of adult cohorts now show that “flattening” of the diurnal decrease in the same range as we observed predicts heightened risk of impairment in cardiovascular and immune system functioning (Heim et al., 2000; Raison & Miller, 2003).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Raison & Miller, 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in order for differences in wake-up time to have explained our results, high symptom children with physical or sexual abuse prior to age 5 would have to have woken up earlier than all the other children.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Puberty is associated with increases in cortisol levels and reactivity to stressors (Gunnar et al., 2008; Stroud et al., 2008).”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Stroud et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be, as we argued above, that abuse (physical or sexual) has features (e.g., provoke feelings of fear) that are particularly potent in activating stress and emotion pathways, and thus in dysregulating rapidly developing stress and emotion neurobiological systems.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, we cannot conclude that this is the case without longitudinal studies.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Studying pre-school children who had primarily experienced neglect, Bruce and colleagues (2008) found reduced morning cortisol in the first months following a new foster placement.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce and colleagues (2008)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While early neglect has been shown to have marked impacts on young children’s social and cognitive competence (Pears & Fisher, 2005), neglect experiences may not be as fear and threat arousing as are the experiences of being physically attacked and hurt.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pears & Fisher, 2005
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Undoubtedly some of the older children in our study were entering puberty and this may have influenced their cortisol levels.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Some older children in the sample were entering puberty.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the impact of early physical and sexual abuse on developing brain systems may be especially pernicious because it occurs during a period when the child is nearly wholly dependent on parents for survival.”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
DHS records provide complete and accurate information about children's maltreatment histories, including subtype and timing.
“Comprehensive searches of DHS records were completed and maltreatment information was coded utilizing operational criteria from the maltreatment nosology specified in the Maltreatment Classification System”
“The MCS codes all available information from DHS records, making independent determinations of maltreatment experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Absence of documented maltreatment in DHS records and maternal interview indicates no maltreatment history.
“DHS record searches were completed for these families to verify the absence of any record of child maltreatment. Trained research assistants also interviewed mothers of children recruited for the nonmaltreatment group to confirm a lack of DHS involvement and prior maltreatment experiences”
“Only children from families without any history of documented abuse or neglect were retained in the nonmaltreatment group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Camp counselors can observe behaviors similar to those teachers observe, making the TRF appropriate for use in the camp setting.
“the measure was used in the present study, because camp counselors are able to observe similar behaviors to that of teachers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children who experience early and extreme maltreatment are generally removed from their homes and placed in foster care.
“Generally children who experience early and extreme maltreatment are removed from their homes and placed in foster care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neglect is almost always present for maltreated children, especially in low-income samples.
“The clinical reality is that there is an extremely high overlap and that neglect is almost a consistent experience for these children, particularly in low-income samples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol changes sharply in the first hour after waking and then declines gradually for the rest of the day.
“Cortisol levels change markedly in the first hour after morning awakening and then gradually decrease over the remainder of the day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol levels track an individual's wake-up time more closely than clock time.
“Levels are more closely related to the individual’s wake-up time than to clock time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Family disorganization would make children's reports of wake-up time error-prone.
“We chose not to measure wake-up time because we anticipated errors in child reporting of this measure, given the high level of disorganization in many of the families' homes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some older children in the sample were entering puberty.
“Undoubtedly some of the older children in our study were entering puberty”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The relationship between the quality of the early social environment and health in adulthood appears to be, in part, mediated by the development of individual differences in neural systems that underlie the expression of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress.26-30”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Cortisol metabolism has been found to be altered in children who experienced abuse.”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2010
In the citing paper
“For example, children who were physically or sexually abused in early childhood had smaller diurnal decreases in cortisol than neglected children, however, this was only found in abused children with high internalizing symptoms (Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2010).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2010
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = .29, p = .81”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
Reported p = .81 · recomputed p = .590
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (2, N = 265) = 3.57, p = .06”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
Reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .168
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = .04, p = .88”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
Reported p = .88 · recomputed p = .841
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = 10.39, p = .002”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Early Physical or Sexual Abuse Group
Reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .001
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2 (2, N = 493) = 3.52, p = .06”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > Group Differences on Depressive and Internalizing Symptoms and Cortisol
Reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .172
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 0.29reported p = .81 · recomputed p = .590
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = .29, p = .81”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 0.04reported p = .88 · recomputed p = .841
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = .04, p = .88”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 10.39reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .001
