The DOI matches its Crossref record; 158 of the 158 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 13 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children’s Externalizing Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analysis examined whether insecure and disorganized attachments increase risk for externalizing problems in children.
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Claims the paper makes
152 Own result · 17 Own interpretation · 8 Own method · 5 No basis given · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plainn = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Its combined effect size of d = 0.58 was therefore an adequate estimate of the average effect, which amounted to a quite strong association between attachment security and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When externalizing behavior was observed directly (7 studies) or was indexed by a clinical diagnosis (6 studies) the combined effect sizes were larger than in cases where a parent or teacher rated the level of externalizing behaviors.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 35 studies involving N = 3568 participants the insecure-resistant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications.In this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was not significant, d = 0.11 (see Table 4), and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remarkably, in the samples with females only the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behaviors was significantly different from the samples with only boys or with mixed gender,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably though, the effect of age was not significant within the SSP, AQS or Cassidy and Marvin studies, suggesting that age and attachment measure were confounded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the moderator analyses on this sub-set converged with the analyses on the total set of studies for avoidance”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the effects represent an average across a potentially large number of moderating relationships that could amplify or attenuate the association between attachment and externalizing problems (e.g.Belsky & Fearon, 2002;NICHD ECCRN, 2006).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky & Fearon, 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) show that contextual risk moderated the relationship between attachment and behavior problems: attachment-group differences appeared at some risk levels but not others. This supports the possibility that an overall association can mask moderation. The paper examines contextual risk as a moderator, however, and does not establish a potentially large number of moderating relationships; it also measures total behavior problems rather than externalizing problems specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites NICHD ECCRN, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is notable that Belsky and Fearon's (2002) analysis of the NICHD data at age 1-3 years suggested that the effects of attachment tended to persist primarily when there was continuity in the quality of maternal care.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky and Fearon's (2002) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that attachment security at 15 months predicted some developmental outcomes at 3 years in the NICHD data. But the analysis examines cumulative contextual risk, not whether attachment effects persisted primarily when the quality of maternal care remained consistent; that condition is unsupported by our copy. Page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fail-safe number amounted to k = 407 which was above the Rosenthal criterion,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, eight studies had to be trimmed and filled, with a re-computed significant combined effect size of d = 0.18 (95% CI 0.01, 0.34).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From sixty-nine samples (N= 5947), the association between insecurity and externalizing problems was significant, d = 0.31 (95% CI 0.23, 0.40).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In this overall set we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.31 (see Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Children rated as insecure showed higher levels of externalizing behaviors than children rated as secure.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical status, SES, or type of assessment (for both SSP and externalizing behavior) did not appear to moderate the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
hedgedn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the set of 24 SSP studies with N = 3161 participants we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.27 which was similar to the effect size computed for the total set.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,161- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, studies conducted with the AQS showed the largest effect sizes (d = 0.70), whereas studies using the SSP yielded the lowest combined effect size (d = 0.18), though this latter effect was nevertheless significant.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This moderator effect was not dependent on gender differences as only two of the clinical samples consisted of boys only (Greenberg et al., 1991;Speltz et al., 1999).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
What the sources say
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies including N = 3778 participants a significant combined effect size of d = 0.34 (see Table 5) was found for the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies involving N = 3675 participants the insecure-avoidant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications, and in this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was only d = 0.12, which was significant but small in magnitude (see Table 3).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% CIs did overlap for each of these comparisons, indicating that study outcomes with externalizing behavior or with aggression did not result in significantly different effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given the centrality of this issue and the cogent arguments made by several authors on this subject (e.g.Sameroff, 2000;Sroufe et al., 2005), it is unfortunate that few studies have attempted to address this.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sameroff, 2000 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sroufe et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The set of studies on girls was homogeneous; therefore the absence of a significant association was not due to one or a few outlying outcomes in the lower range.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is highly noteworthy that few if any of the studies reviewed in this paper directly addressed questions of mechanism.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and while the confidence intervals for these effects overlapped, disorganized children demonstrated numerically larger effects than the other insecure categories.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for disorganized versus secure attachment the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.13, 0.41).