The DOI matches its Crossref record; 158 of the 158 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 13 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children’s Externalizing Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analysis examined whether insecure and disorganized attachments increase risk for externalizing problems in children.
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Claims the paper makes
152 Own result · 17 Own interpretation · 8 Own method · 5 No basis given · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plainn = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Its combined effect size of d = 0.58 was therefore an adequate estimate of the average effect, which amounted to a quite strong association between attachment security and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When externalizing behavior was observed directly (7 studies) or was indexed by a clinical diagnosis (6 studies) the combined effect sizes were larger than in cases where a parent or teacher rated the level of externalizing behaviors.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 35 studies involving N = 3568 participants the insecure-resistant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications.In this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was not significant, d = 0.11 (see Table 4), and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remarkably, in the samples with females only the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behaviors was significantly different from the samples with only boys or with mixed gender,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably though, the effect of age was not significant within the SSP, AQS or Cassidy and Marvin studies, suggesting that age and attachment measure were confounded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the moderator analyses on this sub-set converged with the analyses on the total set of studies for avoidance”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the effects represent an average across a potentially large number of moderating relationships that could amplify or attenuate the association between attachment and externalizing problems (e.g.Belsky & Fearon, 2002;NICHD ECCRN, 2006).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky & Fearon, 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) show that contextual risk moderated the relationship between attachment and behavior problems: attachment-group differences appeared at some risk levels but not others. This supports the possibility that an overall association can mask moderation. The paper examines contextual risk as a moderator, however, and does not establish a potentially large number of moderating relationships; it also measures total behavior problems rather than externalizing problems specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites NICHD ECCRN, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is notable that Belsky and Fearon's (2002) analysis of the NICHD data at age 1-3 years suggested that the effects of attachment tended to persist primarily when there was continuity in the quality of maternal care.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky and Fearon's (2002) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that attachment security at 15 months predicted some developmental outcomes at 3 years in the NICHD data. But the analysis examines cumulative contextual risk, not whether attachment effects persisted primarily when the quality of maternal care remained consistent; that condition is unsupported by our copy. Page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fail-safe number amounted to k = 407 which was above the Rosenthal criterion,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, eight studies had to be trimmed and filled, with a re-computed significant combined effect size of d = 0.18 (95% CI 0.01, 0.34).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From sixty-nine samples (N= 5947), the association between insecurity and externalizing problems was significant, d = 0.31 (95% CI 0.23, 0.40).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In this overall set we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.31 (see Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Children rated as insecure showed higher levels of externalizing behaviors than children rated as secure.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical status, SES, or type of assessment (for both SSP and externalizing behavior) did not appear to moderate the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
hedgedn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the set of 24 SSP studies with N = 3161 participants we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.27 which was similar to the effect size computed for the total set.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,161- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, studies conducted with the AQS showed the largest effect sizes (d = 0.70), whereas studies using the SSP yielded the lowest combined effect size (d = 0.18), though this latter effect was nevertheless significant.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This moderator effect was not dependent on gender differences as only two of the clinical samples consisted of boys only (Greenberg et al., 1991;Speltz et al., 1999).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
What the sources say
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies including N = 3778 participants a significant combined effect size of d = 0.34 (see Table 5) was found for the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies involving N = 3675 participants the insecure-avoidant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications, and in this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was only d = 0.12, which was significant but small in magnitude (see Table 3).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% CIs did overlap for each of these comparisons, indicating that study outcomes with externalizing behavior or with aggression did not result in significantly different effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given the centrality of this issue and the cogent arguments made by several authors on this subject (e.g.Sameroff, 2000;Sroufe et al., 2005), it is unfortunate that few studies have attempted to address this.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sameroff, 2000 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sroufe et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The set of studies on girls was homogeneous; therefore the absence of a significant association was not due to one or a few outlying outcomes in the lower range.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is highly noteworthy that few if any of the studies reviewed in this paper directly addressed questions of mechanism.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and while the confidence intervals for these effects overlapped, disorganized children demonstrated numerically larger effects than the other insecure categories.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for disorganized versus secure attachment the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.13, 0.41).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all three comparisons, the 85% confidence intervals overlapped, implying that the effects of the various types of insecurity showed similar associations with externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When only studies that provided direct pairwise comparisons between groups were considered, secure children scored lower on measures of externalizing problems than disorganized (d = 0.27), avoidant (d = 0.12) and resistant (d = 0.19) children;”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% confidence intervals of the combined effect sizes for attachment security and disorganization did not overlap with the 85% confidence interval of the combined effect size for avoidance, but for the other comparisons the 85% confidence intervals overlapped.