The DOI matches its Crossref record; 158 of the 158 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 13 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children’s Externalizing Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analysis examined whether insecure and disorganized attachments increase risk for externalizing problems in children.
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Claims the paper makes
152 Own result · 17 Own interpretation · 8 Own method · 5 No basis given · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plainn = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Its combined effect size of d = 0.58 was therefore an adequate estimate of the average effect, which amounted to a quite strong association between attachment security and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When externalizing behavior was observed directly (7 studies) or was indexed by a clinical diagnosis (6 studies) the combined effect sizes were larger than in cases where a parent or teacher rated the level of externalizing behaviors.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 35 studies involving N = 3568 participants the insecure-resistant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications.In this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was not significant, d = 0.11 (see Table 4), and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remarkably, in the samples with females only the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behaviors was significantly different from the samples with only boys or with mixed gender,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably though, the effect of age was not significant within the SSP, AQS or Cassidy and Marvin studies, suggesting that age and attachment measure were confounded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the moderator analyses on this sub-set converged with the analyses on the total set of studies for avoidance”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the effects represent an average across a potentially large number of moderating relationships that could amplify or attenuate the association between attachment and externalizing problems (e.g.Belsky & Fearon, 2002;NICHD ECCRN, 2006).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky & Fearon, 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) show that contextual risk moderated the relationship between attachment and behavior problems: attachment-group differences appeared at some risk levels but not others. This supports the possibility that an overall association can mask moderation. The paper examines contextual risk as a moderator, however, and does not establish a potentially large number of moderating relationships; it also measures total behavior problems rather than externalizing problems specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites NICHD ECCRN, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is notable that Belsky and Fearon's (2002) analysis of the NICHD data at age 1-3 years suggested that the effects of attachment tended to persist primarily when there was continuity in the quality of maternal care.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky and Fearon's (2002) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that attachment security at 15 months predicted some developmental outcomes at 3 years in the NICHD data. But the analysis examines cumulative contextual risk, not whether attachment effects persisted primarily when the quality of maternal care remained consistent; that condition is unsupported by our copy. Page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fail-safe number amounted to k = 407 which was above the Rosenthal criterion,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, eight studies had to be trimmed and filled, with a re-computed significant combined effect size of d = 0.18 (95% CI 0.01, 0.34).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From sixty-nine samples (N= 5947), the association between insecurity and externalizing problems was significant, d = 0.31 (95% CI 0.23, 0.40).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In this overall set we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.31 (see Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Children rated as insecure showed higher levels of externalizing behaviors than children rated as secure.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical status, SES, or type of assessment (for both SSP and externalizing behavior) did not appear to moderate the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
hedgedn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the set of 24 SSP studies with N = 3161 participants we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.27 which was similar to the effect size computed for the total set.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,161- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, studies conducted with the AQS showed the largest effect sizes (d = 0.70), whereas studies using the SSP yielded the lowest combined effect size (d = 0.18), though this latter effect was nevertheless significant.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This moderator effect was not dependent on gender differences as only two of the clinical samples consisted of boys only (Greenberg et al., 1991;Speltz et al., 1999).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
What the sources say
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies including N = 3778 participants a significant combined effect size of d = 0.34 (see Table 5) was found for the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies involving N = 3675 participants the insecure-avoidant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications, and in this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was only d = 0.12, which was significant but small in magnitude (see Table 3).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% CIs did overlap for each of these comparisons, indicating that study outcomes with externalizing behavior or with aggression did not result in significantly different effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given the centrality of this issue and the cogent arguments made by several authors on this subject (e.g.Sameroff, 2000;Sroufe et al., 2005), it is unfortunate that few studies have attempted to address this.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sameroff, 2000 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sroufe et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The set of studies on girls was homogeneous; therefore the absence of a significant association was not due to one or a few outlying outcomes in the lower range.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is highly noteworthy that few if any of the studies reviewed in this paper directly addressed questions of mechanism.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and while the confidence intervals for these effects overlapped, disorganized children demonstrated numerically larger effects than the other insecure categories.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for disorganized versus secure attachment the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.13, 0.41).