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all three comparisons, the 85% confidence intervals overlapped, implying that the effects of the various types of insecurity showed similar associations with externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When only studies that provided direct pairwise comparisons between groups were considered, secure children scored lower on measures of externalizing problems than disorganized (d = 0.27), avoidant (d = 0.12) and resistant (d = 0.19) children;”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% confidence intervals of the combined effect sizes for attachment security and disorganization did not overlap with the 85% confidence interval of the combined effect size for avoidance, but for the other comparisons the 85% confidence intervals overlapped.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, age was not a significant regressor within the SSP studies or within the non-SSP studies, so a substantial portion of the overall effect came exclusively from the difference between the SSP studies on the one hand and the other assessment types on the other.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect for resistance did not differ from any of the other contrasts, in part because this effect showed marked heterogeneity.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For resistant versus secure attachment it was d = 0.19 (p < .01;85% CI 0.11, 0.28),”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the association between attachment security and externalizing the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.15, 0.39).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the AQS evidenced the strongest effect sizes by some margin (d = 0.70), the meta-regression of age on effect size remained significant even when the AQS was removed from the analysis.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined effect found in this analysis gains even greater significance in light of the fact that a majority of the studies included in the analysis were longitudinal investigations, where independent and dependent variables were measured often several years apart (with an intervening period of 25 months on average).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly speaking, the SSP produced smaller effect sizes than the other attachment assessments and the AQS produced comparatively larger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in the larger set of studies, resistant attachment was not significantly associated with externalizing problems and showed an effect size numerically similar to that for avoidance.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Related to this, few studies have directly considered the possibility that certain parenting characteristics may be common determinants of both attachment insecurity and externalizing behavior problems.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No outliers (standardized Z-values smaller than -3.29 or larger than 3.29; Tabachnik & Fidell, 2001) were found for study effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The agreement between the coders across the moderator variables was 97% (correlations between continuous moderators were > .95).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The question of whether attachment insecurity plays a causal role in the development of externalizing psychopathology is a vital one for the field, but there is clearly little case for causality if there is no association.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess intercoder reliability, twenty randomly selected studies were coded by two coders.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This important conceptual heuristic is thought of as a set of organized cognitive-affective psychological structures that organize thinking, feeling and behavior vis-à-vis the attachment figure as a potential haven of safety and comfort in times of stress (Bretherton, 1995;Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bretherton, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Secure children, it is maintained, have had repeated experiences of a caregiver who is responsive when support and proximity are needed and expect the caregiver(s) to be available and comforting when called upon.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kobak, Cassidy, Lyons Ruth, & Ziv, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The claim that early attachment has enduring-rather than merely transient-effects on development requires that the magnitude of such associations are not reduced to nil over time.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We systematically searched the electronic databases PsychInfo, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Art & Humanities Citation Index”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the effects are uncorrected for the influence of relevant third variables.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while it was clear that security assessed by the AQS was rather more strongly associated with behavior problems than that derived from the SSP, later assessments of attachment beyond the SSP also appeared to yield stronger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the effects reported in this meta-analysis reflect statistical association, not causation and-although they provide evidence relevant to efforts to determine causality and its mechanisms-alone they are mute on this issue.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the face of it, these robust findings lend direct support to the notion that attachment plays a significant role in the evolution of children's behavior problems, for typically developing children as well as for clinical groups.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boosteddirectn = 6,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the mixed samples, constituting the large majority of the studies, showed equally strong effect sizes as those with only boys, suggesting that the association between attachment and externalizing cannot be ascribed to boys only.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that these effect sizes do not reflect the outcomes of the same set of studies so direct comparisons are difficult.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
“Where the gender composition of the sample was not precisely reported we assumed a 50% split.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
When socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded.
“Furthermore, when socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded (this occurred in 5 cases).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Fixed effects models assume that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from subject-level sampling error.
“Fixed effects models are based on the assumption that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from the chance factors associated with subject-level sampling error in that study (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001;Rosenthal, 1991).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The trim-and-fill method assumes that funnel plots are symmetric only if no data censoring is present.
“The plots should only be shaped like a funnel if no data censoring is present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SSP is the gold standard for measuring attachment security.
“Because the SSP is considered to be the gold standard for measuring attachment security”
The paper relies on this without support.
SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months.
