The DOI matches its Crossref record; 158 of the 158 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 13 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children’s Externalizing Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analysis examined whether insecure and disorganized attachments increase risk for externalizing problems in children.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
152 Own result · 17 Own interpretation · 8 Own method · 5 No basis given · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plainn = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Its combined effect size of d = 0.58 was therefore an adequate estimate of the average effect, which amounted to a quite strong association between attachment security and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When externalizing behavior was observed directly (7 studies) or was indexed by a clinical diagnosis (6 studies) the combined effect sizes were larger than in cases where a parent or teacher rated the level of externalizing behaviors.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 35 studies involving N = 3568 participants the insecure-resistant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications.In this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was not significant, d = 0.11 (see Table 4), and no significant moderator effects were found.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure-Resistant Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,568- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remarkably, in the samples with females only the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behaviors was significantly different from the samples with only boys or with mixed gender,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably though, the effect of age was not significant within the SSP, AQS or Cassidy and Marvin studies, suggesting that age and attachment measure were confounded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the moderator analyses on this sub-set converged with the analyses on the total set of studies for avoidance”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, CI 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, CI 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, CI -0.04, 0.26).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 5,947- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the effects represent an average across a potentially large number of moderating relationships that could amplify or attenuate the association between attachment and externalizing problems (e.g.Belsky & Fearon, 2002;NICHD ECCRN, 2006).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky & Fearon, 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) show that contextual risk moderated the relationship between attachment and behavior problems: attachment-group differences appeared at some risk levels but not others. This supports the possibility that an overall association can mask moderation. The paper examines contextual risk as a moderator, however, and does not establish a potentially large number of moderating relationships; it also measures total behavior problems rather than externalizing problems specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites NICHD ECCRN, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is notable that Belsky and Fearon's (2002) analysis of the NICHD data at age 1-3 years suggested that the effects of attachment tended to persist primarily when there was continuity in the quality of maternal care.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Belsky and Fearon's (2002) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that attachment security at 15 months predicted some developmental outcomes at 3 years in the NICHD data. But the analysis examines cumulative contextual risk, not whether attachment effects persisted primarily when the quality of maternal care remained consistent; that condition is unsupported by our copy. Page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fail-safe number amounted to k = 407 which was above the Rosenthal criterion,”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plainn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, eight studies had to be trimmed and filled, with a re-computed significant combined effect size of d = 0.18 (95% CI 0.01, 0.34).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From sixty-nine samples (N= 5947), the association between insecurity and externalizing problems was significant, d = 0.31 (95% CI 0.23, 0.40).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In this overall set we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.31 (see Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“Children rated as insecure showed higher levels of externalizing behaviors than children rated as secure.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical status, SES, or type of assessment (for both SSP and externalizing behavior) did not appear to moderate the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
hedgedn = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the set of 24 SSP studies with N = 3161 participants we found a significant combined effect size of d = 0.27 which was similar to the effect size computed for the total set.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,161- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, studies conducted with the AQS showed the largest effect sizes (d = 0.70), whereas studies using the SSP yielded the lowest combined effect size (d = 0.18), though this latter effect was nevertheless significant.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This moderator effect was not dependent on gender differences as only two of the clinical samples consisted of boys only (Greenberg et al., 1991;Speltz et al., 1999).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
What the sources say
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies including N = 3778 participants a significant combined effect size of d = 0.34 (see Table 5) was found for the association between disorganized attachment and externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,778- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 34 studies involving N = 3675 participants the insecure-avoidant attachment classifications were differentiated from the other classifications, and in this sub-set of studies the combined effect size was only d = 0.12, which was significant but small in magnitude (see Table 3).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is insecure-avoidant attachment associated with more externalizing problems?
plaincorrelationaln = 3,675- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58).”