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, age was not a significant regressor within the SSP studies or within the non-SSP studies, so a substantial portion of the overall effect came exclusively from the difference between the SSP studies on the one hand and the other assessment types on the other.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect for resistance did not differ from any of the other contrasts, in part because this effect showed marked heterogeneity.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For resistant versus secure attachment it was d = 0.19 (p < .01;85% CI 0.11, 0.28),”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the association between attachment security and externalizing the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.15, 0.39).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the AQS evidenced the strongest effect sizes by some margin (d = 0.70), the meta-regression of age on effect size remained significant even when the AQS was removed from the analysis.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined effect found in this analysis gains even greater significance in light of the fact that a majority of the studies included in the analysis were longitudinal investigations, where independent and dependent variables were measured often several years apart (with an intervening period of 25 months on average).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly speaking, the SSP produced smaller effect sizes than the other attachment assessments and the AQS produced comparatively larger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in the larger set of studies, resistant attachment was not significantly associated with externalizing problems and showed an effect size numerically similar to that for avoidance.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Related to this, few studies have directly considered the possibility that certain parenting characteristics may be common determinants of both attachment insecurity and externalizing behavior problems.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No outliers (standardized Z-values smaller than -3.29 or larger than 3.29; Tabachnik & Fidell, 2001) were found for study effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The agreement between the coders across the moderator variables was 97% (correlations between continuous moderators were > .95).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The question of whether attachment insecurity plays a causal role in the development of externalizing psychopathology is a vital one for the field, but there is clearly little case for causality if there is no association.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess intercoder reliability, twenty randomly selected studies were coded by two coders.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This important conceptual heuristic is thought of as a set of organized cognitive-affective psychological structures that organize thinking, feeling and behavior vis-à-vis the attachment figure as a potential haven of safety and comfort in times of stress (Bretherton, 1995;Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bretherton, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Secure children, it is maintained, have had repeated experiences of a caregiver who is responsive when support and proximity are needed and expect the caregiver(s) to be available and comforting when called upon.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kobak, Cassidy, Lyons Ruth, & Ziv, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The claim that early attachment has enduring-rather than merely transient-effects on development requires that the magnitude of such associations are not reduced to nil over time.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We systematically searched the electronic databases PsychInfo, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Art & Humanities Citation Index”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the effects are uncorrected for the influence of relevant third variables.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while it was clear that security assessed by the AQS was rather more strongly associated with behavior problems than that derived from the SSP, later assessments of attachment beyond the SSP also appeared to yield stronger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the effects reported in this meta-analysis reflect statistical association, not causation and-although they provide evidence relevant to efforts to determine causality and its mechanisms-alone they are mute on this issue.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the face of it, these robust findings lend direct support to the notion that attachment plays a significant role in the evolution of children's behavior problems, for typically developing children as well as for clinical groups.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boosteddirectn = 6,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the mixed samples, constituting the large majority of the studies, showed equally strong effect sizes as those with only boys, suggesting that the association between attachment and externalizing cannot be ascribed to boys only.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that these effect sizes do not reflect the outcomes of the same set of studies so direct comparisons are difficult.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
“Where the gender composition of the sample was not precisely reported we assumed a 50% split.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
When socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded.
“Furthermore, when socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded (this occurred in 5 cases).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Fixed effects models assume that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from subject-level sampling error.
“Fixed effects models are based on the assumption that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from the chance factors associated with subject-level sampling error in that study (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001;Rosenthal, 1991).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The trim-and-fill method assumes that funnel plots are symmetric only if no data censoring is present.
“The plots should only be shaped like a funnel if no data censoring is present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SSP is the gold standard for measuring attachment security.
“Because the SSP is considered to be the gold standard for measuring attachment security”
The paper relies on this without support.
SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months.
“Because the SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Notably, attachment assessments are among the best validated assessments of early risk in developmental science.”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and exhibit the highest levels of teacher-reported disruptive and internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In a recent meta-analysis, Fearon and colleagues (2010) found that disorganized attachment placed children at elevated risk for externalizing problems (d = .34), relative to children with insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant classifications (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010).”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses have shown that, in general, children with insecure and disorganized attachment have greater risk for concurrent and later internalizing and externalizing difficulties (Fearon et al. 2010, Groh et al. 2012) and psychiatric disorders in adulthood (Raby et al. 2018).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In a meta-analysis, Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman (2010) reported that externalizing problems were linked with insecure patterns in infancy and early childhood, including disorganized patterns, with weaker effects for avoidance and resistance.”
