The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Personality Change Influences Mortality in Older Men
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies have indicated that high neuroticism is associated with early mortality. However, recent work suggests that people's level of neuroticism changes over long periods of time. We hypothesized that such changes in trait neuroticism affect mortality risk. Growth-curve parameters (levels and slopes) that quantified the trajectories of neuroticism change over 12 years were used to predict 18-year risk of mortality among 1,663 aging men. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate mortality risk from level and slope parameters, controlling for objective and subjective health, depression, and age. Although a parallel analysis of extraversion showed no significant effects, level and slope of neuroticism interacted in their effect on mortality. Men who had both a high average level of neuroticism and an increasing level of neuroticism over time had much lower survival than men without that combination. These findings suggest that it is not just the level of personality traits, but their direction of change, that is related to mortality.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“these changes exert predictive power for such important life outcomes as mortality (Mroczek & Spiro, 2007), substance abuse (Hampson, Tildesley, Andrews, Luckyx, & Mroczek, 2010) or self-rated health (Turiano, Pitzer, Armour, Karlamangla, Ryff, & Mroczek, 2012).”
From Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later. (2014) · cites this paper as Mroczek & Spiro, 2007
In the citing paper
“Naturalistic increases over time in Neuroticism have been linked to later all-cause mortality in a sample of older American men [115].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [115]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,773
Modeling the Drop-Out Mechanism in Repeated-Measures Studies
Little, R. J. A. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476615 · Cited by 1,522
Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study.
Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.804 · Cited by 1,406
Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135217 · Cited by 1,176
Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states.
Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.132 · Cited by 1,062
Bolger, N. P., & Schilling, E. A. (1991) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00253.x · Cited by 1,047
The Effect of Daily Stress, Personality, and Age on Daily Negative Affect
Mroczek, D. K., & Almeida, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00265.x · Cited by 535
Self-citationLong‐Term Relations of Personality and Health: Dynamisms, Mechanisms, Tropisms
Friedman, H. S. (2000) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00127 · Cited by 514
Barefoot, J. C., Helms, M. J., Mark, D. B., Blumenthal, J. A., Califf, R. M., Haney, T. L., O’Connor, C. M., Siegler, I. C., & Williams, R. B. (1996) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00380-3 · Cited by 492
Does childhood personality predict longevity?
Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Schwartz, J. E., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.176 · Cited by 448 · cited 5×
“Personality traits have emerged as important predictors of allcause mortality (Friedman, 2000; Friedman et al., 1993; Maier & Smith, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotional Reactivity to Everyday Problems, Affective Inertia, and Neuroticism
Suls, J. M., Green, P., & Hillis, S. L. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298242002 · Cited by 421
Modeling Intraindividual Change in Personality Traits: Findings From the Normative Aging Study
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.3.p153 · Cited by 393
Self-citationSocial networks, social support, and mortality among older people in Japan
Sugisawa, H., Liang, J., & Liu, X. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.1.s3 · Cited by 342
Psychological predictors of mortality in old age
Maier, H., & Smith, J. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/54b.1.p44 · Cited by 291
Seriousness of illness rating scale
Wyler, A. R., Masuda, M., & Holmes, T. H. (1968) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(68)90033-0 · Cited by 256
Optimists vs Pessimists: Survival Rate Among Medical Patients Over a 30-Year Period
Maruta, T., Colligan, R. C., Malinchoc, M., & Offord, K. P. (2000) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/75.2.140 · Cited by 223
Optimists vs Pessimists: Survival Rate Among Medical Patients Over a 30-Year Period
Maruta, T., Colligan, R. C., Malinchoc, M., & Offord, K. P. (2000) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64184-0 · Cited by 223
Person‐Environment Fit and Its Implications for Personality Development: A Longitudinal Study
Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00257.x · Cited by 209
Neuroticism and cynicism and risk of death in middle-aged men: the Western Electric Study.
Almada, S. J., Zonderman, A. B., Shekelle, R. B., Dyer, A. R., Daviglus, M. L., Costa, P. T., & Stamler, J. (1991) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199103000-00006 · Cited by 208
Roberts, B. W., & Bogg, T. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00264.x · Cited by 205
Small, B. J., Hertzog, C. K., Hultsch, D. F., & Dixon, R. A. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.3.p166 · Cited by 186
Personality and Mortality in Old Age
Wilson, R. S., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/59.3.p110 · Cited by 182 · cited 3×
“This result replicates prior results showing that lower levels of neuroticism reduce mortality risk (e.g., Wilson et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultNegative Affect and Mortality in Older Persons
Wilson, R. S. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg224 · Cited by 158
Mental health differences among retirees and workers: Findings from the normative aging study.
Bossé, R., Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., & Ekerdt, D. J. (1987) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.2.4.383 · Cited by 141
Patient personality and mortality: A 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency.
Christensen, A. J., Ehlers, S. L., Wiebe, J. S., Moran, P. J., Raichle, K., Ferneyhough, K., & Lawton, W. J. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.4.315 · Cited by 141
Psycho-social factors in relation to coronary heart disease and associated risk factors.
Floderus, B. (1974) · Nordisk hygienisk tidskrift · Cited by 117
Psychosocial Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Williams, R. B., Barefoot, J. C., & Schneiderman, N. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.16.2190 · Cited by 99
Mental health differences among retirees and workers: Findings from the normative aging study.
Bossé, R., Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., et al. (1987) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.2.4.383 · Cited by 94
The vicissitudes of mood: A schematic model
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1994) · Cited by 19
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- 1984, Handbook of longitudinal research: Vol. 2. Teenage and adult cohorts, 273
- 10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.804 · DOI · Paper page
- 1983, SCL-90 revised manual
- 1968, Manual for the Eysenck Personality Inventory
- 1994, The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions, 400
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles
Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.46.1.95 · Cited by 3,159
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8 · Cited by 1,400
A systematic review of personality trait change through intervention.
Roberts, B. W., Luo, J., Briley, D. A., Chow, P. I., Su, R., & Hill, P. L. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000088 · Cited by 1,047
Personality Development: Continuity and Change Over the Life Course
McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100507 · Cited by 931
Metadata
- Authors
- Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 371-376
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC2643121
- OpenAlex
- W2114966780
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 14.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG 18436, R01AG018436, P01AG020166)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- neuroticism, personality change, mortality risk, older men, aging, growth curve analysis, extraversion, depression, self-rated health, objective health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Boston, Extraversion, Psychological, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Neurotic Disorders, Personality, Personality Inventory, Risk Factors, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