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all three comparisons, the 85% confidence intervals overlapped, implying that the effects of the various types of insecurity showed similar associations with externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When only studies that provided direct pairwise comparisons between groups were considered, secure children scored lower on measures of externalizing problems than disorganized (d = 0.27), avoidant (d = 0.12) and resistant (d = 0.19) children;”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% confidence intervals of the combined effect sizes for attachment security and disorganization did not overlap with the 85% confidence interval of the combined effect size for avoidance, but for the other comparisons the 85% confidence intervals overlapped.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, age was not a significant regressor within the SSP studies or within the non-SSP studies, so a substantial portion of the overall effect came exclusively from the difference between the SSP studies on the one hand and the other assessment types on the other.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect for resistance did not differ from any of the other contrasts, in part because this effect showed marked heterogeneity.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For resistant versus secure attachment it was d = 0.19 (p < .01;85% CI 0.11, 0.28),”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the association between attachment security and externalizing the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.15, 0.39).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the AQS evidenced the strongest effect sizes by some margin (d = 0.70), the meta-regression of age on effect size remained significant even when the AQS was removed from the analysis.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined effect found in this analysis gains even greater significance in light of the fact that a majority of the studies included in the analysis were longitudinal investigations, where independent and dependent variables were measured often several years apart (with an intervening period of 25 months on average).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly speaking, the SSP produced smaller effect sizes than the other attachment assessments and the AQS produced comparatively larger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in the larger set of studies, resistant attachment was not significantly associated with externalizing problems and showed an effect size numerically similar to that for avoidance.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Related to this, few studies have directly considered the possibility that certain parenting characteristics may be common determinants of both attachment insecurity and externalizing behavior problems.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No outliers (standardized Z-values smaller than -3.29 or larger than 3.29; Tabachnik & Fidell, 2001) were found for study effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The agreement between the coders across the moderator variables was 97% (correlations between continuous moderators were > .95).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The question of whether attachment insecurity plays a causal role in the development of externalizing psychopathology is a vital one for the field, but there is clearly little case for causality if there is no association.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess intercoder reliability, twenty randomly selected studies were coded by two coders.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This important conceptual heuristic is thought of as a set of organized cognitive-affective psychological structures that organize thinking, feeling and behavior vis-à-vis the attachment figure as a potential haven of safety and comfort in times of stress (Bretherton, 1995;Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bretherton, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Secure children, it is maintained, have had repeated experiences of a caregiver who is responsive when support and proximity are needed and expect the caregiver(s) to be available and comforting when called upon.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kobak, Cassidy, Lyons Ruth, & Ziv, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The claim that early attachment has enduring-rather than merely transient-effects on development requires that the magnitude of such associations are not reduced to nil over time.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We systematically searched the electronic databases PsychInfo, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Art & Humanities Citation Index”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the effects are uncorrected for the influence of relevant third variables.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while it was clear that security assessed by the AQS was rather more strongly associated with behavior problems than that derived from the SSP, later assessments of attachment beyond the SSP also appeared to yield stronger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the effects reported in this meta-analysis reflect statistical association, not causation and-although they provide evidence relevant to efforts to determine causality and its mechanisms-alone they are mute on this issue.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the face of it, these robust findings lend direct support to the notion that attachment plays a significant role in the evolution of children's behavior problems, for typically developing children as well as for clinical groups.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boosteddirectn = 6,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the mixed samples, constituting the large majority of the studies, showed equally strong effect sizes as those with only boys, suggesting that the association between attachment and externalizing cannot be ascribed to boys only.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that these effect sizes do not reflect the outcomes of the same set of studies so direct comparisons are difficult.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
“Where the gender composition of the sample was not precisely reported we assumed a 50% split.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
When socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded.
“Furthermore, when socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded (this occurred in 5 cases).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Fixed effects models assume that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from subject-level sampling error.
“Fixed effects models are based on the assumption that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from the chance factors associated with subject-level sampling error in that study (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001;Rosenthal, 1991).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The trim-and-fill method assumes that funnel plots are symmetric only if no data censoring is present.
“The plots should only be shaped like a funnel if no data censoring is present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SSP is the gold standard for measuring attachment security.
“Because the SSP is considered to be the gold standard for measuring attachment security”
The paper relies on this without support.
SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months.
