The DOI matches its Crossref record; 158 of the 158 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 13 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children’s Externalizing Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analysis examined whether insecure and disorganized attachments increase risk for externalizing problems in children.
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Claims the paper makes
152 Own result · 17 Own interpretation · 8 Own method · 5 No basis given · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plainn = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Its combined effect size of d = 0.58 was therefore an adequate estimate of the average effect, which amounted to a quite strong association between attachment security and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When externalizing behavior was observed directly (7 studies) or was indexed by a clinical diagnosis (6 studies) the combined effect sizes were larger than in cases where a parent or teacher rated the level of externalizing behaviors.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 35 studies involving N = 3568 participants the insecure-resistant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications.In this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was not significant, d = 0.11 (see Table 4), and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remarkably, in the samples with females only the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behaviors was significantly different from the samples with only boys or with mixed gender,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably though, the effect of age was not significant within the SSP, AQS or Cassidy and Marvin studies, suggesting that age and attachment measure were confounded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the moderator analyses on this sub-set converged with the analyses on the total set of studies for avoidance”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the effects represent an average across a potentially large number of moderating relationships that could amplify or attenuate the association between attachment and externalizing problems (e.g.Belsky & Fearon, 2002;NICHD ECCRN, 2006).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky & Fearon, 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) show that contextual risk moderated the relationship between attachment and behavior problems: attachment-group differences appeared at some risk levels but not others. This supports the possibility that an overall association can mask moderation. The paper examines contextual risk as a moderator, however, and does not establish a potentially large number of moderating relationships; it also measures total behavior problems rather than externalizing problems specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites NICHD ECCRN, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is notable that Belsky and Fearon's (2002) analysis of the NICHD data at age 1-3 years suggested that the effects of attachment tended to persist primarily when there was continuity in the quality of maternal care.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky and Fearon's (2002) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that attachment security at 15 months predicted some developmental outcomes at 3 years in the NICHD data. But the analysis examines cumulative contextual risk, not whether attachment effects persisted primarily when the quality of maternal care remained consistent; that condition is unsupported by our copy. Page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fail-safe number amounted to k = 407 which was above the Rosenthal criterion,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, eight studies had to be trimmed and filled, with a re-computed significant combined effect size of d = 0.18 (95% CI 0.01, 0.34).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From sixty-nine samples (N= 5947), the association between insecurity and externalizing problems was significant, d = 0.31 (95% CI 0.23, 0.40).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In this overall set we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.31 (see Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Children rated as insecure showed higher levels of externalizing behaviors than children rated as secure.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical status, SES, or type of assessment (for both SSP and externalizing behavior) did not appear to moderate the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
hedgedn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the set of 24 SSP studies with N = 3161 participants we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.27 which was similar to the effect size computed for the total set.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,161- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, studies conducted with the AQS showed the largest effect sizes (d = 0.70), whereas studies using the SSP yielded the lowest combined effect size (d = 0.18), though this latter effect was nevertheless significant.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This moderator effect was not dependent on gender differences as only two of the clinical samples consisted of boys only (Greenberg et al., 1991;Speltz et al., 1999).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
What the sources say
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies including N = 3778 participants a significant combined effect size of d = 0.34 (see Table 5) was found for the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies involving N = 3675 participants the insecure-avoidant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications, and in this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was only d = 0.12, which was significant but small in magnitude (see Table 3).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% CIs did overlap for each of these comparisons, indicating that study outcomes with externalizing behavior or with aggression did not result in significantly different effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given the centrality of this issue and the cogent arguments made by several authors on this subject (e.g.Sameroff, 2000;Sroufe et al., 2005), it is unfortunate that few studies have attempted to address this.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sameroff, 2000 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sroufe et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The set of studies on girls was homogeneous; therefore the absence of a significant association was not due to one or a few outlying outcomes in the lower range.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is highly noteworthy that few if any of the studies reviewed in this paper directly addressed questions of mechanism.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and while the confidence intervals for these effects overlapped, disorganized children demonstrated numerically larger effects than the other insecure categories.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for disorganized versus secure attachment the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.13, 0.41).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all three comparisons, the 85% confidence intervals overlapped, implying that the effects of the various types of insecurity showed similar associations with externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When only studies that provided direct pairwise comparisons between groups were considered, secure children scored lower on measures of externalizing problems than disorganized (d = 0.27), avoidant (d = 0.12) and resistant (d = 0.19) children;”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% confidence intervals of the combined effect sizes for attachment security and disorganization did not overlap with the 85% confidence interval of the combined effect size for avoidance, but for the other comparisons the 85% confidence intervals overlapped.