“χ2 (1, N = 265) = 10.39, p = .002”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(2) = 3.57reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .168
“χ2 (2, N = 265) = 3.57, p = .06”
- Doesn’t add upχ²(2) = 3.52reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .172
“χ2 (2, N = 493) = 3.52, p = .06”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 17.86reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (2) = 17.86, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 4.48reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .034
“χ2 (1, N = 553) = 4.48, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(2, 550) = 2.62reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .074
“F(2,550) = 2.62, p = .07”
- ConsistentF(2, 550) = 9.14reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2,550) = 9.14, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 11.71reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“χ2 (2, N = 553) = 11.71, p = .003”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 11.34reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (1, N = 348) = 11.34, p = .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 550) = 1.52reported p = .22 · recomputed p = .220
“F(2,550) = 1.52, p = .22”
- ConsistentF(2, 550) = 0.07reported p = .94 · recomputed p = .932
“F(2,550) = .07, p = .94”
- ConsistentF(2, 545) = 6.07reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“F(2,545) = 6.07, p = .002”
- ConsistentF(2, 441) = 0.81reported p = .45 · recomputed p = .446
“F(2,441) = .81, p = .45”
- ConsistentF(2, 104) = 5.94reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“F(2,104) = 5.94, p = .004”
- ConsistentF(2, 101) = 4.27reported p = .017 · recomputed p = .017
“F(2,101) = 4.27, p = .017”
- Consistentt(551) = 2.83reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .005
“t (551) = 2.83, p = .005”
- Consistentt(551) = 0.74reported p = .46 · recomputed p = .460
“t (551) = 0.74, p = .46”
- Consistentt(551) = 2.41reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .016
“t (551) = 2.41, p = .02”
- Consistentt(551) = 6.12reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t (551) = 6.12, p < .001”
- Consistentt(551) = 0.56reported p = .58 · recomputed p = .576
“t (551) = .56, p = .58”
- ConsistentF(1, 204) = 13.13reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,204) = 13.13, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 204) = 7.29reported p = .007 · recomputed p = .008
“F(1,204) = 7.29, p = .007”
- ConsistentF(1, 94) = 11.87reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,94) = 11.87, p = .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
“the later abuse/low level symptom group (M = 0.29, SD = .20; p = .05)”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > RESULTS > The Effect of Early versus Late Onset of Physical/Sexual Abuse
“the later abuse and low level symptom group (M = 0.21, SD = .20; p = .25)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children
“(McEwen, 2003; McEwen & Stellar, 1992)”
§ The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children > References
“66. McEwen B Stellar E Stress and the individual mechanisms leading to disease Archives of Internal Medicine 1993 153 2093 2101 8379800”
Citations
Cites
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
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Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01157-x · Cited by 2,791
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 · Cited by 2,467
The Corticosteroid Receptor Hypothesis of Depression
Holsboer, F. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00159-7 · Cited by 2,181
The neurobiology of stress and development.
Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 · Cited by 2,011 · cited 2×
“With regard to basal cortisol, chronic stress and negative emotionality tend to be associated with slight elevations in the late afternoon and evening, but often lower than typical levels in the early morning (e.g., DeSantis et al., 2007; Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHeim, C. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.5.592 · Cited by 1,968
Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007318 · Cited by 1,842 · cited 1×
“Just as not all individuals who experience abuse and neglect as young children grow up to develop clinical depression (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1996), not all go on to exhibit patterns of HPA axis dysregulation.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAllostasis and Allostatic Load Implications for Neuropsychopharmacology
McEwen, B. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00129-3 · Cited by 1,833
The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008 · Cited by 1,704
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Barnett, 1993, Child abuse, child development, and social policy, 7
- Bemporad, 1992, Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Vol. 4. Developmental perspectives on depression, 351
- Cicchetti, 1991, Thinking clearly about psychology: Essays in honor of Paul E. Meehl: Personality and psychopathology, 346
- Cicchetti, 2007, A multi-level approach to resilience [Special issue], Development and Psychopathology, 19
- Cicchetti, 1990, Methods of family research: Families at risk, 87
- Cicchetti, 2003, Maternal Maltreatment Classification Interview
- Cicchetti, 2006, Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation, 129
- Dahl, 1996, Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Vol. 7. Adolescence: Opportunities and challenges, 197
- Gunnar, 2006, Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Developmental neuroscience, 533
- Sedlack, 1996, The Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3) final report
- Toth, 1993, Child abuse, child development, and social policy, 399
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, 2000, Child maltreatment 1998: Reports from the states to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Biological Effects of Childhood Trauma
De Bellis, M. D., & Zisk, A. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.002 · Cited by 892
Building a New Biodevelopmental Framework to Guide the Future of Early Childhood Policy
Shonkoff, J. P. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01399.x · Cited by 695
Cicchetti, D. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02608.x · Cited by 653
Self-citationFrodl, T., & O'Keane, V. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.012 · Cited by 555
Koss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12784 · Cited by 489
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Gunnar, M. R., & Toth, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cicchetti, Dante
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 252-269
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC2846099
- OpenAlex
- W2158907250
- Semantic Scholar
- 4f212debcdb63f0ad76fad03332ac525d2a82419
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 32.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA12903, DA17741, R01DA012903, R01DA017741)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child abuse, internalizing problems, depressive symptoms, diurnal cortisol rhythm, neuroendocrine dysfunction, school-aged children, summer camps, neglect, psychological maltreatment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child Behavior Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Critical Period, Psychological, Depression, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Internal-External Control, Male, Risk Factors, Saliva, Social Environment, Time Factors, Crime Victims
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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