“Because the SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Notably, attachment assessments are among the best validated assessments of early risk in developmental science.”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and exhibit the highest levels of teacher-reported disruptive and internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses have shown that, in general, children with insecure and disorganized attachment have greater risk for concurrent and later internalizing and externalizing difficulties (Fearon et al. 2010, Groh et al. 2012) and psychiatric disorders in adulthood (Raby et al. 2018).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In a meta-analysis, Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman (2010) reported that externalizing problems were linked with insecure patterns in infancy and early childhood, including disorganized patterns, with weaker effects for avoidance and resistance.”
From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Second, there are numerous studies implicating insecure and especially disorganized attachment in the development of child psychopathology (see DeKlyen and Greenberg; 25 Fearon et al.; 26 Guttman-Steinmetz and Crowell 27 for reviews).”
From Recovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology (2012) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“infant attachment disorganization has been meta-analytically associated with serious family risk factors, including poverty, maternal psychiatric disorder, and maltreatment, as well as later externalizing behavior problems (2, 3).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“with meta-analyses indicating that insecure and particularly disorganized attachment relationships in infancy predict internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood (2–5).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“For human infants, the most widely validated paradigm for direct observation of the quality of the mother-infant attachment relationship is the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) (2, 3, 54).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Supporting large scale studies and meta-analyses have confirmed their relation to concurrent risk factors in infancy and their predictive value for behavior problems in childhood (2–4, 54, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In addition, these studies have consistently pointed to disorganized attachments as the forms of insecure attachment that carry the greatest risk for later psychopathology (2–4, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Disorganized/disoriented, punitive, and caregiving forms of disorganized attachment have been reliably described from infancy through age eight”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“and are associated with parental risk factors and maladaptive internalizing and externalizing behavior problems”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Controlling-punitive children are at greater risk for externalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“and controlling-caregiving children at greater risk for internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that if children and caregivers fail to develop a secure attachment, children are more prone to develop mental and behavioural deficits, like externalizing behaviour problems 63”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Also, in a more recent meta-analysis it was found that attachment insecurity was significantly linked with externalizing behaviors in 69 studies (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“Insecure attachment was more strongly linked to externalizing behavior in samples with boys than in samples with girls (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with findings of the meta-analysis by Fearon et al. (2010) showing that the relation between attachment and externalizing behavior problems was moderated by the type of attachment measure.”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“In a recent meta-analysis, Fearon and colleagues (2010) found that disorganized attachment placed children at elevated risk for externalizing problems (d = .34), relative to children with insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant classifications (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010).”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Disorganized attachment is particularly important because it is associated with problematic long-term outcomes.”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“In its absence, neurodevelopment may be undermined, making that person more vulnerable to further environmental insults and subsequent development of both internalizing [36] and externalizing [37] behavioral problems, including anxiety, depression, substance misuse, maladaptive eating patterns, sexual risk behavior, and suicidality.”
From Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care? (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Parental sensitivity is important for a range of child outcomes, including the formation of a secure attachment relationship between infants and their parents, social competence, regulatory capacities, and lower stress levels (e.g. [22–28]).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
“No significant moderators were found in this set (see Table 5 for those contrasts that could be tested).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| gender | | | | | | 10.99¹ | <.01 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
“b) stronger effects would be found in low SES samples than high SES samples”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“socio-economic status (with low risk samples anticipated to yield larger effects)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“As this would not allow a meaningful comparison of effect sizes between mother and father attachment, this study was excluded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| Aviezer et al., 2002 | | SSP | CBCL | 63 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“69 independent samples that could be included in our meta-analyses, with sample sizes ranging from 26 to 1075”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| | Low risk subsample | SSP | Obs | 16 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| clinical | 4 | 344 0.26* | 0.03, 0.38 | 1.55 | | | |”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