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
- Also stated in: § Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In samples with only girls the combined effect size was d = -0.03(ns), whereas in the samples with only boys and in the mixed samples (i.e., with boys and girls) the combined effect sizes were significant, d = .35and d = 0.36 respectively, and significantly different from the null effect in the girls-only samples.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Insecure Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% CIs did overlap for each of these comparisons, indicating that study outcomes with externalizing behavior or with aggression did not result in significantly different effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given the centrality of this issue and the cogent arguments made by several authors on this subject (e.g.Sameroff, 2000;Sroufe et al., 2005), it is unfortunate that few studies have attempted to address this.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sameroff, 2000 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sroufe et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The set of studies on girls was homogeneous; therefore the absence of a significant association was not due to one or a few outlying outcomes in the lower range.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is highly noteworthy that few if any of the studies reviewed in this paper directly addressed questions of mechanism.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and while the confidence intervals for these effects overlapped, disorganized children demonstrated numerically larger effects than the other insecure categories.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for disorganized versus secure attachment the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.13, 0.41).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all three comparisons, the 85% confidence intervals overlapped, implying that the effects of the various types of insecurity showed similar associations with externalizing behavior.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When only studies that provided direct pairwise comparisons between groups were considered, secure children scored lower on measures of externalizing problems than disorganized (d = 0.27), avoidant (d = 0.12) and resistant (d = 0.19) children;”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 85% confidence intervals of the combined effect sizes for attachment security and disorganization did not overlap with the 85% confidence interval of the combined effect size for avoidance, but for the other comparisons the 85% confidence intervals overlapped.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, age was not a significant regressor within the SSP studies or within the non-SSP studies, so a substantial portion of the overall effect came exclusively from the difference between the SSP studies on the one hand and the other assessment types on the other.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect for resistance did not differ from any of the other contrasts, in part because this effect showed marked heterogeneity.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For resistant versus secure attachment it was d = 0.19 (p < .01;85% CI 0.11, 0.28),”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the association between attachment security and externalizing the combined effect size was d = 0.27 (p < .01;85% CI 0.15, 0.39).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the AQS evidenced the strongest effect sizes by some margin (d = 0.70), the meta-regression of age on effect size remained significant even when the AQS was removed from the analysis.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined effect found in this analysis gains even greater significance in light of the fact that a majority of the studies included in the analysis were longitudinal investigations, where independent and dependent variables were measured often several years apart (with an intervening period of 25 months on average).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly speaking, the SSP produced smaller effect sizes than the other attachment assessments and the AQS produced comparatively larger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in the larger set of studies, resistant attachment was not significantly associated with externalizing problems and showed an effect size numerically similar to that for avoidance.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Related to this, few studies have directly considered the possibility that certain parenting characteristics may be common determinants of both attachment insecurity and externalizing behavior problems.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No outliers (standardized Z-values smaller than -3.29 or larger than 3.29; Tabachnik & Fidell, 2001) were found for study effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The agreement between the coders across the moderator variables was 97% (correlations between continuous moderators were > .95).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The question of whether attachment insecurity plays a causal role in the development of externalizing psychopathology is a vital one for the field, but there is clearly little case for causality if there is no association.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess intercoder reliability, twenty randomly selected studies were coded by two coders.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Coding System
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This important conceptual heuristic is thought of as a set of organized cognitive-affective psychological structures that organize thinking, feeling and behavior vis-à-vis the attachment figure as a potential haven of safety and comfort in times of stress (Bretherton, 1995;Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bretherton, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Secure children, it is maintained, have had repeated experiences of a caregiver who is responsive when support and proximity are needed and expect the caregiver(s) to be available and comforting when called upon.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kobak, Cassidy, Lyons Ruth, & Ziv, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The claim that early attachment has enduring-rather than merely transient-effects on development requires that the magnitude of such associations are not reduced to nil over time.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We systematically searched the electronic databases PsychInfo, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Art & Humanities Citation Index”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the effects are uncorrected for the influence of relevant third variables.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while it was clear that security assessed by the AQS was rather more strongly associated with behavior problems than that derived from the SSP, later assessments of attachment beyond the SSP also appeared to yield stronger effect sizes.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the effects reported in this meta-analysis reflect statistical association, not causation and-although they provide evidence relevant to efforts to determine causality and its mechanisms-alone they are mute on this issue.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the face of it, these robust findings lend direct support to the notion that attachment plays a significant role in the evolution of children's behavior problems, for typically developing children as well as for clinical groups.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
boosteddirectn = 6,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the mixed samples, constituting the large majority of the studies, showed equally strong effect sizes as those with only boys, suggesting that the association between attachment and externalizing cannot be ascribed to boys only.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that these effect sizes do not reflect the outcomes of the same set of studies so direct comparisons are difficult.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Where the gender composition of a sample was not precisely reported, a 50% split was assumed.
“Where the gender composition of the sample was not precisely reported we assumed a 50% split.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
When socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded.
“Furthermore, when socio-economic status was not noted, a default of high/middle class was recorded (this occurred in 5 cases).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Fixed effects models assume that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from subject-level sampling error.
“Fixed effects models are based on the assumption that effect sizes observed in a study estimate the corresponding population effect with random error that stems only from the chance factors associated with subject-level sampling error in that study (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001;Rosenthal, 1991).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The trim-and-fill method assumes that funnel plots are symmetric only if no data censoring is present.
“The plots should only be shaped like a funnel if no data censoring is present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SSP is the gold standard for measuring attachment security.
“Because the SSP is considered to be the gold standard for measuring attachment security”
The paper relies on this without support.
SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months.