“Because the SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Notably, attachment assessments are among the best validated assessments of early risk in developmental science.”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and exhibit the highest levels of teacher-reported disruptive and internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses have shown that, in general, children with insecure and disorganized attachment have greater risk for concurrent and later internalizing and externalizing difficulties (Fearon et al. 2010, Groh et al. 2012) and psychiatric disorders in adulthood (Raby et al. 2018).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In a meta-analysis, Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman (2010) reported that externalizing problems were linked with insecure patterns in infancy and early childhood, including disorganized patterns, with weaker effects for avoidance and resistance.”
From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Second, there are numerous studies implicating insecure and especially disorganized attachment in the development of child psychopathology (see DeKlyen and Greenberg; 25 Fearon et al.; 26 Guttman-Steinmetz and Crowell 27 for reviews).”
From Recovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology (2012) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“infant attachment disorganization has been meta-analytically associated with serious family risk factors, including poverty, maternal psychiatric disorder, and maltreatment, as well as later externalizing behavior problems (2, 3).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“with meta-analyses indicating that insecure and particularly disorganized attachment relationships in infancy predict internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood (2–5).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“For human infants, the most widely validated paradigm for direct observation of the quality of the mother-infant attachment relationship is the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) (2, 3, 54).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Supporting large scale studies and meta-analyses have confirmed their relation to concurrent risk factors in infancy and their predictive value for behavior problems in childhood (2–4, 54, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In addition, these studies have consistently pointed to disorganized attachments as the forms of insecure attachment that carry the greatest risk for later psychopathology (2–4, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Disorganized/disoriented, punitive, and caregiving forms of disorganized attachment have been reliably described from infancy through age eight”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“and are associated with parental risk factors and maladaptive internalizing and externalizing behavior problems”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Controlling-punitive children are at greater risk for externalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“and controlling-caregiving children at greater risk for internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that if children and caregivers fail to develop a secure attachment, children are more prone to develop mental and behavioural deficits, like externalizing behaviour problems 63”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Also, in a more recent meta-analysis it was found that attachment insecurity was significantly linked with externalizing behaviors in 69 studies (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“Insecure attachment was more strongly linked to externalizing behavior in samples with boys than in samples with girls (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with findings of the meta-analysis by Fearon et al. (2010) showing that the relation between attachment and externalizing behavior problems was moderated by the type of attachment measure.”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“In a recent meta-analysis, Fearon and colleagues (2010) found that disorganized attachment placed children at elevated risk for externalizing problems (d = .34), relative to children with insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant classifications (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010).”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Disorganized attachment is particularly important because it is associated with problematic long-term outcomes.”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“In its absence, neurodevelopment may be undermined, making that person more vulnerable to further environmental insults and subsequent development of both internalizing [36] and externalizing [37] behavioral problems, including anxiety, depression, substance misuse, maladaptive eating patterns, sexual risk behavior, and suicidality.”
From Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care? (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Parental sensitivity is important for a range of child outcomes, including the formation of a secure attachment relationship between infants and their parents, social competence, regulatory capacities, and lower stress levels (e.g. [22–28]).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
“No significant moderators were found in this set (see Table 5 for those contrasts that could be tested).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| gender | | | | | | 10.99¹ | <.01 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
“b) stronger effects would be found in low SES samples than high SES samples”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“socio-economic status (with low risk samples anticipated to yield larger effects)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“As this would not allow a meaningful comparison of effect sizes between mother and father attachment, this study was excluded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| Aviezer et al., 2002 | | SSP | CBCL | 63 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“69 independent samples that could be included in our meta-analyses, with sample sizes ranging from 26 to 1075”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| | Low risk subsample | SSP | Obs | 16 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| clinical | 4 | 344 0.26* | 0.03, 0.38 | 1.55 | | | |”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