From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Second, there are numerous studies implicating insecure and especially disorganized attachment in the development of child psychopathology (see DeKlyen and Greenberg; 25 Fearon et al.; 26 Guttman-Steinmetz and Crowell 27 for reviews).”
From Recovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology (2012) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“infant attachment disorganization has been meta-analytically associated with serious family risk factors, including poverty, maternal psychiatric disorder, and maltreatment, as well as later externalizing behavior problems (2, 3).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“with meta-analyses indicating that insecure and particularly disorganized attachment relationships in infancy predict internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood (2–5).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“For human infants, the most widely validated paradigm for direct observation of the quality of the mother-infant attachment relationship is the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) (2, 3, 54).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Supporting large scale studies and meta-analyses have confirmed their relation to concurrent risk factors in infancy and their predictive value for behavior problems in childhood (2–4, 54, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In addition, these studies have consistently pointed to disorganized attachments as the forms of insecure attachment that carry the greatest risk for later psychopathology (2–4, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Disorganized/disoriented, punitive, and caregiving forms of disorganized attachment have been reliably described from infancy through age eight”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“and are associated with parental risk factors and maladaptive internalizing and externalizing behavior problems”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Controlling-punitive children are at greater risk for externalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“and controlling-caregiving children at greater risk for internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that if children and caregivers fail to develop a secure attachment, children are more prone to develop mental and behavioural deficits, like externalizing behaviour problems 63”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Also, in a more recent meta-analysis it was found that attachment insecurity was significantly linked with externalizing behaviors in 69 studies (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“Insecure attachment was more strongly linked to externalizing behavior in samples with boys than in samples with girls (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with findings of the meta-analysis by Fearon et al. (2010) showing that the relation between attachment and externalizing behavior problems was moderated by the type of attachment measure.”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“Disorganized attachment is particularly important because it is associated with problematic long-term outcomes.”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“In its absence, neurodevelopment may be undermined, making that person more vulnerable to further environmental insults and subsequent development of both internalizing [36] and externalizing [37] behavioral problems, including anxiety, depression, substance misuse, maladaptive eating patterns, sexual risk behavior, and suicidality.”
From Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care? (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Parental sensitivity is important for a range of child outcomes, including the formation of a secure attachment relationship between infants and their parents, social competence, regulatory capacities, and lower stress levels (e.g. [22–28]).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
“No significant moderators were found in this set (see Table 5 for those contrasts that could be tested).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| gender | | | | | | 10.99¹ | <.01 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
“b) stronger effects would be found in low SES samples than high SES samples”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“socio-economic status (with low risk samples anticipated to yield larger effects)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“As this would not allow a meaningful comparison of effect sizes between mother and father attachment, this study was excluded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| Aviezer et al., 2002 | | SSP | CBCL | 63 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“69 independent samples that could be included in our meta-analyses, with sample sizes ranging from 26 to 1075”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| | Low risk subsample | SSP | Obs | 16 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| clinical | 4 | 344 0.26* | 0.03, 0.38 | 1.55 | | | |”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
Reported 0.26 · recomputed 0.205
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“across high and low SES samples (d = 0.25 vs. d = 0.31, respectively).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| low | 14 1801 0.25** | 0.15, 0.35 | 15.49 | | | | | | middle/high | 55 4146 0.31** | 0.21, 0.41 | 119.69** | | | | |”
Citations
Cites
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Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1276 · Cited by 6,177
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Bates, 1985, Growing points in attachment theory and research, 167
- Belsky, 1988, Clinical implications of attachment
- Borenstein, 2005, Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis [Computer software]
- Bowlby, 1944, Fourty-four juvenile theives: Their characters and home life, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 25, 19
- Bretherton, 1995, 4th Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology on “Emotion, Cognition, and Representation”, 231
- Cassidy, 1994, The development of attachment regulation, 228
- Cassidy, 1989, Attachment organization in three and four year olds: Coding guidelines
- Freud, 1908, Ueber infantile Sexualtheorien
- Goldberg, 1997, Attachment and psychopathology, 171
- James, 1890, Principles of psychology
- Kobak, 2005, Developmental psychopathology, Vol. I: Theory and method, 333
- Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development, 121
- Mullen, 1985, BASIC meta-analysis
- Perez Corres, 2006, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Sroufe, 1983, Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaption and competence
- Van IJzendoorn, 1992, Beyond the parent: The role of other adults in children’s lives, 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,319
Teague, S. J., Newman, L. K., Tonge, B. J., Gray, K. M., & The MHYPEDD Team (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12689 · Cited by 16
Estilo de apego y psicopatología en adolescentes víctimas de maltrato infantil
Muela, A., de Cádiz, B. T. G., & Balluerka, N. (2012) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037012803495294 · Cited by 20
The Art and Science of Observation: Reflective Functioning and Therapeutic Action
Steele, M., Murphy, A., & Steele, H. (2015) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2015.1070558 · Cited by 15
“More recent reports show via longitudinal research that disorganized attachments to mother in infancy predict children’s externalizing problems (Fearon et al., 2010; Fearon & Belsky, 2011), internalizing symptoms (Groh et al.”