“Because the SSPs are usually conducted within a small age window of 12-18 months”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Notably, attachment assessments are among the best validated assessments of early risk in developmental science.”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and exhibit the highest levels of teacher-reported disruptive and internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses have shown that, in general, children with insecure and disorganized attachment have greater risk for concurrent and later internalizing and externalizing difficulties (Fearon et al. 2010, Groh et al. 2012) and psychiatric disorders in adulthood (Raby et al. 2018).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In a meta-analysis, Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman (2010) reported that externalizing problems were linked with insecure patterns in infancy and early childhood, including disorganized patterns, with weaker effects for avoidance and resistance.”
From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakersman-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley and Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Second, there are numerous studies implicating insecure and especially disorganized attachment in the development of child psychopathology (see DeKlyen and Greenberg; 25 Fearon et al.; 26 Guttman-Steinmetz and Crowell 27 for reviews).”
From Recovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology (2012) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“infant attachment disorganization has been meta-analytically associated with serious family risk factors, including poverty, maternal psychiatric disorder, and maltreatment, as well as later externalizing behavior problems (2, 3).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“with meta-analyses indicating that insecure and particularly disorganized attachment relationships in infancy predict internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood (2–5).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“For human infants, the most widely validated paradigm for direct observation of the quality of the mother-infant attachment relationship is the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) (2, 3, 54).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Supporting large scale studies and meta-analyses have confirmed their relation to concurrent risk factors in infancy and their predictive value for behavior problems in childhood (2–4, 54, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In addition, these studies have consistently pointed to disorganized attachments as the forms of insecure attachment that carry the greatest risk for later psychopathology (2–4, 101, 102).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Disorganized/disoriented, punitive, and caregiving forms of disorganized attachment have been reliably described from infancy through age eight”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“and are associated with parental risk factors and maladaptive internalizing and externalizing behavior problems”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Controlling-punitive children are at greater risk for externalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“and controlling-caregiving children at greater risk for internalizing symptoms”
From Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Fearon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that if children and caregivers fail to develop a secure attachment, children are more prone to develop mental and behavioural deficits, like externalizing behaviour problems 63”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Also, in a more recent meta-analysis it was found that attachment insecurity was significantly linked with externalizing behaviors in 69 studies (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“Insecure attachment was more strongly linked to externalizing behavior in samples with boys than in samples with girls (Fearon et al. 2010).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with findings of the meta-analysis by Fearon et al. (2010) showing that the relation between attachment and externalizing behavior problems was moderated by the type of attachment measure.”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“In a recent meta-analysis, Fearon and colleagues (2010) found that disorganized attachment placed children at elevated risk for externalizing problems (d = .34), relative to children with insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant classifications (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010).”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“Disorganized attachment is particularly important because it is associated with problematic long-term outcomes.”
From Enhancing Attachment Organization Among Maltreated Children: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010
In the citing paper
“In its absence, neurodevelopment may be undermined, making that person more vulnerable to further environmental insults and subsequent development of both internalizing [36] and externalizing [37] behavioral problems, including anxiety, depression, substance misuse, maladaptive eating patterns, sexual risk behavior, and suicidality.”
From Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care? (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Parental sensitivity is important for a range of child outcomes, including the formation of a secure attachment relationship between infants and their parents, social competence, regulatory capacities, and lower stress levels (e.g. [22–28]).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Is Disorganized Attachment Associated With More Externalizing Problems?
“No significant moderators were found in this set (see Table 5 for those contrasts that could be tested).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| gender | | | | | | 10.99¹ | <.01 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > The Significance of Attachment Security and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
“b) stronger effects would be found in low SES samples than high SES samples”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“socio-economic status (with low risk samples anticipated to yield larger effects)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“As this would not allow a meaningful comparison of effect sizes between mother and father attachment, this study was excluded.”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| Aviezer et al., 2002 | | SSP | CBCL | 63 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Literature Search
“69 independent samples that could be included in our meta-analyses, with sample sizes ranging from 26 to 1075”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| | Low risk subsample | SSP | Obs | 16 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| clinical | 4 | 344 0.26* | 0.03, 0.38 | 1.55 | | | |”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
Reported 0.26 · recomputed 0.205
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“across high and low SES samples (d = 0.25 vs. d = 0.31, respectively).”