Reported 0.26 · recomputed 0.205
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“across high and low SES samples (d = 0.25 vs. d = 0.31, respectively).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| low | 14 1801 0.25** | 0.15, 0.35 | 15.49 | | | | | | middle/high | 55 4146 0.31** | 0.21, 0.41 | 119.69** | | | | |”
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
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Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
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Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1276 · Cited by 6,177
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Bates, 1985, Growing points in attachment theory and research, 167
- Belsky, 1988, Clinical implications of attachment
- Borenstein, 2005, Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis [Computer software]
- Bowlby, 1944, Fourty-four juvenile theives: Their characters and home life, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 25, 19
- Bretherton, 1995, 4th Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology on “Emotion, Cognition, and Representation”, 231
- Cassidy, 1994, The development of attachment regulation, 228
- Cassidy, 1989, Attachment organization in three and four year olds: Coding guidelines
- Freud, 1908, Ueber infantile Sexualtheorien
- Goldberg, 1997, Attachment and psychopathology, 171
- James, 1890, Principles of psychology
- Kobak, 2005, Developmental psychopathology, Vol. I: Theory and method, 333
- Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development, 121
- Mullen, 1985, BASIC meta-analysis
- Perez Corres, 2006, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Sroufe, 1983, Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaption and competence
- Van IJzendoorn, 1992, Beyond the parent: The role of other adults in children’s lives, 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,319
Ortelbach, N., Bovenschen, I., Gerlach, J., Peter, C., & Scheithauer, H. (2022) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-220336 · Cited by 9
Hillman, S., Lajmi, N., Steele, M., Hodges, J., Simmonds, J., & Kaniuk, J. (2023) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10926755.2023.2194296 · Cited by 6
“Several studies have proposed a negative relationship between attachment security and externalizing behaviors (Fearon et al., 2010), delinquency (Hoeve et al., 2012) and internalizing behaviors (Madigan et al., 2013).”
Nivison, M. D., Caldo, P. D., Magro, S. W., Raby, K. L., Groh, A. M., Vandell, D. L., Booth‐LaForce, C., Fraley, R. C., Carlson, E. A., Simpson, J. A., et al. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001487 · Cited by 6
“Although meta-analytic work (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012, 2014) has been informative about the significance of infant attachment (in)security for socioemotional adjustment, this work is limited by the small sample sizes of studies included in these meta-analyses, evidence of publication…”
InfluentialSelf-citationInteracción madre-niño: fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema observacional CITMI-R
Alvarenga, P., & Cerezo, M. Á. (2013) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 9
Stöger‐Schmidinger, B., Aichhorn, W., Schöller, H. J., Aas, B., & Schiepek, G. K. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-322 · Cited by 7
Appel, F. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-356 · Cited by 6
Kolijn, L., Euser, S., van den Bulk, B. G., Huffmeijer, R., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2017) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-017-0177-0 · Cited by 10
Self-citationEdginton, E., Walwyn, R. E. A., Twiddy, M., Wright-Hughes, A. M., Tubeuf, S., Reed, S., Smith, A., Stubbs, L., Birtwistle, J. C., Abraham, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2018.1532433 · Cited by 6
Houtepen, J. A. B. M., Sijtsema, J. J., van der Lem, R., Hooydonk, I. C. J. V., & Bogaerts, S. (2019) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.02.008 · Cited by 9
Bisaillon, C., Richard-Fortier, Z., & Navarro, J. (2019) · Devenir · doi:10.3917/dev.191.0055 · Cited by 6
McCormick, E. M., McElwain, N. L., & Telzer, E. H. (2019) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.06.010 · Cited by 10
“This bias of information processing and implementation could serve as a hypothesized mechanism underlying heightened risk-taking and antisocial behavior in insecurely attached individuals (Cooper et al., 1998; Burgess et al., 2003; Fearon et al., 2010), and would posit that these individuals both over-weight the poten…”
BackgroundInfluentialTownshend, K., & Caltabiano, N. J. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0313-0 · Cited by 7
Attachment and the Transition to Parenthood
Rholes, W. S., & Paetzold, R. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24864-2_17 · Cited by 6
Infant Attachment (to Mother and Father) and Its Place in Human Development
Dagan, O., & Sagi‐Schwartz, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.025 · Cited by 6
Understanding and Evaluating the Moral World in Infancy
Hamlin, J. K., & Sitch, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.028 · Cited by 6
Infant Object Manipulation and Play
Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., & Lockman, J. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.019 · Cited by 8
Zimmermann, J., Németh, S., & Kindler, H. (2021) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2021.70.3.239 · Cited by 6
Rooksby, M., Folco, S. D., Tayarani, M., Vo, D.-B., Huan, R., Vinciarelli, A., Brewster, S. A., & Minnis, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240277 · Cited by 5
“Observing young children with their parents in SSP and in clinic waiting rooms, and observing doll behaviour in the doll-play MCAST or on the computer screen, secure attachment seemed to be characterised by smooth and fairly rapid movement to reduce the distance between child and mummy (doll).”