BackgroundThe Legacy of Early Interpersonal Experience
Roisman, G. I., & Fraley, R. C. (2012) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394388-0.00003-4 · Cited by 15
Self-citationParent–child attachment as a mechanism of intergenerational (dis)advantage
Moullin, S., Waldfogel, J., & Washbrook, E. (2017) · Families Relationships and Societies · doi:10.1332/204674317x15071998786492 · Cited by 16
“However, the association between attachment and externalising behaviours was smaller in samples of higher socio-economic status families (Fearon et al, 2010).”
BackgroundCommentary: Attachment is a biological concept – a reflection on Fearon et al. (2014)
Rutter, M. L. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12301 · Cited by 18
“Commentary: Attachment is a biological concept – a reflection on Fearon et al. (2014)”
BackgroundChristou, A. I., & Bacopoulou, F. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12111478 · Cited by 25
“Research in developmental psychology and neuroscience shows that even in typically developing children, the capacity to experience, express, and regulate emotions undergoes rapid maturation in the first years of life [16,18,19].”
Gerdts-Andresen, T. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Social Research · doi:10.7577/njsr.3482 · Cited by 17
Testing the mid‐range model: Attachment in a high risk sample
Mitsven, S. G., Prince, E. B., Messinger, D. S., Tenenbaum, E. J., Sheinkopf, S. J., Tronick, E. Z., Seifer, R., & Lester, B. M. (2021) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13185 · Cited by 12
“Meta-analyses indicate robust associations between secure attachment and later social competence, while insecure and disorganized attachments are associated with later externalizing problems (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRen, X., Ren, X., Yan, Z., Lu, S., & Zhou, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315788 · Cited by 23
“Avoidant and chaotic attachment had stronger predictions of externalizing behavior problems [18].”
BackgroundIncreasing the psychosocial focus in child developmental assessments: a qualitative study
de Voss, S. S., Wilson, P., Saxild, S., & Overbeck, G. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-03849-x · Cited by 14
Priddis, L. E., Landy, S., Moroney, D. M., & Kane, R. T. (2013) · Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1017/jgc.2013.12 · Cited by 14
From attachment to mental health and back
Galbally, M., Stein, A. L., Hoegfeldt, C. A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30337-0 · Cited by 14
Self-citationJackson, K., Smart, D., Henderson, E. J., Newham, J. J., McGovern, R., Kaner, E., & Lingam, R. (2020) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102427 · Cited by 14
Carlone, C., & Milan, S. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00747-z · Cited by 19
Ariav‐Paraira, I., Oppenheim, D., & Sagi‐Schwartz, A. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13679 · Cited by 16
Poitras, K., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Varela, N. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211049295 · Cited by 20
“Greater levels of sensitivity have been favorably linked to a diversity of child outcomes, including attachment security, cognitive, and socioemotional development (De Wolff and Van IJzendoorn, 1997; Fearon et al., 2010; Lemelin et al., 2006; Madigan et al., 2013).”
BackgroundUmemura, T., & Jacobvitz, D. B. (2014) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.05.007 · Cited by 14
A qualitative study of attachment relationships in ASD during middle childhood
Keenan, B. M., Newman, L. K., Gray, K. M., & Rinehart, N. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1246580 · Cited by 15
Ștefan, C. A., & Avram, J. (2016) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2016.1246447 · Cited by 19
Investigating the Efficacy of Relational Savoring among Male Adolescents in Residential Treatment
Wang, B. A., Bouche, V. A. E., Hong, K., Eriksen, D. E., Rice, R., & Borelli, J. L. (2019) · Residential Treatment for Children & Youth · doi:10.1080/0886571x.2019.1707146 · Cited by 16
Hill, S. A., Ferreira, J., Chamorro, V., & Hosking, A. (2019) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2018.1547416 · Cited by 13
Morales, M. F., MacBeth, A. M., Swartzman, S., & Girard, L. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00956-8 · Cited by 14
“For example, meta-analytic data demonstrated that insecure attachments were significantly associated with the development of externalising behaviours (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundIwanski, A., Lichtenstein, L., Forster, F., Stadelmann, C., Bodenmann, G., & Zimmermann, P. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13010035 · Cited by 14
“meta-analysis on attachment and externalizing symptoms, only one study (1%) considered attachment to father [13].”