§ The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A metaanalytic study > Additional analyses
“| low | 14 1801 0.25** | 0.15, 0.35 | 15.49 | | | | | | middle/high | 55 4146 0.31** | 0.21, 0.41 | 119.69** | | | | |”
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,570
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1276 · Cited by 6,177
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Bates, 1985, Growing points in attachment theory and research, 167
- Belsky, 1988, Clinical implications of attachment
- Borenstein, 2005, Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis [Computer software]
- Bowlby, 1944, Fourty-four juvenile theives: Their characters and home life, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 25, 19
- Bretherton, 1995, 4th Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology on “Emotion, Cognition, and Representation”, 231
- Cassidy, 1994, The development of attachment regulation, 228
- Cassidy, 1989, Attachment organization in three and four year olds: Coding guidelines
- Freud, 1908, Ueber infantile Sexualtheorien
- Goldberg, 1997, Attachment and psychopathology, 171
- James, 1890, Principles of psychology
- Kobak, 2005, Developmental psychopathology, Vol. I: Theory and method, 333
- Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development, 121
- Mullen, 1985, BASIC meta-analysis
- Perez Corres, 2006, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Sroufe, 1983, Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaption and competence
- Van IJzendoorn, 1992, Beyond the parent: The role of other adults in children’s lives, 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,319
Barlow, J., Bennett, C., Midgley, N., Larkin, S. K., & Wei, Y. (2016) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2016.1222357 · Cited by 37
Oxytocin and Human Sensitive and Protective Parenting
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_23 · Cited by 36
“In turn, secure infant–parent attachment is associated with better child socioemotional outcomes, including higher quality interpersonal relationships and lower externalizing and internalizing problems (Fearon et al. 2010; Groh et al. 2012, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEmotion Dysregulation in Sexually Abused Preschoolers: Insights from a Story Completion Task
Langevin, R., Cossette, L., & Hébert, M. (2019) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1678542 · Cited by 32
Secure attachment promotes the development of effortful control in boys
Viddal, K. R., Berg‐Nielsen, T. S., Wan, M. W., Green, J., Hygen, B. W., & Wichstrøm, L. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.999098 · Cited by 32
“Hence, the greater dependence of boys on secure attachment may extend not only downwards in age but also to wider developmental outcomes such as social development (Leaper, 2002) and behavioral problems (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundKim, M., Woodhouse, S. S., & Dai, C. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22643 · Cited by 32
Kalu, S. R., Menon, S. E., & Quinn, C. R. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105170 · Cited by 34
Høifødt, R. S., Nordahl, D., Landsem, I. P., Csifcsák, G., Bohne, A., Pfuhl, G., Rognmo, K., Braarud, H. C., Goksøyr, A., Moe, V., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02669-y · Cited by 31
Intimate Partner Violence and Children's Attachment Representations During Middle Childhood
Gustafsson, H., Brown, G. L., Mills-Koonce, R., Cox, M. J., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators (2016) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12388 · Cited by 31
“…dozens of individual studies have found: children who are insecurely attached have more difficulty with their peer relationships (Schneider, Atkinson, & Tardif, 2001) and are at heightened risk for developing internalizing (Groh et al., 2012) and externalizing (Fearon et al., 2010) symptomatology.”
BackgroundChildhood attachment and behavioral inhibition: Predicting intolerance of uncertainty in adulthood
Zdebik, M. A., Moss, E., & Bureau, J. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001614 · Cited by 37
Badovinac, S. D., Martin, J., Guérin‐Marion, C., O’Neill, M. C., Riddell, R. P., Bureau, J., & Spiegel, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204374 · Cited by 36
Emotional Development Within the Family Context
Leerkes, E. M., & Bailes, L. G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_24 · Cited by 35
Robertson, E., Piscitello, J., Schmidt, E. M., Mallar, C., Davidson, B., & Natale, R. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00422-1 · Cited by 37
“Although parent– child attachment was not assessed directly, it is possible that high levels of caregiver stress during the pandemic negatively impacted parent–child attachment, which may have resulted in increased risk for behavior problems [63].”
BackgroundMyors, K., Schmied, V. A., Johnson, M., & Cleary, M. L. (2013) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12079 · Cited by 31
“An infant’s attachment relationship with his or her primary carer, usually the mother, plays a significant part in the development of the child’s behaviour (Fearon et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialCaregiver instability and early life changes among infants reported to the child welfare system
Casanueva, C. E., Dozier, M., Tueller, S., Dolan, M., Smith, K., Webb, M. B., Westbrook, T. R., & Harden, B. J. (2013) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.016 · Cited by 31
Thomason, E., Flynn, H. A., Himle, J. A., & Volling, B. L. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22280 · Cited by 31
Allen, B. (2016) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2016.1172945 · Cited by 31
“2005), and these findings help explain the moderate bivariate associations documented between early attachment and later outcomes (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCruise, S. M., Layte, R., Stevenson, M., & O’Reilly, D. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796017000026 · Cited by 32
“Similarly, Flynn et al. (2004) found that 78% of mothers of young children had untreated depression.”
BackgroundZimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Rudolph, J., Edwards, E.-J., Swan, K., Campbell, S. M., Hawes, T., & Webb, H. J. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.07.003 · Cited by 29
Xu, C., & Xie, X. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106958 · Cited by 30
Fleming, G. E., Kimonis, E. R., Datyner, A., & Comer, J. S. (2017) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650117699471 · Cited by 29
Associations between attachment and pain: From infant to adolescent
Failo, A., Giannotti, M., & Venuti, P. (2019) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312119877771 · Cited by 30
Marshall, C., Langevin, R., & Cabecinha‐Alati, S. (2022) · International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience · doi:10.54488/ijcar.2022.283 · Cited by 38
Heterotypic and homotypic continuity in psychopathology: a narrative review
Speranza, A. M., Liotti, M., Spoletini, I., & Fortunato, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1194249 · Cited by 32
“This link appears more substantial than the one between externalizing symptoms and avoidant or resistant attachment (Shaw et al., 1996; Lyons-Ruth et al., 1997; Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfant disorganized attachment: Clarifying levels of analysis
Duschinsky, R., & Solomon, J. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104516685602 · Cited by 30
Matte‐Gagné, C., Bernier, A., Sirois, M., Lalonde, G., & Hertz, S. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12807 · Cited by 40
Tharner, A., Herba, C. M., Luijk, M. P. C. M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Govaert, P. P., Roza, S. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., et al. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2010.538219 · Cited by 30
Self-citationCushing, T., Robertson, S. A., Mannes, J., Marshall, N., Carey, M. J., Duschinsky, R., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000299 · Cited by 31
Nikitopoulos, J. A., Zohsel, K., Blomeyer, D., Buchmann, A. F., Schmid, B., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Becker, K., Schmidt, M. H., Esser, G., Brandeis, D., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.012 · Cited by 35
“Adverse effects of negative early caregiving on externalizing behavior have been proposed to be persistent or to even increase over the course of childhood (Fearon et al., 2010) and have been established until adolescence (Shaw et al., 2012).”
BackgroundOpendak, M. M., & Sullivan, R. M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.31276 · Cited by 31
The association between attachment and psychopathic traits
van der Zouwen, M., Hoeve, M., Hendriks, A. M., Asscher, J. J., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2018) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.09.002 · Cited by 32
Kohlhoff, J., Cibralic, S., Wallace, N., Morgan, S., McMahon, C., Hawkins, E., Eapen, V., Briggs, N., Huber, A., & McNeil, C. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00457-7 · Cited by 29
“ganized attachment patterns in infancy predict disruptive/externalizing behaviors in later childhood [21].”
BackgroundEdyburn, K. L., & Meek, S. E. (2021) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/sop2.12 · Cited by 29
Chen, J., Pan, Z., & Wang, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126270 · Cited by 33
“These theories suggest that the high quality of attachment with parents is one of the influential social bonds preventing children from further deviant behaviors [34,35].”
BackgroundThe Cambridge Handbook of Infant Development
Lockman, J. J., Hertz, D., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Brain, B. C., Context..........................................., Rey, J., Falck-Ytter, T., Jones, E., Maurer, D., Cirelli, L., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959 · Cited by 31
Akezhuoli, H., Lu, J., Zhao, G., Xu, J., Wang, M., Wang, F., Li, L., & Zhou, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.894741 · Cited by 29
Attachment security in young foster children: continuity from 2 to 3 years of age
Jacobsen, H., Ivarsson, T., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Smith, L., & Moe, V. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.850102 · Cited by 33
“When looking more closely at the Frodi et al. (1985) study, 79% of the participants were classified as securely attached at 12 months and 74% at 20 months.”
BackgroundMethodȘtefan, C. A., & Avram, J. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0723-7 · Cited by 30
“…between attachment security and internalizing problems (Madigan et al. 2013, 2016), as well as attachment security and externalizing problems (Fearon et al. 2010; Madigan et al. 2016), it could be that such modest associations point out to an increased likelihood that this relationship is…”
BackgroundInfluentialFamilies Created by Egg Donation: Parent–Child Relationship Quality in Infancy
Imrie, S., Jadva, V., Fishel, S. B., & Golombok, S. E. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13124 · Cited by 30
Wright, B., Fearon, P. R. M., Garside, M., Tsappis, E., Amoah, E., Glaser, D., Allgar, V. L., Minnis, H., Woolgar, M., Churchill, R. C., et al. (2023) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/ivcn8847 · Cited by 37
Self-citationAttachment disorders diagnosed by community practitioners: a replication and extension
Allen, B., & Schuengel, C. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12338 · Cited by 30
Relationship between Parenting Style, Alexithymia and Aggression in Emerging Adults
McErlean, A. B. J., & Lim, L. X. C. (2019) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x19886647 · Cited by 32
Validation of the AMBIANCE‐brief: An observational screening instrument for disrupted caregiving
Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Racine, N. M., Lyons‐Ruth, K., & Madigan, S. L. (2020) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21851 · Cited by 36
Paetzold, R. L., & Rholes, W. S. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2020.1869654 · Cited by 32
“Additionally, children with disorganized attachment styles may exhibit a variety of externalizing behaviors, such as oppositional behaviors, general hostility, and aggression (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBizzi, F., Cavanna, D., Castellano, R., & Pace, C. S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01125 · Cited by 34
“It is associated with Avoidant attachment style (DeKlyen and Greenberg, 2008; Fearon et al., 2010; Fearon and Belsky, 2011).”