Reported 0.26 · recomputed 0.205
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“across high and low SES samples (d = 0.25 vs. d = 0.31, respectively).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| low | 14 1801 0.25** | 0.15, 0.35 | 15.49 | | | | | | middle/high | 55 4146 0.31** | 0.21, 0.41 | 119.69** | | | | |”
Citations
Cites
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Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1276 · Cited by 6,177
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Bates, 1985, Growing points in attachment theory and research, 167
- Belsky, 1988, Clinical implications of attachment
- Borenstein, 2005, Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis [Computer software]
- Bowlby, 1944, Fourty-four juvenile theives: Their characters and home life, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 25, 19
- Bretherton, 1995, 4th Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology on “Emotion, Cognition, and Representation”, 231
- Cassidy, 1994, The development of attachment regulation, 228
- Cassidy, 1989, Attachment organization in three and four year olds: Coding guidelines
- Freud, 1908, Ueber infantile Sexualtheorien
- Goldberg, 1997, Attachment and psychopathology, 171
- James, 1890, Principles of psychology
- Kobak, 2005, Developmental psychopathology, Vol. I: Theory and method, 333
- Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development, 121
- Mullen, 1985, BASIC meta-analysis
- Perez Corres, 2006, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Sroufe, 1983, Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaption and competence
- Van IJzendoorn, 1992, Beyond the parent: The role of other adults in children’s lives, 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,319
van der Voort, A., Juffer, F., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/jcs-12-2013-0038 · Cited by 94
Self-citationNie, Y., Li, J., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.077 · Cited by 90
Child‐father attachment in early childhood and behavior problems: A meta‐analysis
Deneault, A., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Groh, A. M., Fearon, P. R. M., & Madigan, S. L. (2021) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20434 · Cited by 91
“…previous meta-analyses on child-mother attachment provide evidence in support of attachment theory’s central claim regarding the long-term repercussions of relationships in early childhood, as the magnitude of the associations did not decrease with age (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationTime spent in child care: How and why does it affect social development?
Huston, A. C., Bobbitt, K. C., & Bentley, A. C. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038951 · Cited by 99
Conduct problems in youth and the RDoC approach: A developmental, evolutionary-based view
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.010 · Cited by 94
“…particular, have been prospectively related to the development of externalizing problems (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van Ijzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; HillSmith et al., 2002; Pasalich et al., 2011; Pedersen, 2004; Willoughby et al., 2011) and physically aggressive and violent…”
BackgroundWilloughby, M. T., Mills-Koonce, R., Gottfredson, N. C., & Wagner, N. J. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9379-9 · Cited by 98
“…for the mental states of others (Shirtcliff et al. 2009), and appear most vulnerable to subsequent behavior problems (Bureau et al. 2009; Futh et al. 2008; Green and Goldwyn 2002; Pasalich et al. 2012; Pauli-Pott et al. 2007), including antisocial behaviors (Fearon et al. 2010; Green et al. 2007).”
Letourneau, N., Tryphonopoulos, P., Giesbrecht, G., Dennis, C.-L., Bhogal, S., & Watson, B. (2015) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21525 · Cited by 87
Huber, A., McMahon, C. A., & Sweller, N. (2015) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21540 · Cited by 88
Efficacy of the Circle of Security Intervention: A Meta-Analysis
Yaholkoski, A., Hurl, K. E., & Theule, J. (2016) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2016.1163161 · Cited by 104
“Despite the negative risks associated with insecure attachments, children with disorganized attachments fare the worst (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundWaters, T. E. A., Bosmans, G., Vandevivere, E., Dujardin, A., & Waters, H. S. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039375 · Cited by 88
“…knowledge scores for each attachment related narrative and second by examining relations between script knowledge and internalizing and externalizing behaviors which have been linked to attachment security in previous research (e.g., Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2014; Madigan et al., 2013).”
Grummitt, L. R., Kelly, E. V., Barrett, E. L., Lawler, S., Prior, K., Stapinski, L. A., & Newton, N. C. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211025691 · Cited by 104
“Attachment insecurity is linked to child and adolescent difficulties in a range of areas known to be risk factors for mental disorder, such as problems with emotion regulation and interpersonal relationships, representations of the self, and internalising and externalising symptoms (Fearon et al., 2010; Madigan et al.…”
BackgroundAldrich, N. J., Chen, J., & Alfieri, L. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100946 · Cited by 84
Out, D., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2009) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730903132289 · Cited by 94
Self-citationRoelofs, J., Onckels, L., & Muris, P. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9589-x · Cited by 87
Troxel, W., Trentacosta, C. J., Forbes, E. E., & Campbell, S. B. G. (2013) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031149 · Cited by 83
The Effects of Domestic Violence on the Stability of Attachment from Infancy to Preschool
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., Huth‐Bocks, A. C., Rosenblum, K. L., & von Eye, A. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.563460 · Cited by 96
Unresolved trauma in mothers: intergenerational effects and the role of reorganization.