BackgroundResultBenzi, I. M. A., Carone, N., Moretti, M. M., Ruglioni, L., Tracchegiani, J., & Barone, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043532 · Cited by 21
“Avoidant attachment, on the other hand, in response to a failed relational-proximity-seeking experience, is characterized by deactivating strategies that include emotional suppression and emotional distancing from relationships [26,27].”
BackgroundBullying perpetration: the role of attachment, emotion regulation and empathy
Eilts, J., Wilke, J., von Düring, U., & Bäker, N. (2023) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2023.2267230 · Cited by 12
“…parents show better social competencies (Bowlby 1969; Thompson 2008), i.e. prosocial behaviours, empathy, and emotion regulation, then children and adolescents with insecure or disorganised attachment strategies (Berlin, Cassidy, and Appleyard 2008; Fearon et al. 2010; Grossmann 2006; Sroufe 2005).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Number of Birth on Mother-Baby Attachment
Kırca, A. Ş., & Şavaşer, S. (2017) · Archives of Health Science and Research · doi:10.17681/hsp.288941 · Cited by 13
Misperceptions of reactive attachment disorder persist: Poor methods and unsupported conclusions
Allen, B. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.012 · Cited by 16
Stob, V., Slade, A., Brotnow, L., Adnopoz, J. A., & WOOLSTON, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2019.1591887 · Cited by 16
Bizzi, F., Mora, S. C., Ensink, K., Cavanna, D., & Borelli, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01701-9 · Cited by 15
Touati, C. D., Miljkovitch, R., Sirparanta, A., & Deborde, A.-S. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104886 · Cited by 16
Hobby, L., Bird, A. L., Townsend, M. L., & Barnes, J. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000311 · Cited by 13
Intervening With Foster Parents to Enhance Biobehavioral Outcomes Among Infants and Toddlers.
Dozier, M., Bick, J. R., & Bernard, K. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 14
Diamond, M. J. (2015) · The Psychoanalytic Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.2167-4086.2015.00003.x · Cited by 14
“These early difficulties are subsequently manifest in greater externalizing and harmful acting-out behaviors (Fearon et al. 2010; Sroufe et al. 2005).”
BackgroundAttachment Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment Considerations
Steele, H., & Steele, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_18 · Cited by 13
Böses Blut – ein Rückblick: Bindung und Psychoanalyse, 2015
Fonagy, P., & Campbell, C. (2017) · PSYCHE · doi:10.21706/ps-71-4-275 · Cited by 16
Ruiz, S. K., Waters, T. E. A., & Yates, T. M. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1672079 · Cited by 15
Volling, B. L. (2017) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12307 · Cited by 16
Bizzi, F., Shmueli‐Goetz, Y., Castellano, R., Martini, P. S., & Cavanna, D. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120905515 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, many tools (e.g., questionnaires) do not capture attachment disorganization, which is the strongest predictor of psychopathological outcomes (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Madigan et al., 2016).”
BackgroundFrightening Maternal Behavior, Infant Disorganization, and Risks for Psychopathology
Cicchetti, D., & Roisman, G. I. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118036600.ch8 · Cited by 14
Self-citationThe Cognitive Architecture of Infant Attachment
Luo, Y., vanMarle, K., & Groh, A. M. (2024) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916241262693 · Cited by 15
“…insecure attachment in infancy poses risk for poorer peer relationships, externalizing problems, and (to a lesser extent) inter-nalizing symptoms across the early life course (Deneault et al., 2021; Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Groh, Fearon, et al., 2014; Madigan et al., 2013).”
Nivison, M. D., Fearon, P., Jenkins, J. M., & Madigan, S. (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70087 · Cited by 12
Self-citationPeng, C., Chen, J., Liao, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, Y., Wu, H., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03041-x · Cited by 17
“Third, a meta-analysis of 69 samples indicated that insecure attachment increased risk for externalizing problem behavior and larger effects were found for boys (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBarnicot, K., Welsh, M., Kalwarowsky, S., Stevens, E., Iles, J. E., Parker, J., Miele, M., Lawn, T., O’Hanlon, L., Sundaresh, S., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12388 · Cited by 10
“These difficulties in parent– child interaction increase the risk of insecure and disorganised parent– child attachment and of child socioemotional difficulties (De Wolff & van Ijzendoorn, 1997; Fearon et al., 2010; van Ijzendoorn et al., 1999).”