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, age was not a significant regressor within the SSP studies or within the non-SSP studies, so a substantial portion of the overall effect came exclusively from the difference between the SSP studies on the one hand and the other assessment types on the other.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect for resistance did not differ from any of the other contrasts, in part because this effect showed marked heterogeneity.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For resistant versus secure attachment it was d = 0.19 (p < .01;85% CI 0.11, 0.28),”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the association between attachment security and externalizing the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.15, 0.39).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the AQS evidenced the strongest effect sizes by some margin (d = 0.70), the meta-regression of age on effect size remained significant even when the AQS was removed from the analysis.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined effect found in this analysis gains even greater significance in light of the fact that a majority of the studies included in the analysis were longitudinal investigations, where independent and dependent variables were measured often several years apart (with an intervening period of 25 months on average).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly speaking, the SSP produced smaller effect sizes than the other attachment assessments and the AQS produced comparatively larger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in the larger set of studies, resistant attachment was not significantly associated with externalizing problems and showed an effect size numerically similar to that for avoidance.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Related to this, few studies have directly considered the possibility that certain parenting characteristics may be common determinants of both attachment insecurity and externalizing behavior problems.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No outliers (standardized Z-values smaller than -3.29 or larger than 3.29; Tabachnik & Fidell, 2001) were found for study effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The agreement between the coders across the moderator variables was 97% (correlations between continuous moderators were > .95).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The question of whether attachment insecurity plays a causal role in the development of externalizing psychopathology is a vital one for the field, but there is clearly little case for causality if there is no association.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess intercoder reliability, twenty randomly selected studies were coded by two coders.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This important conceptual heuristic is thought of as a set of organized cognitive-affective psychological structures that organize thinking, feeling and behavior vis-à-vis the attachment figure as a potential haven of safety and comfort in times of stress (Bretherton, 1995;Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bretherton, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Secure children, it is maintained, have had repeated experiences of a caregiver who is responsive when support and proximity are needed and expect the caregiver(s) to be available and comforting when called upon.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kobak, Cassidy, Lyons Ruth, & Ziv, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The claim that early attachment has enduring-rather than merely transient-effects on development requires that the magnitude of such associations are not reduced to nil over time.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We systematically searched the electronic databases PsychInfo, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Art & Humanities Citation Index”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the effects are uncorrected for the influence of relevant third variables.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while it was clear that security assessed by the AQS was rather more strongly associated with behavior problems than that derived from the SSP, later assessments of attachment beyond the SSP also appeared to yield stronger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the effects reported in this meta-analysis reflect statistical association, not causation and-although they provide evidence relevant to efforts to determine causality and its mechanisms-alone they are mute on this issue.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the face of it, these robust findings lend direct support to the notion that attachment plays a significant role in the evolution of children's behavior problems, for typically developing children as well as for clinical groups.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boosteddirectn = 6,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the mixed samples, constituting the large majority of the studies, showed equally strong effect sizes as those with only boys, suggesting that the association between attachment and externalizing cannot be ascribed to boys only.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that these effect sizes do not reflect the outcomes of the same set of studies so direct comparisons are difficult.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
“Where the gender composition of the sample was not precisely reported we assumed a 50% split.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
When socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded.
“Furthermore, when socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded (this occurred in 5 cases).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Fixed effects models assume that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from subject-level sampling error.
“Fixed effects models are based on the assumption that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from the chance factors associated with subject-level sampling error in that study (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001;Rosenthal, 1991).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The trim-and-fill method assumes that funnel plots are symmetric only if no data censoring is present.
“The plots should only be shaped like a funnel if no data censoring is present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SSP is the gold standard for measuring attachment security.
“Because the SSP is considered to be the gold standard for measuring attachment security”
The paper relies on this without support.
SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months.
“Because the SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Notably, attachment assessments are among the best validated assessments of early risk in developmental science.”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and exhibit the highest levels of teacher-reported disruptive and internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses have shown that, in general, children with insecure and disorganized attachment have greater risk for concurrent and later internalizing and externalizing difficulties (Fearon et al. 2010, Groh et al. 2012) and psychiatric disorders in adulthood (Raby et al. 2018).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In a meta-analysis, Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman (2010) reported that externalizing problems were linked with insecure patterns in infancy and early childhood, including disorganized patterns, with weaker effects for avoidance and resistance.”