Iyengar, U., Kim, S., Martinez, S., Fonagy, P., & Strathearn, L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00966 · Cited by 83
van den Dries, L., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Alink, L. R. A. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000654 · Cited by 100
Self-citationThe early care environment and DNA methylome variation in childhood
Garg, E., Chen, L., Nguyen, T. T. T., Pokhvisneva, I., Chen, L. M., Unternaehrer, E., MacIsaac, J. L., McEwen, L. M., Mah, S. M., Gaudreau, H., et al. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000627 · Cited by 82
“Disorganized attachment is also associated with an increased risk of later psychopathology (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Scholtens, Rydell, Bohlin, & Thorell, 2014).”
Dagan, O., Schuengel, C., Verhage, M. L., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi‐Schwartz, A., Madigan, S., Duschinsky, R., Roisman, G. I., Bernard, K., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., et al. (2021) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20450 · Cited by 97
Self-citationThe Development of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior
Morizot, J., & Kazemian, L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08720-7 · Cited by 91
Jin, K., Houston, J. L., Renée Baillargeon, B., Groh, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2018) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.12.004 · Cited by 86
Self-citationKnitter, B., & Zemp, M. (2020) · Digital Psychology · doi:10.24989/dp.v1i1.1809 · Cited by 81
Testing a Social Schematic Model of Police Procedural Justice
Pickett, J. T., Nix, J., & Roche, S. P. (2018) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272518765134 · Cited by 77
“Supporting this notion, a large and growing body of research has demonstrated that relational schemas affect how individuals perceive others and behave (de Castro et al. 2002; Fearon et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2008).”
Li, J., Delvecchio, E., Lis, A., Nie, Y., & Riso, D. D. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.006 · Cited by 84
Ensink, K., Borelli, J. L., Normandin, L., Target, M., & Fonagy, P. (2020) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000407 · Cited by 78
“This extends previous findings showing that children with disorganized attachments have more difficulties at the level of behavioral regulation (Fearon et al., 2010), likely resulting from the absence of organized strategies for emotion regulation at both physiological and mental representational levels.”
BackgroundVerkuijl, N. E., Richter, L., Norris, S. A., Stein, A. L., Avan, B. I., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70361-x · Cited by 78
Barlow, J., Sleed, M., & Midgley, N. (2020) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21896 · Cited by 80
Colonnesi, C., Zeegers, M. A. J., Majdandžić, M., van Steensel, F. J. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00537-2 · Cited by 81
The aftershocks of infidelity: a review of infidelity-based attachment trauma
Warach, B., & Josephs, L. (2021) · Sexual and Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2019.1577961 · Cited by 94
Attachment, Mentalizing and Trauma: Then (1992) and Now (2022)
Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., & Luyten, P. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030459 · Cited by 104
“This individual participant meta-analysis [22] however found no association between secure and insecure attachment and externalizing behavioral problems, unlike previous meta-analyses [12], although there was a significant effect of insecure attachment to both parents on mother-reported externalizing behavioral proble…”
BackgroundResultThe Security Scale as a measure of attachment: meta-analytic evidence of validity
Brumariu, L. E., Madigan, S. L., Giuseppone, K. R., Abtahi, M. M., & Kerns, K. A. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1433217 · Cited by 74
Boldt, K., Coenen, M., Movsisyan, A., Voss, S., Rehfuess, E., Kunzler, A. M., Lieb, K., & Jung-Sievers, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052361 · Cited by 72
“Insecure parent–child attachments, in turn, are associated with higher risk of children developing internalizing and externalizing behavior problems that may persist into later life [31,32].”
BackgroundThe impact of the environment on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood
Scattolin, M. A. D. A., Resegue, R., & do Rosário, M. C. (2021) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.002 · Cited by 94
“hyperactivity and/or aggression), with larger effects on boys.(19) The English and Romanian Adoptees’ studies followed children adopted by families in the United Kingdom after living in Romanian orphanages during the Ceausescu regime.”