BackgroundOverbeck, G., Kragstrup, J., Gørtz, M., Rasmussen, I. S., Graungaard, A. H., Siersma, V., de Voss, S. S., Ertmann, R. K., Shahrzad, S., Appel, C. L., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-07045-7 · Cited by 12
“Secure infant-parent attachment, itself associated with resilience [8, 9] may be a mediating factor.”
BackgroundAttachment, behavior problems and interventions
Hutchings, J., Williams, M. E., & Leijten, P. H. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2023.1156407 · Cited by 18
“However there are a number of possible explanations for the emergence of both problems: (1) Behavior problems can arise from parental insensitivity to children’s cues causing children to escalate attention seeking problematic behavior; (2) Lack of positive attention can prompt children to seek alternative tangible, re…”
Parent–Child Relationships and Attachment
van Bakel, H. J. A., & Hall, R. A. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_3 · Cited by 12
The contributions of maternal oxytocin and maternal sensitivity to infant attachment security
Kohlhoff, J. R., Karlov, L., Dadds, M. R., Barnett, B. E. W., Silove, D. M., & Eapen, V. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.2018472 · Cited by 12
“…confirming insecure and disorganised infant attachment as predictive of a wide range of longer-term compromised social and emotional outcomes (Fearon et al., 2010; Madigan et al., 2013) and caregiving sensitivity as a predictor of attachment security (Bakermans-Kranenburg et al., 2003; Wolff…”
BackgroundFuentes‐Balderrama, J., Turnbull, B., García, A. O., Parra‐Cardona, J. R., del Castillo, C. C., Loving, R. D., & Mohr, M. V. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-021-00125-8 · Cited by 16
“The mediation could be explained in two ways: emotional discomfort due to maternal practices of anxious attachment and paternal practices of avoidant attachment might influence the behavioral exaggeration of negative affect in preadolescents, hoping that this will gain them the support, attention, and care they desire…”
BackgroundPathways from Father Engagement during Infancy to Child Aggression in Late Childhood
Wang, X., Wu, Q., & Yoon, S. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-00866-1 · Cited by 12
“Meta-analysis studies have found that the insecure attachment is associated with children’s externalizing problems [26] and conduct disorder/oppositional defiant [27], of which aggression is a major component.”
BackgroundMcNamara, E., Murray, A., & Williams, J. M. (2019) · Longitudinal and Life Course Studies · doi:10.1332/175795919x15699445254797 · Cited by 17
Neuhaus, R., McCormick, M. P., & O’Connor, E. (2020) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2020.1751989 · Cited by 12
“Avoidance, and ambivalence have been linked to externalizing behavior problems (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRizzo, I., & Watsford, C. R. (2020) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12472 · Cited by 12
Pontoppidan, M., Sandoy, T. M., & Klest, S. K. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2020-012 · Cited by 12
Kallesøe, K. H., Rimvall, M. K., Schröder, A., Jensen, J. S., Wicksell, R. K., & Rask, C. U. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110430 · Cited by 13
Maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems: Attachment security as a protective factor
Whittenburg, P. N., Stern, J. A., Brett, B. E., Straske, M. D., & Cassidy, J. A. (2022) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/dspace/2c0k-nqv7 · Cited by 12
Berlin, L. J., Martoccio, T. L., Carmody, K. A., Goodman, W. B., O’Donnell, K., Williams, J., Murphy, R. A., & Dodge, K. A. (2017) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2017.1339359 · Cited by 13
“…meta-analyses that have identified infant attachment insecurity as a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and infant disorganization as a risk factor for externalizing (but not internalizing) problems, especially for boys (Fearon et al., 2010, 2016; Groh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDagan, O., Schuengel, C., Verhage, M. L., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi‐Schwartz, A., Madigan, S. L., Duschinsky, R., Roisman, G. I., Bernard, K., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x4td2 · Cited by 12
Self-citationGroenewoud, D., Enders‐Slegers, M., Leontjevas, R., van Dijke, A., de Winkel, T., & Hediger, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120000 · Cited by 11
“The effects of attachment styles on children’s psychosocial health such as emotion regulation, anxiety, depression, social competence, empathy, prosocial behavior and externalizing behavior problems, has been studied widely (Fearon et al., 2010; Granqvist et al., 2017; Groh et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBehavior problems in foster care, systematic review of associated factors
West, D., Luys, E., Gypen, L., Holen, F. V., & Vanderfaeillie, J. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107240 · Cited by 10
Pilot data supporting an attachment‐based theory of adolescent social media use
Venta, A. C., Harmon, J., Abate, A., Marshall, K., & Mouton‐Odum, S. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12329 · Cited by 13
Social Support, Coping, Life Satisfaction, and Academic Success Among College Students
McNaughton-Cassill, M. E., Lopez, S. G., Knight, C. F., Perrotte, J. K., Mireles, N., Cassill, C. K., Silva, S., & Cassill, A. (2021) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn26.2.150 · Cited by 15
Bai, L., Kim, C. Y., Crosby, B., & Teti, D. M. (2022) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001327 · Cited by 11
Schwarzer, N.-H., Dietrich, L., Gingelmaier, S., Nolte, T., Bolz, T., & Fonagy, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1204666 · Cited by 17
“This study was able to replicate this link from other studies (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012, 2017; Bordoagni et al., 2021; Brugnera et al., 2021) among prospective teachers.”