BackgroundGenetic and environmental contributions to psychological resilience and coping
Navrady, L. B., Zeng, Y., Clarke, T., Adams, M. J., Howard, D. M., Deary, I. J., & McIntosh, A. M. (2018) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13854.1 · Cited by 28
The cost of love: financial consequences of insecure attachment in antisocial youth
Bachmann, C., Beecham, J. K., O’Connor, T. G., Scott, A., Briskman, J., & Scott, S. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13103 · Cited by 35
Rehder, P. D., Mills-Koonce, R., Wagner, N. J., Zvara, B. J., & Willoughby, M. T. (2020) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2020.1714676 · Cited by 27
“base for exploration and for safety in times of need (Bretherton, 1995; Fearon et al., 2010; Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985), as well as their expectations of others’ behavior (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005).”
BackgroundBorelli, J. L., Palmer, A. C., Vanwoerden, S., & Sharp, C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1399400 · Cited by 26
Bourne, S. V., Korom, M., & Dozier, M. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00386-4 · Cited by 37
Substance‐dependent women becoming mothers: breaking the cycle of adverse childhood experiences
Wiig, E. M., Haugland, B. S. M., Halsa, A., & Myhra, S. M. (2014) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12190 · Cited by 27
“The offspring of parents with SUDs are at risk for developing relational problems and insecure attachment (Van IJzendoorn 1995), which again may lead to aggressive behaviour, conduct problems, hostility (Pasco Fearon et al. 2010) or harmful use of substances (Dube et al. 2003).”
BackgroundPrenatal tobacco exposure and infant stress reactivity: Role of child sex and maternal behavior
Eiden, R. D., Molnar, D. S., Granger, D. A., Colder, C. R., Schuetze, P. A., & Huestis, M. A. (2015) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21284 · Cited by 27
Drew, H., & Banerjee, R. A. (2018) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-018-0374-0 · Cited by 36
“Children with insecure or disorganised attachments have been found to have a number of difficulties relative to their securely attached peers, many of which can impact directly or indirectly on learning and attainment, including more externalising problems (Fearon et al. 2010); some increase in internalising problems…”
BackgroundSirois, M., Bernier, A., & Lemelin, J. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.10.005 · Cited by 33
The Role of Parent–Child Attachment, Hostile Attribution Bias in Aggression: A Meta-Analytic Review
Xu, X., Wu, Y., Xu, Y., Ding, M., Zhou, S., & Long, S. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231210920 · Cited by 37
“A previous meta-analysis found that the link between attachment insecurity and childhood externalizing behaviors, including aggression, was stronger among boys compared to girls (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultAttachment and social competence: a study using MCAST in low-risk Italian preschoolers
Barone, L., & Lionetti, F. (2012) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2012.691653 · Cited by 26
Harder, S. K., Davidsen, K. A., MacBeth, A. M., Lange, T., Minnis, H., Andersen, M., Simonsen, E. H., Lundy, J.-M., Nyström‐Hansen, M., Trier, C. H., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0692-6 · Cited by 26
“Attachment is an important domain of child socioemotional development and is predictor for later psychopathology [87, 88].”
Attachment and Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents
Donnelly, T. J., & Jaaniste, T. (2016) · Children · doi:10.3390/children3040021 · Cited by 27
“Research has generally supported the key premise of attachment theory, namely that early security is beneficial for the developmental adaptation and competence of children, whereas insecurity carries risks for psychopathology (for reviews see [9,10]; for meta-analysis see [11]).”