BackgroundAttachment in Schizophrenia--Implications for Research, Prevention, and Treatment
Harder, S. K. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu133 · Cited by 80
The Mediating Role of Parental Reflective Functioning in Child Social–emotional Development
Nijssens, L., Vliegen, N., & Luyten, P. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01767-5 · Cited by 76
Vancraeyveldt, C., Verschueren, K., Wouters, S., Craeyevelt, S. V., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Colpin, H. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9892-7 · Cited by 81
The Cambridge Handbook of International Prevention Science
Scott, S. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316104453 · Cited by 71
Reassessing the validity of the attachment Q‐sort: An updated meta‐analysis
Cadman, T., Diamond, P. R., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2034 · Cited by 70
Self-citationMissler, M., van Straten, A., Denissen, J., Donker, T., & Beijers, R. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03341-9 · Cited by 66
Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence
Hahn, C. K., Gilmore, A. K., Orengo‐Aguayo, R., & Rheingold, A. A. (2018) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.008 · Cited by 72
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up
Costello, A. H., Roben, C. K. P., & Dozier, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03110-7_9 · Cited by 70
Dozier, M., Roben, C. K. P., Caron, E., Hoye, J. R., & Bernard, K. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1229873 · Cited by 82
Tharner, A., Luijk, M. P. C. M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2012) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2012.636659 · Cited by 69
Self-citationLagdon, S., Ross, J., Robinson, M., Contractor, A. A., Charak, R., & Armour, C. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518755489 · Cited by 73
Bosmans, G. (2016) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0212-3 · Cited by 68
“2012), depression (Brumariu and Kerns 2010), and externalizing behaviour problems (Fearon et al. 2010).”
BackgroundDozier, M., Meade, E., & Bernard, K. (2013) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7404-9_4 · Cited by 70
de Vries, S. L. A., Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Asscher, J. J. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9999-5 · Cited by 68
“Parental monitoring Meta-analytic studies by Fearon et al. (2010) and Hoeve et al.”
Lecompte, V., & Moss, E. (2014) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000017 · Cited by 69
“In summary, although some studies have found that insecure attachment, especially disorganized attachment, is a risk factor for externalizing problems (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; van IJzendoorn et al., 1999), we know little about differences between the disorganized–controlling subgroups.”
BackgroundNeglect and perceived stigmatization impact psychological distress of orphans in Tanzania
Hermenau, K., Eggert, I., Landolt, M. A., & Hecker, T. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28617 · Cited by 68
Dubois‐Comtois, K., Bernier, A., Tarabulsy, G. M., Cyr, C. P., St‐Laurent, D., Lanctôt, A.-S., St-Onge, J., Moss, E., & Béliveau, M. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.06.009 · Cited by 67
Cheung, C., Goodman, D., Leckie, G., & Jenkins, J. M. (2011) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.036 · Cited by 71
Yağmur, Ş., Mesman, J., Malda, M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Ekmekçi, H. (2014) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.912489 · Cited by 65
Self-citationForslund, T., Brocki, K. C., Bohlin, G., Granqvist, P., & Eninger, L. (2016) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12136 · Cited by 74
Prevention of Mental Health Difficulties for Children Aged 0–3 Years: A Review
Izett, E., Rooney, R. M., Prescott, S. L., Palma, M. D., & McDevitt, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.500361 · Cited by 74
Parental attachment and Chinese adolescents' delinquency: The mediating role of moral disengagement
Bao, Z., Zhang, W., Lai, X., Sun, W., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.002 · Cited by 66
Woodhouse, S. S., Scott, J. R., Hepworth, A. D., & Cassidy, J. A. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13224 · Cited by 62
Bad Blood Revisited: Attachment and Psychoanalysis, 2015
Fonagy, P., & Campbell, C. (2015) · British Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/bjp.12150 · Cited by 67
“In a meta-analysis, Fearon et al. found a significant association between insecure attachment and later externalizing problems in children, with a larger effect size for boys and for disorganized children (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundLeblanc, É., Dégeilh, F., Daneault, V., Beauchamp, M. H., & Bernier, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02141 · Cited by 75
Learning in E arly C hildhood: experiences, relationships and ‘ L earning to B e’
Tayler, C. (2015) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12117 · Cited by 82
Colonnesi, C., Wissink, I. B., Noom, M. J., Asscher, J. J., Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J. M., Polderman, N., & Kellaert-Knol, M. G. (2012) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731512469301 · Cited by 60
Quality of Caregiving in Mothers With Illicit Substance Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Hatzis, D., Dawe, S., Harnett, P., & Barlow, J. (2017) · Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221817694038 · Cited by 60
“10 14 Extensive research indicates that many of these difficulties are influenced by exposure to an early caregiving environment that lacks sensitive, contingent, and responsive maternal caregiving behaviour.”
Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years
O’Hara, L., Smith, E. R., Barlow, J., Livingstone, N., Herath, N. I., Wei, Y., Spreckelsen, T. F., & Macdonald, G. M. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012348.pub2 · Cited by 66
Interpersonal Theories of Developmental Psychopathology
Rudolph, K. D., Lansford, J. E., & Rodkin, P. C. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy307 · Cited by 72
Scott, S., & Gardner, F. E. M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch37 · Cited by 65
Davidsen, K. A., Harder, S. K., MacBeth, A. M., Lundy, J.-M., & Gumley, A. I. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1127-x · Cited by 63
Impact of Maternal Depressive Symptoms on Growth of Preschool- and School-Aged Children
Surkan, P. J., Ettinger, A. K., Ahmed, S., Minkovitz, C. S., & Strobino, D. M. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2118 · Cited by 58
Bureau, J., Deneault, A., & Yurkowski, K. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1589065 · Cited by 59
“Fearon et al. (2010) found a modest, yet robust, effect of mother-child insecurity on externalizing behaviors (d = .31, k = 69, N = 5,947).”
BackgroundInfants and Toddlers in Foster Care
Dozier, M., Zeanah, C. H., & Bernard, K. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12033 · Cited by 58
Emotional and adrenocortical regulation in early adolescence
Spangler, G., & Zimmermann, P. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025414520808 · Cited by 59
Vaillancourt, K., Pawlby, S. J., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21634 · Cited by 69
Self-citationJuffer, F., Struis, E., Werner, C. D., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2016.1198128 · Cited by 56
Self-citationThe MHYPeDD team, Teague, S. J., Newman, L. K., Tonge, B. J., & Gray, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3517-x · Cited by 57
Bizzi, F., Ensink, K., Borelli, J. L., Mora, S. C., & Cavanna, D. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1238-5 · Cited by 58
Early Parenting Intervention Effects on Brain Responses to Maternal Cues Among High-Risk Children
Valadez, E. A., Tottenham, N., Tabachnick, A. R., & Dozier, M. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20010011 · Cited by 65
“Insecure or disorganized attachments, in turn, place children at greater risk for internalizing and externalizing behavior problems than secure attachments (5, 6).”
BackgroundShi, H., Wang, Y., Li, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10831-8 · Cited by 56
Developmental risk factors in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder
Newman, M. G., Shin, K. E., & Zuellig, A. R. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.008 · Cited by 61
“In recent meta-analyses insecure attachment was found to be a non-specific risk factor, predicting both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAttachment and attention problems: A meta-analysis
Pallini, S., Morelli, M., Chirumbolo, A., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Eisenberg, N. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101772 · Cited by 64
Jugovac, S., O’Kearney, R., Hawes, D. J., & Pasalich, D. S. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00401-8 · Cited by 72
Seibert, A. C., & Kerns, K. A. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025414542710 · Cited by 55
“In addition, prior studies have focused primarily on aggression or externalizing behavior problems (see Fearon et al., 2010) and have ignored other important aspects of peer relationships.”
BackgroundZeanah, C. H., & Lieberman, A. F. (2016) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21590 · Cited by 55
Bödeker, K., Fuchs, A., Führer, D., Kluczniok, D., Dittrich, K., Reichl, C., Reck, C., Kaess, M., Attar, C. H., Möhler, E., et al. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0839-z · Cited by 56
Handelzalts, J. E., Levy, S., Molmen-Lichter, M., Ayers, S., Krissi, H., Wiznitzer, A., & Peled, Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.068 · Cited by 55
“with maladaptive coping (Fearon et al., 2010) and psychopathology, including depression (Warfa et al.”