From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Second, there are numerous studies implicating insecure and especially disorganized attachment in the development of child psychopathology (see DeKlyen and Greenberg; 25 Fearon et al.; 26 Guttman-Steinmetz and Crowell 27 for reviews).”
From Recovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology (2012) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“infant attachment disorganization has been meta-analytically associated with serious family risk factors, including poverty, maternal psychiatric disorder, and maltreatment, as well as later externalizing behavior problems (2, 3).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“with meta-analyses indicating that insecure and particularly disorganized attachment relationships in infancy predict internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood (2–5).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“For human infants, the most widely validated paradigm for direct observation of the quality of the mother-infant attachment relationship is the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) (2, 3, 54).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Supporting large scale studies and meta-analyses have confirmed their relation to concurrent risk factors in infancy and their predictive value for behavior problems in childhood (2–4, 54, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In addition, these studies have consistently pointed to disorganized attachments as the forms of insecure attachment that carry the greatest risk for later psychopathology (2–4, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Disorganized/disoriented, punitive, and caregiving forms of disorganized attachment have been reliably described from infancy through age eight”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“and are associated with parental risk factors and maladaptive internalizing and externalizing behavior problems”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Controlling-punitive children are at greater risk for externalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“and controlling-caregiving children at greater risk for internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that if children and caregivers fail to develop a secure attachment, children are more prone to develop mental and behavioural deficits, like externalizing behaviour problems 63”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Also, in a more recent meta-analysis it was found that attachment insecurity was significantly linked with externalizing behaviors in 69 studies (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“Insecure attachment was more strongly linked to externalizing behavior in samples with boys than in samples with girls (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with findings of the meta-analysis by Fearon et al. (2010) showing that the relation between attachment and externalizing behavior problems was moderated by the type of attachment measure.”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“In a recent meta-analysis, Fearon and colleagues (2010) found that disorganized attachment placed children at elevated risk for externalizing problems (d = .34), relative to children with insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant classifications (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010).”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Disorganized attachment is particularly important because it is associated with problematic long-term outcomes.”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“In its absence, neurodevelopment may be undermined, making that person more vulnerable to further environmental insults and subsequent development of both internalizing [36] and externalizing [37] behavioral problems, including anxiety, depression, substance misuse, maladaptive eating patterns, sexual risk behavior, and suicidality.”
From Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care? (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Parental sensitivity is important for a range of child outcomes, including the formation of a secure attachment relationship between infants and their parents, social competence, regulatory capacities, and lower stress levels (e.g. [22–28]).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
“No significant moderators were found in this set (see Table 5 for those contrasts that could be tested).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| gender | | | | | | 10.99¹ | <.01 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
“b) stronger effects would be found in low SES samples than high SES samples”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“socio-economic status (with low risk samples anticipated to yield larger effects)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“As this would not allow a meaningful comparison of effect sizes between mother and father attachment, this study was excluded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| Aviezer et al., 2002 | | SSP | CBCL | 63 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“69 independent samples that could be included in our meta-analyses, with sample sizes ranging from 26 to 1075”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| | Low risk subsample | SSP | Obs | 16 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| clinical | 4 | 344 0.26* | 0.03, 0.38 | 1.55 | | | |”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
Reported 0.26 · recomputed 0.205
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“across high and low SES samples (d = 0.25 vs. d = 0.31, respectively).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| low | 14 1801 0.25** | 0.15, 0.35 | 15.49 | | | | | | middle/high | 55 4146 0.31** | 0.21, 0.41 | 119.69** | | | | |”
Citations
Cites
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James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
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Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
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Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
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Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1276 · Cited by 6,177
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Bates, 1985, Growing points in attachment theory and research, 167
- Belsky, 1988, Clinical implications of attachment
- Borenstein, 2005, Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis [Computer software]
- Bowlby, 1944, Fourty-four juvenile theives: Their characters and home life, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 25, 19
- Bretherton, 1995, 4th Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology on “Emotion, Cognition, and Representation”, 231
- Cassidy, 1994, The development of attachment regulation, 228
- Cassidy, 1989, Attachment organization in three and four year olds: Coding guidelines
- Freud, 1908, Ueber infantile Sexualtheorien
- Goldberg, 1997, Attachment and psychopathology, 171
- James, 1890, Principles of psychology
- Kobak, 2005, Developmental psychopathology, Vol. I: Theory and method, 333
- Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development, 121
- Mullen, 1985, BASIC meta-analysis
- Perez Corres, 2006, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Sroufe, 1983, Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaption and competence
- Van IJzendoorn, 1992, Beyond the parent: The role of other adults in children’s lives, 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,319
REFLECTIVE FUNCTIONING AND PERSONALITY ORGANIZATION: ASSOCIATIONS WITH NEGATIVE MATERNAL BEHAVIORS
Ensink, K., Rousseau, M.-E., Biberdzic, M., Bégin, M., & Normandin, L. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21643 · Cited by 23
Toussaint, E., Florin, A., Schneider, B., & Bacro, F. (2018) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2018.07.011 · Cited by 23
“Par ailleurs, alors que l'effet de l'attachement insécurisé sur les problèmes extériorisés apparaît significativement plus important dans les études portant sur des populations cliniques par rapport aux populations non cliniques, ce n’est pas le cas pour les problèmes intériorisés [6,7].”