BackgroundIles, J. E., Rosan, C., Wilkinson, E. L., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104517704025 · Cited by 25
“This difference may reflect an objective impact on child behaviour as a result of parents having adapted their parenting styles (Fearon et al., 2010), but it is also possible that it reflects a change in how parents perceive their children when they have more knowledge and understanding of child development and behavi…”
BackgroundCharest, F., Hébert, M., Bernier, A., Langevin, R., & Miljkovitch, R. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000226 · Cited by 26
“Moreover, as the association between attachment security and behavior problems tends to become clearer with age (Brumariu & Kerns, 2010; Fearon et al., 2010), the absence of an association between insecure-organized attachment and behavior problems in this study could be related to the young age of the children in our…”
BackgroundInfluentialAdoptive gay fathers’ sensitivity and child attachment and behavior problems
Feugé, É. A., Cyr, C. P., Cossette, L., & Julien, D. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1557224 · Cited by 28
“However, as reported in many other studies (e.g. Fearon et al., 2010; Madigan et al., 2013), higher levels of attachment security (as generally related to parental sensitivity) were associated with low scores of externalizing and internalizing problems.”
ResultParents' Beliefs About Children
Miller, S. A. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.001.0001 · Cited by 26
Aarestrup, A. K., Væver, M. S., Petersen, J., Røhder, K., & Schiøtz, M. L. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00407-3 · Cited by 29
“Likewise, insecure and disorganized attachment is associated with an increased risk for the development of externalizing and internalizing behavior [19, 20] and later psychopathology [21].”
Parada‐Fernández, P., Herrero‐Fernández, D., Macías, M. O., & Rohwer, H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12717 · Cited by 27
Hammarlund, M., Granqvist, P., Elfvik, S., Andram, C., & Forslund, T. (2022) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2022.2087699 · Cited by 26
“Moreover, insecure or disorganized child attachment have been linked to an array of negative developmental outcomes, including higher levels of internalizing (Groh et al., 2012) and externalizing (Fearon et al., 2010) behavior problems, and lower social competence (e.g. Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundChildren's emotion understanding in relation to attachment to mother and father
Psychogiou, L., Nath, S., Kallitsoglou, A., Δημάτης, Κ., Parry, E., Russell, A. E., Yilmaz, M., Kuyken, W., & Moberly, N. J. (2018) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12239 · Cited by 27
Attachment security and cortical responses to fearful faces in infants
Peltola, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Yrttiaho, S. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1530684 · Cited by 30
“Demonstrating such associations in early development could provide important clues for understanding the mechanisms by which attachment disorganization increases the likelihood of externalizing and peer problems (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2014; Peltola et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWeyns, T., Colpin, H., Engels, M., Doumen, S., & Verschueren, K. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.12.009 · Cited by 32
“…behaviors in children, but also externalizing behaviors to compensate for the feelings of insecurity and rejection Running head: ROLE OF PEERS AND TEACHERS IN BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 5 (Fearon, Bakermans ‐ Kranenburg, Van Ijzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Milan, Zona, & Snow, 2013).”
BackgroundForslund, T., Peltola, M. J., & Brocki, K. C. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1664603 · Cited by 37
“We hypothesized that disorganized attachment would be primarily associated with ODD-symptoms, as suggested by the robust meta-analytical link between disorganization and oppositionality and aggression (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialScharpf, F., Mkinga, G., Neuner, F., Machumu, M., & Hecker, T. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000516 · Cited by 28
Noor, N. M., & Alwi, A. (2013) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12035 · Cited by 28
Pritchett, R., Rochat, T., Tomlinson, M., & Minnis, H. (2013) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2012.756569 · Cited by 27
Katsurada, E., Tanimukai, M., & Akazawa, J. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.018 · Cited by 29
Iwanski, A., Lichtenstein, L., Mühling, L. E., & Zimmermann, P. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091153 · Cited by 31
Kondo‐Ikemura, K., Behrens, K. Y., Umemura, T., & Nakano, S. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000577 · Cited by 25
Validation of the Preschool Attachment Rating Scales with child-mother and child-father dyads
Deneault, A., Bureau, J., Yurkowski, K., & Moss, E. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1589546 · Cited by 34
“A recent meta-analysis found significant associations between externalizing problems and childmother security, ambivalence, and behavioral-disorganization in the preschool years (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEpistemic Trust and the Emergence of Conduct Problems: Aggression in the Service of Communication
Talia, A., Duschinsky, R., Mazzarella, D., Hauschild, S., & Taubner, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710011 · Cited by 30
Matthys, W., & Schutter, D. J. L. G. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-021-00376-y · Cited by 35
Busuito, A., Huth‐Bocks, A. C., & Puro, E. (2014) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9611-8 · Cited by 28
“…attachment may increase one’s vulnerability to the development of psychopathology, particularly after experiencing trauma such as childhood abuse, because it can hinder an individual’s ability to cope and adjust to negative experiences such as trauma or stressful life events (Fearon et al. 2010).”