BackgroundResultZimmermann, P., & Scheuerer‐Englisch, H. (2013) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2013.62.1.5 · Cited by 11
Attachment‐based interventions for families with young children
Woodhouse, S. S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22640 · Cited by 11
Ransley, R., Sleed, M., Baradon, T., & Fonagy, P. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21787 · Cited by 10
Konieczny, P., & Cierpiałkowska, L. (2022) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/127457 · Cited by 11
Frick, M. A., Rasmussen, P. D., & Brocki, K. C. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12317 · Cited by 17
Sanders, J. E. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211056724 · Cited by 12
“Individuals exposed to adversity and violence may develop a focus on selfprotection and struggle with problem solving, regulating emotions, aggressive behaviours, conflict and inappropriate conduct (Cook et al., 2005; Fearon et al., 2010; Van Wert et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCoughlan, B., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Woolgar, M., Weisblatt, E. J. L., & Duschinsky, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780128 · Cited by 13
Self-citationMcElwain, N. L., Holland, A. S., Engle, J. M., Wong, M. S., & Emery, H. T. (2014) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1886 · Cited by 11
Hutchings, J., & Bywater, T. (2013) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575913477075 · Cited by 12
“…knowledge about attachment issues with behaviour management training (Allen and Vostanis, 2005; Holmes and Silver, 2010), which makes sense given the growing evidence of a relationship between early attachment problems and subsequent conduct disorder (Fearon et al, 2010; Fearon and Belsky, 2011).”
BackgroundLonghi, E., Murray, L., Hunter, R. M., Wellsted, D. M., Taylor‐Colls, S., MacKenzie, K., Rayns, G., Cotmore, R., Fonagy, P., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1618-4 · Cited by 13
“The Q-Set has shown good convergent and discriminate validity [40] and is a strong predictor of later developmental outcomes [41].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBahm, N. I. G., Simon-Thomas, E. R., Main, M., & Hesse, E. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000255 · Cited by 11
Sanders, J. E., & Fallon, B. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.024 · Cited by 24
Alvarenga, P., Malhado, S. D. C. B., & Lins, T. C. D. S. (2014) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.1590/s1413-294x2014000400008 · Cited by 11
Kohlhoff, J., Wallace, N., Cibralic, S., Morgan, S., Briggs, N. E., McMahon, C., Hawkins, E., Druskin, L., Owen, C., Lieneman, C., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02171-0 · Cited by 11
“There is also a large body of evidence documenting longitudinal links between insecure and disor-ganised attachment in infancy/toddlerhood and a range of social-emotional, mental health and functional outcomes in middle childhood and adolescence [32, 39, 58].”
Remmers, C., Wester, R. A., Repnik, L. G., Plumbohm, M., Unger, S., & Jauk, E. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104418 · Cited by 10
Taking stock to move forward: Where the field of developmental psychopathology might be heading
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Allison, E., & Campbell, C. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000312 · Cited by 9
“This is the case particularly because, with some exceptions, most associations between developmental factors and later outcomes are typically at best small to modest (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Luyten et al., 2021; Zeegers et al., 2017).”
Yang, Y., Chen, K., Liang, K., Du, W., Guo, J., & Du, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330581 · Cited by 13
Westlake, F., Westlake, M. F., & Totsika, V. (2024) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.13273 · Cited by 13
Matetovici, M., Spruit, A., Colonnesi, C., Garnier‐Villarreal, M., & Noom, M. J. (2025) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.70002 · Cited by 11
“While the importance of gender in attachment relationships is sometimes acknowledged (Deneault et al., 2021; Fearon et al., 2010; Hoeve et al., 2012; Madigan et al. 2013), the parent–child gender interaction is rarely considered and deserves more scrutiny.”