BackgroundInfluentialFernandes, M., Veríssimo, M., dos Santos, A. J., Fernandes, C., Antunes, M., & Vaughn, B. E. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1575549 · Cited by 22
“Finally, although girls, in most samples, are likely to be perceived by adults as more socially competent than boys (Cohn, 1990; Fearon et al., 2010; LaFreniere et al., 2002; Turner, 1991), the effects of attachment security were not modified by sex of child (see Groh et al., 2014; Schneider et…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKomanchuk, J., Letourneau, N. L., Duffett‐Leger, L., & Cameron, J. L. (2023) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2023.2192794 · Cited by 27
“…hyperactivity, aggression) behaviors, attention difficulties, social-emotional struggles (e.g., low peer competence), and poor language and cognitive outcomes (see Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012, 2014; Pallini et al., 2019; van Ijzendoorn, Dijkstra et al., 1995 for meta-analyses).”
BackgroundKhoury, J. E., Rajamani, M., Bureau, J., Easterbrooks, M. A., & Lyons‐Ruth, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113749 · Cited by 23
Dekkers, T. J., Hornstra, R., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., de Jong, S. R. C., Schaaf, J. V., Bosmans, G., & der Oord, S. V. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111516 · Cited by 24
“As ADHD and disruptive behavioral disorders often co-occur [22], and disruptive behavior disorders and insecure attachment are associated [2,10], controlling for disruptive behavior is imperative when assessing the link between ADHD and attachment [23].”
BackgroundSafeguarding Children Subjected to Violence in the Family: Child-Centered Risk Assessments
Eriksson, M., Broberg, A. G., Hultmann, O., Chawinga, E., & Axberg, U. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113779 · Cited by 22
“Exposure to violence may negatively affect the child’s attachment to both the perpetrating and abused parent [97] and contribute to long-term mental health problems of different kinds [91,93,103].”
BackgroundRoskam, I., Meunier, J.-C., Stiévenart, M., & Noël, M. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.10.002 · Cited by 23
Al-Yagon, M. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9942-3 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, prior results also reported a stronger association between insecure attachment and externalizing problems among at-risk clinical samples than among low risk samples (e.g., Fearon et al. 2010; Greenberg et al. 2001; Muris et al. 2003).”
Sperlich, M. I., Seng, J. S., Rowe, H. J., Fisher, J., Cuthbert, C., & Taylor, J. S. (2017) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2016.11.017 · Cited by 23
Waters, T. E. A., Facompré, C. R., Dujardin, A., de Walle, M. V., Verhees, M. W. F. T., Bodner, N., Boldt, L. J., & Bosmans, G. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13229 · Cited by 22
Unique infant neurobiology produces distinctive trauma processing
Opendak, M. M., & Sullivan, R. M. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100637 · Cited by 29
An initial investigation of neonatal neuroanatomy, caregiving, and levels of disorganized behavior
Rifkin‐Graboi, A., Tan, H. M., Shaun, G. K. Y., Sim, L. W., Sanmugam, S., Chong, Y. S., Tan, K. H., Shek, L. P., Gluckman, P. D., Chen, H., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1900362116 · Cited by 24
Haltigan, J. D., Madigan, S. L., Bronfman, E. T., Bailey, H. N., Borland‐Kerr, C., Mills-Koonce, R., & Lyons‐Ruth, K. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001778 · Cited by 21
Lam, L. T., Rai, A., & Lam, M. K. (2019) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2019.02.002 · Cited by 21
Shi, H., Gong, X., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., Zhang, J., Zhao, C., Huang, X., Zhao, Y., & Wang, X. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.05.007 · Cited by 23
Jeon, H. J., Hong, J. P., D, M. F. M., Mischoulon, D., Nyer, M., Inamori, A., Sohn, J. H., Seong, S., & Cho, M. J. (2013) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12042 · Cited by 21
Attachment Theory in Clinical Work with Adolescents
Warren, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour · doi:10.4172/2375-4494.1000111 · Cited by 33
Ramanathan, S., Balasubramanian, N., & Krishnadas, R. (2012) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.280 · Cited by 20
Forslund, T., Kenward, B., Granqvist, P., Gredebäck, G., & Brocki, K. C. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12465 · Cited by 25
Sleep and mental health: the moderating role of perceived adolescent-parent attachment
Tu, K. M., Marks, B. T., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2016.12.003 · Cited by 22
Solomon, J., Duschinsky, R., Bakkum, L., & Schuengel, C. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104517721959 · Cited by 42
The Brief Attachment Scale (BAS‐16): A short measure of infant attachment
Cadman, T., Belsky, J., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2018) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12599 · Cited by 20
“Concurrent validity was assessed by examining the associations with maternal sensitivity and measures of peer competence and behavioural problems (Belsky & Fearon, 2008; Fearon et al., 2010; Schneider, Atkinson, & Tardif, 2001; Wolff & Ijzendoorn, 1997).”