BackgroundKeiley, M. K., Morgan, A. Z., Datubo‐Brown, C., Pyle, R., & Cox, M. (2014) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12078 · Cited by 25
Kelly, W., & Salmon, K. (2014) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104514524067 · Cited by 31
Morgan, B. E., Kumsta, R., Fearon, P. R. M., Moser, D., Skeen, S., Cooper, P., Murray, L., Moran, G., & Tomlinson, M. (2017) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002237 · Cited by 25
“A range of studies have shown that, compared to insecure attachment, secure attachment is associated with better subsequent outcomes, including reduced externalizing behavior problems and better social competence [22,23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHandley, E. D., Michl-Petzing, L. C., Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000219 · Cited by 26
“Reducing disorganized attachment behaviors among young offspring is critical given the well-documented association between disorganized attachment and the development of externalizing behavior in general, and aggression more specifically (Fearon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBrown, J. (2018) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104518778330 · Cited by 25
The Development of Multisensory Attention Skills
Bahrick, L. E., Lickliter, R., & Todd, J. T. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.011 · Cited by 27
Donenberg, G. R., Naidoo, P., Kendall, A. D., Emerson, E. M., Ward, C. L., Kagee, A., Simbayi, L. C., Vermaak, R., North, A., Mthembu, J., et al. (2020) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2020.v110i2.13929 · Cited by 24
“In contrast, poor parental attachment is related to increased externalising problems[62,63] and association with negative peers, and harsh parental control and permissive parenting are associated with poor adolescent mental health.”
Genes and environment in attachment
Picardi, A., Giuliani, E., & Gigantesco, A. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.038 · Cited by 28
Guild, D. J., Alto, M. E., Handley, E., Rogosch, F., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00681-0 · Cited by 20
Attention and Executive Functions as Mediators of Attachment and Behavior Problems
Low, J. A., & Webster, L. L. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12166 · Cited by 24
Attachment Style and the Association of Spanking and Child Externalizing Behavior
Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Pace, G. T., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., & Ma, J. (2019) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2019.06.017 · Cited by 24
Child protection and disorganized attachment: A critical commentary
White, S. W., Gibson, M., & Wastell, D. G. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104415 · Cited by 24
Locus of control as a mediator of the association between attachment and children’s mental health
Pentima, L. D., Toni, A., Schneider, B. H., Tomás, J. M., Oliver, A., & Attili, G. (2019) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2019.1652557 · Cited by 22
Schoemaker, N. K., Juffer, F., Rippe, R. C. A., Vermeer, H. J., Stoltenborgh, M., Jagersma, G., Maras, A., & Alink, L. R. A. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104779 · Cited by 31
“…attachment are at higher risk for developing behavior problems and psychopathology later in life (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Groh, Roisman, Van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Fearon, 2012; Van IJzendoorn, Schuengel, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 1999).”
BackgroundNordling, J. K., Boldt, L. J., O’Bleness, J. J., & Kochanska, G. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12139 · Cited by 27
van der Asdonk, S., Cyr, C., & Alink, L. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2020.1799047 · Cited by 23
“…to child signals in an adequate and prompt manner (Ainsworth et al., 1978), children are able to develop a secure attachment (De Wolff & Van IJzendoorn, 1997), which is an important indicator of their future development (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2014, 2017, 2012; Sroufe et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe infant disorganised attachment classification: “Patterning within the disturbance of coherence”
Reijman, S., Foster, S., & Duschinsky, R. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.034 · Cited by 23
Bilgin, A., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1618882 · Cited by 28
“Knowing that insecure and disorganized attachment are linked to behavioral problems (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012), attachment patterns may be important mediators between early crying and symptoms of sleeping problems and later”
BackgroundAlto, M. E., Warmingham, J. M., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2020) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2020.1734642 · Cited by 25
“…work did not find differences in the association between attachment and internalizing and externalizing behavior based on socioeconomic status (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012), these studies did not examine the impact of multiple risk factors, such as the effect of maternal history of…”
BackgroundResultEmerging child competencies and personality pathology: toward a Developmental Cascade model of BPD
Lyons‐Ruth, K., & Brumariu, L. E. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.004 · Cited by 24
Early life adversity and males: Biology, behavior, and implications for fathers’ parenting
Condon, E. M., Dettmer, A. M., Baker, E., McFaul, C., & Stover, C. S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104531 · Cited by 29
Vernon, J. R. G., & Moretti, M. M. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01446-0 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A.-M., & Roisman, G. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading
- University of Leiden
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Roisman, Glenn I
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-03-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 435-456
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2114691966
- Cited by
- 1,326
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- insecure attachment, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, attachment security, attachment avoidance, Strange Situation Procedure, child mental health, sex differences, clinical samples
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aggression, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Reactive Attachment Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