MethodInfluentialRasmussen, P. D., Elmose, M., Lien, G., Musaeus, A., Kirubakaran, R., Ribeiro, J. P., & Storebø, O. J. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2021.1969428 · Cited by 6
“Insecure and disorganized attachment was found to be significantly associated with externalizing problems in a metaanalytic study including 5947 individuals from 69 samples [43].”
BackgroundInterpersonal trust in adolescents with psychiatric disorders and borderline pathology
Graves, M., Penner, F., & Sharp, C. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2021-020 · Cited by 6
“It may also be due to insecure attachment styles and more difficult relationships with parents that have been associated with psychopathology during childhood and adolescence (62,63).”
BackgroundBywater, T. J., Dunn, A., Endacott, C., Smith, K., Tiffin, P. A., Blower, S., & Price, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804885 · Cited by 4
Gibbons, A., Stratford, R., & White, E. J. (2016) · Policy and pedagogy with under-three year olds · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2275-3_3 · Cited by 6
Chinnery, S.-A. (2016) · Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work · doi:10.11157/anzswj-vol28iss3id216 · Cited by 6
Does the evidence support parent-infant psychotherapy?
Lumsden, V. (2017) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.117.017244 · Cited by 6
Pentima, L. D., Toni, A., & Attili, G. (2019) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2019-002003 · Cited by 6
Mother–infant cultural group selection
Chisholm, J. S., Coall, D. A., & Atkinson, L. R. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x15000084 · Cited by 6
Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., Nilsen, W., & Manly, J. T. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119095699.ch15 · Cited by 6
Kong, Y., Su, Z., Wang, R., Tan, J., Zhong, Y., Ai, M., Wang, W., Hong, S., Zhang, Q., & Kuang, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1555120 · Cited by 6
Meier, S. A., & Zimmermann, P. (2018) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2018.67.6.510 · Cited by 5
MatinKhah, F., Amiri, S., Mazaheri, M. A., & Ghanbari, S. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1590350 · Cited by 5
Therriault, D., Lemelin, J., Toupin, J., Déry, M., & Paquette, D. (2019) · Enfance · doi:10.3917/enf2.194.0507 · Cited by 5
Fernández, X. (2022) · Clínica Contemporánea · doi:10.5093/cc2022a3 · Cited by 5
Wilkinson, S., Evans, S., & DeJong, M. (2022) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2022-323986 · Cited by 5
High rate of insecure attachment patterns in preterm infants at early school age
Mehler, K., Heine, E., Kribs, A., Schömig, C., Reimann, L., Nonhoff, C., & Kißgen, R. (2023) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16700 · Cited by 5
Akhtar, N., Francis, L. J., McKenna, U., & Hasan, S. S. (2023) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2022.2162030 · Cited by 6
“…differences in attachment, including studies that focus on: achievement motivation (Bal & Barušs, 2011), aggression and externalising behaviours (Fearon et al., 2010), college adjustment (Hinder-lie & Kenny, 2002), depressive symptoms (Kenny & Sirin, 2006), eating disorders (Jewell et al.,…”
Guyon‐Harris, K. L., Rosas, J. M., Dolcini-Catania, L. G., Mendelsohn, A. L., Morris, P., Gill, A. M., & Shaw, D. S. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02484-x · Cited by 5
“Such parenting behaviors are essential for promoting optimal child development (Fearon et al., 2010; Feldman, 2012; Groh et al., 2012; King et al., 2019; van IJzendoorn et al., 1995).”