BackgroundSelf-citationState attachment variability across distressing situations in middle childhood
Verhees, M. W. F. T., Ceulemans, E., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Bosmans, G. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12394 · Cited by 19
Self-citationKhoury, J. E., Zona, K., Bertha, E., Choi-Kain, L., Hennighausen, K., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_408 · Cited by 19
Missler, M. A., Beijers, R., Denissen, J. J. A., & van Straten, A. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2348-y · Cited by 20
“Moreover, sensitivity has also been associated with increased social competence, resilience, regulatory capacities, and lower stress levels later in life [23, 25, 50, 52].”
BackgroundInfant behavioural effects of smartphone interrupted parent‐infant interaction
Tidemann, I., & Melinder, A. M. D. (2022) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12416 · Cited by 20
“Parental sensitivity (i.e., the contingent and attuned responsiveness to infant cues) is the strongest predictor of the parent– child relationship, secure attachment, and the associated long- term social, psychological and health outcomes (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundHolmberg, E., Kataja, E., Davis, E. P., Pajulo, M., Nolvi, S., Lahtela, H., Nordenswan, E., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Korja, R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279384 · Cited by 20
“Studies have shown that males could be more vulnerable to the harmful effects of low caregiving quality in relation to developmental outcomes, such as externalizing symptoms and self-regulation difficulties [31,32,34].”
BackgroundHaltigan, J. D., & Roisman, G. I. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21479 · Cited by 23
Self-citationPappa, I., Székely, E., Mileva‐Seitz, V. R., Luijk, M. P. C. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1037316 · Cited by 21
Self-citationChildren with traumatic brain injury: Associations between parenting and social adjustment
Root, A. E., Wimsatt, M. A., Rubin, K. H., Bigler, E. D., Dennis, M., Gerhardt, C. A., Stancin, T., Taylor, H. G., Vannatta, K. A., & Yeates, K. O. (2015) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2015.10.002 · Cited by 21
Infant–mother and infant–sibling attachment in Zambia
Mooya, H., Sichimba, F., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1235216 · Cited by 24
Self-citationBailey, H. N., Bernier, A., Bouvette–Turcot, A., Tarabulsy, G. M., Pederson, D. R., & Becker‐Stoll, F. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12220 · Cited by 19
New insight on intergenerational attachment from a relationship-based analysis
Bailey, H. N., Tarabulsy, G. M., Moran, G., Pederson, D. R., & Bento, S. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000098 · Cited by 25
Delker, B. C., Bernstein, R. E., & Laurent, H. K. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000621 · Cited by 22
Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources
Benedetto, L., & Ingrassia, M. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/63688 · Cited by 25
Vesterling, C., & Koglin, U. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109932 · Cited by 20
Social Networking Site Use: Implications for Health and Wellness
Wright, R. R., Evans, A. M., Schaeffer, C., Mullins, R., & Cast, L. (2021) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn26.2.165 · Cited by 25
Walter, I., Landers, S., Quehenberger, J., Carlson, E. A., & Brisch, K. H. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1582599 · Cited by 21
Hygen, B. W., Guzey, I. C., Belsky, J., Berg-Nielsen, T. S., & Wichstrøm, L. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000492 · Cited by 19
“Specifically, we adopt the view that the characteristics of the child may affect how disorganized attachment manifests itself (Fearon et al., 2010; Fearon & Belsky, 2011; Renken, Egeland, Marvinney, Mangelsdorf, & Sroufe, 1989), thus testing the notion that the child’s genotype may be important (Frigerio et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPaquette, D., Dubois-Comtois, K., Cyr, C., Lemelin, J.-P., Bacro, F., Couture, S., & Bigras, M. (2024) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2024.2338089 · Cited by 19
“…by Deneault et al. (2021) with 15 samples ( N = 1304) found a significant and moderate association ( d = .37) between attachment insecurity to fathers and externalizing behaviors, an effect size comparable to that found with attachment insecurity to mothers ( d = .31; see Fearon et al., 2010).”