BackgroundMiller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0007 · Cited by 55
Children and Violence: Nurturing Social-Emotional Development to Promote Mental Health
Malti, T. (2020) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/sop2.8 · Cited by 55
Roskam, I. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000135 · Cited by 66
Weeland, J., Helmerhorst, K. O. W., & Lucassen, N. (2021) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12408 · Cited by 65
“Extensive literature indicates that securely attached children are able to develop and maintain more positive relationships with their caregivers and display less disruptive behavior compared to insecurely attached children (e.g., Fearon et al., 2010; Theule et al., 2016; Thompson, 2016).”
BackgroundPan, Y., Yang, C., Liu, G., Chan, M. M., Liu, C., & Zhang, D. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13319 · Cited by 57
Torres, N., Maia, J., Veríssimo, M., Fernandes, M., & Silva, F. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.739 · Cited by 57
A constructive replication of the association between the oxytocin receptor genotype and parenting.
Klahr, A. M., Klump, K. L., & Burt, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000034 · Cited by 58
“Given the foundational role of maternal warmth for healthy developmental outcomes in children (Fearon et al., 2012; Groh et al., 2012), the early identification of atrisk mothers (i.e., before problems in parenting precipitate deleterious child outcomes) may well pay dividends down the line.”
BackgroundMcIntosh, J. E., Tan, E. S., Levendosky, A. A., & Holtzworth‐Munroe, A. (2019) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838019888560 · Cited by 56
“…early in life is associated with altered regulatory capacity, manifest in problematic internalizing behaviors (e.g., depression, anxiety; 60 studies, 5,236 families; Madigan et al., 2013) and externalizing behaviors (e.g., conduct disorder; 69 studies, 5,947 families; Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundKochanska, G., Brock, R. L., Chen, K.-H., Aksan, N. S., & Anderson, S. W. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9938-x · Cited by 54
“…of mutual cooperative, positive early parent–child orientation, and parental reliance on power assertion are risk factors for child conduct problems (e.g., Campbell et al. 2000; Dodge et al. 2006; Dodge and Pettit 2003; Fearon et al. 2010; Gershoff 2002; Patterson et al. 1992; Shaw et al. 2003).”
and the CAPEDP Study Group, Tubach, F., Greacen, T., Saïas, T., Dugravier, R., Guédeney, N., Ravaud, P., Tereno, S., Tremblay, R. E., Falissard, B., et al. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-648 · Cited by 57
Bedford, R., Wagner, N. J., Rehder, P. D., Propper, C. B., Willoughby, M. T., & Mills-Koonce, R. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0967-1 · Cited by 51
“Interestingly, in addition to deficits in eye-contact, children with CU behaviours are more likely to form insecure attachments than youth with normative levels of behaviour problems and CU behaviours [26, 52, 53].”
BackgroundAttachment in middle childhood: predictors, correlates, and implications for adaptation
Boldt, L. J., Kochanska, G., Grekin, R., & Brock, R. L. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1120334 · Cited by 51
VIII. ATTACHMENT AND SLEEP AMONG TODDLERS: DISENTANGLING ATTACHMENT SECURITY AND DEPENDENCY
Bélanger, M., Bernier, A., Simard, V., Bordeleau, S., & Carrier, J. (2015) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12148 · Cited by 54
Externalizing and internalizing problems: contributions of attachment and parental practices
Nunes, S. A. N., Faraco, A. M. X., Vieira, M. L., & Rubin, K. H. (2013) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722013000300022 · Cited by 51
Ding, Y., Xu, X., Wang, Z., Li, H.-R., & Wang, W. (2014) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.06.004 · Cited by 51
Borelli, J. L., Somers, J. A., West, J. L., Coffey, J. K., Reyes, A. D. L., & Shmueli‐Goetz, Y. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0310-8 · Cited by 50
Carone, N., Baiocco, R., Lingiardi, V., & Kerns, K. A. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1588906 · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A.-M., & Roisman, G. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading
- University of Leiden
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Roisman, Glenn I
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-03-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 435-456
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2114691966
- Cited by
- 1,326
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- insecure attachment, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, attachment security, attachment avoidance, Strange Situation Procedure, child mental health, sex differences, clinical samples
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aggression, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Reactive Attachment Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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