BackgroundBarnes, J., & Theule, J. (2023) · Refuge Canada s Journal on Refuge · doi:10.25071/1920-7336.41085 · Cited by 5
“Attachment theory suggests that anxiety and depression can develop from children’s uncertainty about the availability of their caregiver and their ability to respond to their attachment needs (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundNie, J., Wang, J., Yin, L., Wang, W., Zhang, G., & Wang, P. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107878 · Cited by 8
Trauma Exposures and Mental Health Outcomes Among Sheltered Children and Youth Ages 6–18
Cowan, B. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8718-0_3 · Cited by 6
Zotova, O. Y. (2015) · Journal of Siberian Federal University Humanities & Social Sciences · doi:10.17516/1997-1370-2015-8-9-1816-1833 · Cited by 5
Fischer-Roßbach, R. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-357 · Cited by 5
Preadolescents’ psychosocial functioning: The role of personality and attachment style
Kokkinos, C. M., Kipritsi, E., & Markos, A. (2016) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2016.11.001 · Cited by 7
Ruiz, S. K., Harris, S. J., Martinez, P. E., Gold, P. M., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.034 · Cited by 5
Gee, K. A. (2019) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402919870830 · Cited by 5
Penner, F., Vanwoerden, S., Borelli, J. L., & Sharp, C. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00589-4 · Cited by 5
“…have shown that secure attachments are associated with healthier psychosocial functioning, whereas insecure attachments are associated with internalizing problems (Groh et al. 2012) and both insecure and disorganized attachment are associated with externalizing problems (Fearon et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialStacks, A. M., Wong, K., Barron, C. C., & Ryznar, T. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104332 · Cited by 5
Losier, V., Cyr, C. P., & Dubois‐Comtois, K. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101138 · Cited by 6
Infant Vocal Learning and Speech Production
Warlaumont, A. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.022 · Cited by 10
Somers, J. A., & Luecken, L. J. (2020) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2020.1809955 · Cited by 7
“Disorganized attachment is a risk factor for behavior problems, especially aggressive and externalizing conditions (e.g., Fearon et al., 2010; Lyons-Ruth, Easterbrooks, & Cibelli, 1997; Van IJzendoorn et al., 1999) and psychopathology in adolescence (e.g., Carlson, 1998).”
BackgroundBorelli, J. L., Russo, L. N., Arreola, J., Cervantes, B. R., Hecht, H. K., Leal, F., Montiel, G. I., Paredes, P., & Guerra, N. G. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22535 · Cited by 7
İşcanoğlu, Z., & Uçanok, Z. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1976446 · Cited by 5
“It is also known that disorganized children are at the greatest risk of exhibiting problematic behaviors in later years compared to the children classified into the three organized attachment categories (for meta-analyses, see Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2017).”
Leblanc, É., Dégeilh, F., Beauchamp, M. H., & Bernier, A. (2022) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-022-00987-0 · Cited by 5
Attachment state of mind and trauma in mother and baby home adoptees
Dalton, N., McLaughlin, M., & Cassidy, T. (2022) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/03085759221080211 · Cited by 5
Psychopathology as a Cause or Consequence of Youth Gang Involvement
Kerig, P. K., Mendez, L., Alexander, A. R., & Chen, S. E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618158.013.10 · Cited by 5
Video feedback for improving parental sensitivity and attachment
O’Hara, L., Barlow, J., Livingstone, N., & Macdonald, G. M. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012348 · Cited by 6
Support from the Start: effective programmes from birth to two years
Sutton, C., Murray, L., & Glover, V. A. S. (2012) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/17466661211213643 · Cited by 5
Girard, M.-E., Lemelin, J., Provost, M. A., et al. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0026696 · Cited by 5
Juffer, F., Finet, C., Vermeer, H. J., & van den Dries, L. (2015) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2015.64.10.774 · Cited by 5
Ditmar, M. F. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06561-0.00002-1 · Cited by 7
Bolten, M. I. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-57369-3_4 · Cited by 5
Turning Points in the Assessment and Clinical Applications of Individual Differences in Attachment
Crittenden, P. M., Spieker, S. J., & Farnfield, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0271 · Cited by 6
Lin, S.-Y., Lam, C. B., & Chung, K. K. H. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254231223520 · Cited by 4
“In contrast, parent−child relationships characterized by conflict and hostility elicit feelings of insecurity and induce withdrawal responses among children, which impede their exploration and development (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundEirich, R., Pador, P., Watt, J., Racine, N. M., Lyons‐Ruth, K., & Madigan, S. L. (2024) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22115 · Cited by 4
Parenting toddlers: Evidences of parental needs from South India
Holla, C., Thomas, B., & Kishore, M. T. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231188032 · Cited by 4
“While authoritative parenting is being associated with healthy child outcomes (Baumrind, 1989), intrusive or disengaged parental interaction is associated with insecure attachment (Fearon et al., 2010; Mortensen & Barnett, 2019).”