InfluentialStuart, A. C., Smith‐Nielsen, J., Egmose, I., Reijman, S., Lange, T., Wendelboe, K. I., Stougaard, M., & Væver, M. S. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579425000112 · Cited by 12
Parkes, A., Green, M., & Pearce, A. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab006 · Cited by 10
Larson, L. (2021) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn26.2.228 · Cited by 11
Kim, S., & Lee, Y. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105155 · Cited by 10
Wood, L., McGiffert, M., Fusco, R. A., & Kulkarni, S. J. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-021-00809-1 · Cited by 11
Oliveira, P., Stevens, E., Barge, L., Comyn, J., Langley, K. M. R., Ramchandani, P. G., Wright, B., Woolgar, M., Kennedy, E., Byford, S., et al. (2022) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/sliz1119 · Cited by 11
Self-citationAttachment and Children with Disabilities: Knowledge and Views of Early Intervention Professionals
Alexander, S. L., Frederico, M., & Long, M. (2018) · Children Australia · doi:10.1017/cha.2018.38 · Cited by 10
OKUL ÖNCESİ DÖNEM ÇOCUKLARINDA BAĞLANMA VE BENLİK ALGISI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
GENİŞ, N. E., & Kahraman, Ö. G. (2018) · Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.17218/hititsosbil.417456 · Cited by 10
Intimate Partner Violence, Parenting, and Children’s Representations of Caregivers
Zvara, B. J., Mills-Koonce, R., Feagans, L. V., Cox, M. J., Blair, C., Burchinal, P., Burton, L. M., Crnic, K. A., Crouter, A. C., Garrett-Peters, P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519888527 · Cited by 10
“Numerous studies including several meta-analytic reviews link children’s representations of their relationship quality with caregivers to child adjustment including internalizing and externalizing behavior problems (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfant Emotion Development and Temperament
Aktar, E., & Pérez‐Edgar, K. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.026 · Cited by 17
Paquette, D., Cyr, C. P., Gaumon, S., St‐André, M., Émond‐Nakamura, M., Boisjoly, L., Stikarovska, I., Bisaillon, C., & Puentes‐Neuman, G. (2021) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint2010005 · Cited by 17
“A meta-analytic study by Fearon, BakermansKranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman [21] of children 12 years and younger revealed a small but significant association between attachment insecurity (mostly to mother) and externalizing behaviors, although only for the avoidant (category A; d = 0.”
BackgroundInfluentialHow to Support Parents of Infants and Young Children in Mental Health Care: A Narrative Review
Stolper, H., van Doesum, K. T. M., & Steketee, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745800 · Cited by 10
Stiévenart, M., Roskam, I., Meunier, J. C., & de Moortele, G. V. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2013.12.001 · Cited by 10
“Such a result was congruentwith previous results suggesting that disorganization is a major risk factor for developmental disorders (e.g. Fearon et al., 2010; Green & Goldwyn, 2002).”
ResultDiaconu‐Gherasim, L. R., & Duca, D. S. (2017) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-017-9190-0 · Cited by 10
Zajac, L. A., Bookhout, M. K., Hubbard, J. A., Carlson, E. A., & Dozier, M. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13140 · Cited by 10
“…with problematic outcomes beyond SIP that may also manifest in the peer context, including physiological dysregulation (Bernard, Dozier, Bick, & Gordon, 2015), externalizing symptoms (Fearon et al., 2010), and dissociative symptoms in middle school, high school, and early adulthood (Carlson, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe preterm infant–parent programme for attachment—PIPPA Study: a randomised controlled trial
Twohig, A., Murphy, J., McCarthy, A., Segurado, R., Underdown, A., Smyke, A. T., McNicholas, F., & Molloy, E. J. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01262-z · Cited by 10
Swalwell, J. M., & McLean, L. A. (2021) · Australasian Journal of Special and Inclusive Education · doi:10.1017/jsi.2021.15 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A.-M., & Roisman, G. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading
- University of Leiden
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Roisman, Glenn I
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-03-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 435-456
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2114691966
- Cited by
- 1,326
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- insecure attachment, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, attachment security, attachment avoidance, Strange Situation Procedure, child mental health, sex differences, clinical samples
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aggression, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Reactive Attachment Disorder
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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