ResultMentalization-Based Training Program for Child Care Workers in Residential Settings
Domon-Archambault, V., Terradas, M. M., Drieu, D., de Fleurian, A., Achim, J., Poulain, S., & Oulidi, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00269-x · Cited by 26
McLeod, B. A. (2021) · Corrections · doi:10.1080/23774657.2021.1874846 · Cited by 19
“, 1997) and externalizing (Fearon et al., 2010) behaviors among children.”
BackgroundBı́ró, S., Peltola, M. J., Huffmeijer, R., Alink, L. R. A., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100941 · Cited by 20
“Infants’ attachment quality predicts a wide variety of social skills later in life such as peer relations, behavioral problems, self-image, social competence, emotion regulation, coping and social attributions (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Sroufe et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarone, N., Mirabella, M., Innocenzi, E., Quintigliano, M., Antoniucci, C., Manzi, D., Fortunato, A., Giovanardi, G., Speranza, A. M., & Lingiardi, V. (2023) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2023.2292053 · Cited by 21
“In this vein, children who experience secure attachment relationships are more likely to develop adaptive socioemotional skills, form adult secure relationships, and demonstrate positive mental health outcomes (Fearon & Belsky, 2016; Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012, 2014).”
Vancraeyveldt, C., Verschueren, K., Craeyevelt, S. V., Wouters, S., & Colpin, H. (2013) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2013.860218 · Cited by 19
“According to attachment theory, developing a secure attachment bond with the primary caregivers is important to promote development and to prevent adjustment problems in general and EPB in particular (see meta-analysis by Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van Ijzendoorn, Lapsey, & Roisman, 2010).”
BackgroundPreschool ambivalent attachment associated with a lack of vagal withdrawal in response to stress
Paret, L., Bailey, H. N., Roche, J., Bureau, J., & Moran, G. (2014) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.967786 · Cited by 21
“Physiological profiles involving hypoarousal (see Raine, Venables, & Mednick, 1997) may mediate associations between attachment classification and externalizing problems (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundHazen, N. L., Allen, S., Christopher, C., Umemura, T., & Jacobvitz, D. B. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000893 · Cited by 19
Establishment and consolidation of the sleep-wake cycle as a function of attachment pattern
Pennestri, M., Moss, E., O’Donnell, K., Lecompte, V., Bouvette–Turcot, A., Atkinson, L. R., MINDE, K. K., Gruber, R., Fleming, A. S., Meaney, M. J., et al. (2014) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.953963 · Cited by 19
Mother–child emotion dialogues in families exposed to interparental violence
Visser, M. M., Overbeek, M. M. M., de Schipper, J. C., Schoemaker, K., Lamers-Winkelman, F., & Finkenauer, C. (2016) · Journal of Child Custody · doi:10.1080/15379418.2016.1153442 · Cited by 20
Observations of disorganized behaviour yield no magic wand: response to Shemmings
Granqvist, P. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1189994 · Cited by 21
Gedaly, L. R., & Leerkes, E. M. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1213306 · Cited by 20
Beijers, R., Riksen-Walraven, M., Sebesta, K., & de Weerth, C. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.008 · Cited by 19
Leerkes, E. M., Gedaly, L. R., Zhou, N., Calkins, S. D., Henrich, V. C., & Smolen, A. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1253759 · Cited by 19
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Waschbusch, D. A., Breaux, R., & Baweja, R. K. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.02.012 · Cited by 19
Attachment security differs by later autism spectrum disorder: A prospective study
Martin, K. B., Haltigan, J. D., Ekas, N. V., Prince, E. B., & Messinger, D. S. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12953 · Cited by 22
“To our knowledge there have been no assessments of attachment prior to an ASD diagnosis in infants at heighted risk for an ASD (Fearon et al., 2010; Naber, Swinkels, Buitelaar, Bakermans-Kranenburg, et al., 2007; Oppenheim, Koren-Karie, Dolev, & Yirmiya, 2009; Rozga et al., 2018; Teague et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialPerinatal maternal mental health and disorganised attachment: A critical systematic review
Flowers, A. G. D., McGillivray, J., Galbally, M., & Lewis, A. J. (2018) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12145 · Cited by 19
“…the association between childhood attachment and later psychopathology since 2010, with those based on observational measures of attachment, such as the SSP; finding the association between disorganised attachment and later psychopathology remains unclear (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAttachment representations in sexually abused preschoolers: a comparative study
Charest, F., Hébert, M., & Bernier, A. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1430838 · Cited by 19
“Indeed, empirical research has repeatedly shown that attachment security acts as a protective factor, whereas insecurity is linked to a host of negative outcomes (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Madigan, Brumariu, Villani, Atkison, & Lyons-Ruth, 2016).”