BackgroundAugustin, M., Mall, V., & Licata‐Dandel, M. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14060104 · Cited by 5
“While the role of attachment in infancy with regard to child development has been investigated in depth (e.g., [32–34]), child attachment beyond infancy has received far less attention.”
BackgroundRosa, V. L. L., & Commodari, E. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14080148 · Cited by 6
Kanwar, P. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241226684 · Cited by 5
“They lack trust in their relationship with their parents or signi fi cant others and fear that their parents will not be available to them in times of need, thus suffering from emotional distress (Brumariu & Kerns, 2010; Fearon et al., 2010; Kobak et al., 2006).”
Fanti, K. A., Demetriou, C. A., Petridou, M., Mavrommatis, I., Sikki, M., & Kimonis, E. R. (2024) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2024.2317384 · Cited by 4
“Meta-analytic findings support that a healthy and secure attachment style can lead to lower behavioural and emotional problems (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundKinder aus sozial benachteiligten Familien
Eckstein‐Madry, T., & Ahnert, L. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-304 · Cited by 4
Neuville, V., Puentes‐Neuman, G., & Terradas, M. M. (2017) · La psychiatrie de l enfant · doi:10.3917/psye.602.0417 · Cited by 4
Multisystemic Therapy in families of adopted young people referred for antisocial behaviour problems
Harrison-Stewart, B., Fox, S., & Millar, H. (2018) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575918773988 · Cited by 4
John Bowlby and contemporary issues of clinical diagnosis
Barnes, G. L., Woolgar, M., Beckwith, H., & Duschinsky, R. (2018) · Attachment New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis · doi:10.33212/att.v12n1.2018.35 · Cited by 5
“Disorganised attachment has been linked to later externalising symptoms (Fearon et al., 2010), and on this basis Lyons-Ruth and Jacobvitz (2016) have argued that the disorganised attachment classification should be revalidated for diagnostic use as a measure of later psychopathology.”
BackgroundTo What Extent Is the Thrive Intervention Grounded in Research and Theory?
Gibby-Leversuch, R., Field, J., & Cooke, T. J. (2019) · UEL Research Repository (University of East London) · doi:10.15123/uel.8873x · Cited by 4
The Development of Infant Feeding
Mennella, J. A., Forestell, C. A., Ventura, A. K., & Fisher, J. O. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.010 · Cited by 7
Fischmann, T., Asseburg, L., Green, J., Hug, F., Neubert, V., Wan, M. W., & Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.599477 · Cited by 4
Warmuth, K. A., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01158-x · Cited by 4
Lynch, S. F., Bedford, R., Propper, C. B., & Wagner, N. J. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00860-7 · Cited by 4
“Distributions of attachment insecurity were consistent with reports from other community samples (Fearon et al., 2010), but the current sample size limited the ability to test associations among sub classifications of insecurity (e.”
ResultPerceived Rejection in Personality Psychopathology: The Role of Attachment and Gender
Priebe, K., Sorem, E. B., & Anderson, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09961-z · Cited by 6
Bird, P. K., Hindson, Z., Dunn, A., de Chavez, A. C., Dickerson, J., Howes, J., & Bywater, T. J. (2023) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17551.2 · Cited by 4
Do children’s family drawings reflect adaptation in early years of elementary school?
Goldner, L., & Scharf, M. (2023) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2023.102084 · Cited by 4
Payot, M., Monseur, C., & Stiévenart, M. (2023) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2023.2258604 · Cited by 5
“…security is considered a protective factor for child development (Cooke et al., 2019), while attachment insecurity, particularly disorganization, is a significant risk factor for psychopathology, including externalizing and inter-nalizing behaviors (Fearon et al., 2010; Madigan et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWie prüfe ich, ob es systemisch war?