BackgroundAttachment disorder and attachment theory – Two sides of one medal or two different coins?
Schröder, M., Lüdtke, J., Fux, E., İzat, Y., Bolten, M. I., Gloger-Tippelt, G., Suess, G. J., & Schmid, M. (2019) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152139 · Cited by 19
Callous–Unemotional Traits and Disorganized Attachment: Links with Disruptive Behaviors in Toddlers
Kohlhoff, J. R., Mahmood, D., Kimonis, E. R., Hawes, D. J., Morgan, S., Egan, R., Niec, L. N., & Eapen, V. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00951-z · Cited by 20
Lima, L., & Behlau, M. (2020) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.12.025 · Cited by 19
Tupper, R., Bureau, J., Deneault, A., Dixon‐Luinenburg, T., & St‐Laurent, D. (2020) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21854 · Cited by 20
Attachment and Parental Practices as Predictors of Behavioral Disorders in Boys and Girls
Nunes, S. A. N., Faraco, A. M. X., & Vieira, M. L. (2013) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-43272356201311 · Cited by 19
The role of mental health in primary prevention of sexual and gender-based violence
Gevers, A., & Dartnall, E. (2014) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v7.24741 · Cited by 19
“Further, these behavioural problems persist and can worsen if the child is living in high-risk social contexts (45, 46).”
BackgroundAnorexia Nervosa and EMDR: A Clinical Case
Zaccagnino, M., Cussino, M., Callerame, C., Civilotti, C., & Fernández, I. (2017) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.11.1.43 · Cited by 23
Schoemaker, N. K., Jagersma, G., Stoltenborgh, M., Maras, A., Vermeer, H. J., Juffer, F., & Alink, L. R. A. (2018) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-018-0246-z · Cited by 19
Demers, L. A., Handley, E., Hunt, R. H., Rogosch, F., Toth, S., Thomas, K., & Cicchetti, D. (2019) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519847770 · Cited by 15
A Meta‐Analytic Review of Personality and Teacher–Student Relationships
Mammadov, S., & Avci, A. H. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12986 · Cited by 37
Kleine, I., Falconer, S., Roth, S., Counsell, S. J., Redshaw, M., Kennea, N., Edwards, A. D., & Nosarti, C. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.010 · Cited by 19
Physiological Factors Linking Insecure Attachment to Psychopathology: A Systematic Review
Tironi, M., Mora, S. C., Cavanna, D., Borelli, J. L., & Bizzi, F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111477 · Cited by 27
Vedova, A. M. D., Santoniccolo, F., Sechi, C., & Trombetta, T. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054253 · Cited by 20
Madigan, S. L., Voci, S. C., & Benoit, D. (2011) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2011.562410 · Cited by 21
Parental monitoring in late adolescence: Relations to ADHD symptoms and longitudinal predictors
Salari, R., & Thorell, L. B. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.01.002 · Cited by 18
Madigan, S. L., Eirich, R., Racine, N. M., Borland‐Kerr, C., Cooke, J. E., Devereux, C., Plamondon, A. R., Tarabulsy, G. M., Cyr, C. P., Haltigan, J. D., et al. (2020) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21898 · Cited by 24
Fransson, M., Granqvist, P., Bohlin, G., & Hageküll, B. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.754985 · Cited by 22
Attachment and Socioemotional Problems in Middle Childhood
Moss, E., & Lecompte, V. (2015) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20095 · Cited by 18
“However, some studies show that insecure attachment is more strongly associated with externalizing problems (Fearon et al., 2010) and internalizing problems (Bar-Haim et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialParental Relationship Churning and Adolescent Well‐Being: Examining Instability Within Families
Turney, K., & Halpern‐Meekin, S. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12665 · Cited by 18
A systematic review of interventions to ameliorate the impact of adversity on brain development
McDermott, C. L., Norton, E. S., & Mackey, A. P. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105391 · Cited by 18
Aventin, Á., Houston, S., & Macdonald, G. M. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.10.012 · Cited by 17
Continuous measurement of attachment behavior: A multimodal view of the strange situation procedure
Prince, E. B., Ciptadi, A., Tao, Y., et al. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101565 · Cited by 17
Is middle childhood attachment related to social functioning in young adulthood?