Hilzinger, R., Schweitzer, J., & Hunger‐Schoppe, C. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-334 · Cited by 5
Verhees, M. W. F. T., Ceulemans, E., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Winter, S. D., & Bosmans, G. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2077-2 · Cited by 4
Self-citationParent Training Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Aggressive Behavioral Problems
Muratori, P., Levantini, V., Manfredi, A., Ruglioni, L., & Lambruschi, F. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.73541 · Cited by 4
Sims‐Schouten, W., & Barton, S. (2019) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.1177/1360780419870808 · Cited by 4
“Bowlby’s (2005) attachment research has been of significant influence in exploring social-emotional development in children, with subsequent studies and meta-analytic reviews (Fearon et al., 2010) showing links between the child’s early relationships and future maladaptive and adaptive developmental outcomes.”
BackgroundResultMothers Affiliated with a Positive Parenting Program Report Rearing their Children Differently
Smith, M. M., & Holden, G. W. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01653-9 · Cited by 5
Mitsven, S. G., Messinger, D. S., Moffitt, J., & Ahn, Y. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.027 · Cited by 6
Case Complexity and Resistance to Change in the Treatment of Child Conduct Problems
Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108682053.011 · Cited by 4
Twinship as a protective factor against behavioural and emotional problems at preschool age
Tirkkonen, T. T., Joskitt, L., Kunelius, A., Huhtaniska, M., Ebeling, H. E., & Moilanen, I. K. (2015) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2015.1066783 · Cited by 4
“First, Fearon et al. (2010) reported studies in which insecure (A, C) and disorganised attachment types increase the risk of externalising problems (N = 5947).”
BackgroundTests of Theories of Crime in Female Prisoners
Lindberg, M. A., Fugett, A. D., Adkins, A., & Cook, K. J. (2015) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x15590809 · Cited by 4
“, 2005) to this stimulation and who do not get these feelings when turning to others (Belsky, 1999a, 1999b; Belsky & Pluess, 2009; Fearon et al., 2010; Fearon & Belsky, 2011).”
Problèmes de comportement chez l’enfant victime d’agression sexuelle: Le rôle de l’attachement.
Zephyr, L., Cyr, C. P., Hébert, M., Bernier, A., & Beaudoin, G. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0037592 · Cited by 4
Wang, F., Willoughby, M. T., Mills-Koonce, R., & Cox, M. J. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1243139 · Cited by 4
“Nevertheless, the null finding in its interaction with attachment disorganization as assessed in a precise mean-based manner is consistent with the null finding from the meta-analysis by Fearon et al. (2010) where the cumulative risk was assessed based on high versus low socioeconomic status.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBindung, Erziehung und Bildung: Entwicklungsgrundlagen des Kompetenzaufbaus
Zimmermann, P., Çelik, F., & Iwanski, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19066-2_28 · Cited by 4
Rodriguez, G. M., Garcia, D., Blizzard, A. M., Lorenzo, N. E., & Bagner, D. M. (2018) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-018-0855-0 · Cited by 5
“2000) and externalizing behavior problems in middle childhood (Fearon et al. 2010).”
BackgroundBizzi, F., Locati, F., Parolin, L. A. L., Shmueli‐Goetz, Y., & Brusadelli, E. (2022) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2022.586 · Cited by 4
Pei, M. (2011) · Brandeis Institutional Repository · doi:10.48617/etd.790 · Cited by 4
Editorial: Infant Regulatory Disorders: Does Early Intervention Make a Difference?
Barlow, J. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.01.002 · Cited by 4
Mary Main: portrait and tribute
Duschinsky, R. (2024) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2024.2400808 · Cited by 3
“R. P. Fearon et al. (2010) could report from a meta-analysis of 69 studies a modest but material association between disorganisation and various externalising behaviours (including attentional problems).”
Downs, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01375-y · Cited by 3
“Alternative framings such as ‘complex emotional needs’ or ‘attachment difficul-ties’ have emerged [22, 23], perhaps intending to reduce stigma, yet they too can function in practice as indicators of relational complexity, chronicity, or perceived risk.”
Attachement et adaptation psychosociale chez des enfants hébergés en centre jeunesse
Bisaillon, C., Bureau, J., & Moss, E. (2017) · Revue de psychoéducation · doi:10.7202/1039256ar · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A.-M., & Roisman, G. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading
- University of Leiden
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Roisman, Glenn I
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-03-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 435-456
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2114691966
- Cited by
- 1,326
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- insecure attachment, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, attachment security, attachment avoidance, Strange Situation Procedure, child mental health, sex differences, clinical samples
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aggression, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Reactive Attachment Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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