Fransson, M., Granqvist, P., Marciszko, C., Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12276 · Cited by 17
Santis, S. D., Falgares, G., & Kopala‐Sibley, D. C. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00174-4 · Cited by 17
Intervening Early: Socioemotional Interventions Targeting the Parent–Infant Relationship
Dozier, M., & Bernard, K. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-043254 · Cited by 17
Socioeconomic status, family-related variables, and caregiver–adolescent attachment
Rawatlal, N., Pillay, B. J., & Kliewer, W. L. (2015) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246315588906 · Cited by 16
Affective enhancement of working memory is maintained in depression.
Schweizer, S., Navrady, L. B., Breakwell, L., Howard, R. M., Golden, A.-M. J., Werner‐Seidler, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000306 · Cited by 17
Paternal history of depression or anxiety disorder and infant–father attachment
Lucassen, N., Tharner, A., Prinzie, P., Verhulst, F. C., Jongerling, J., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2070 · Cited by 16
Self-citationThe Gender Achievement Gap: Do Teacher–Student Relationships Matter?
Goldie, P. D., & O’Connor, E. E. (2021) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn26.2.139 · Cited by 19
Parenting matters: Family science in the genomic era
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2010) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620903392424 · Cited by 16
Self-citationPaschall, K. W., Gonzalez, H., Mortensen, J. A., Barnett, M. A., & Mastergeorge, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2015.04.009 · Cited by 16
Steele, H., Perez, A., Segal, F., & Steele, M. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-16201 · Cited by 16
“Still, these two primary relationships, deeply embedded in the inner world, carry immediate and long lasting influences on functioning in the outer world with others (e.g., Fearon et al., 2010; Gross-mann et al., 2002; Sroufe, 2005; Steele & Steele, 2005a).”
Hiraoka, D., & Nomura, M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.005 · Cited by 16
Halfon, S., Coşkun-Toker, A., Bekar, Ö., & Steele, H. (2020) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2020.1771531 · Cited by 19
Parental mentalization and children’s externalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Nieto-Retuerto, M., de Cádiz, B. T. G., & Alonso‐Arbiol, I. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001391 · Cited by 22
Annual Research Review: Early conduct problems – precursors, outcomes, and etiology
Hyde, L. W., Trentacosta, C. J., & Bezek, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70031 · Cited by 20
Valades, J., Murray, L., Bozicevic, L., Pascalis, L. D., Barindelli, F., Meglioli, A., & Cooper, P. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21917 · Cited by 15
Maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems: Attachment security as a protective factor
Whittenburg, P. N., Stern, J. A., Brett, B. E., Straske, M. D., & Cassidy, J. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001802 · Cited by 24
“Contrary to previous research (e.g., Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012), however, we found no main effect of attachment on child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems.”
ResultRubeis, J. D., Sütterlin, S., Lange, D., Pawelzik, M. R., van Randenborgh, A., Victor, D., & Vögele, C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150375 · Cited by 17
“In other words, the attachment relationship between child and caregiver gives rise to emotion regulation strategies, that can later develop to become risk factors for psychopathology [53; 58]).”
BackgroundResultReforming Australian Early Childhood Education and Care Provision (2009–2015)
Tayler, C. (2016) · Australasian Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/183693911604100205 · Cited by 20
Sirois, M., & Bernier, A. (2018) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2018.1465305 · Cited by 15
“…effect size for the association between insecure attachment and internalizing behavior (d = 0.37; 60 studies including 5,236 families) and Fearon et al. (2010) found a similar size of association between insecurity and externalizing behavior (d = 0.31; 69 studies including 5,947…”
BackgroundInfluentialValidating the Supervision Partnership as a Phase of Attachment
Koehn, A. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2021) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316211036753 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A.-M., & Roisman, G. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading
- University of Leiden
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Roisman, Glenn I
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-03-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 435-456
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2114691966
- Cited by
- 1,326
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- insecure attachment, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, attachment security, attachment avoidance, Strange Situation Procedure, child mental health, sex differences, clinical samples
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aggression, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Reactive Attachment Disorder
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