Optimists vs Pessimists: Survival Rate Among Medical Patients Over a 30-Year Period
Abstract
Objective To examine explanatory style (how people explain life events) as a risk factor for early death, using scores from the Optimism-Pessimism scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Subjects and methods A total of 839 patients completed the MMPI between 1962 and 1965 as self-referred general medical patients. Thirty years later, the vital status of each of these patients was ascertained. Results Of the 839 patients, 124 were classified as optimistic, 518 as mixed, and 197 as pessimistic. Follow-up was available for 723 patients. Among these, a 10-point T-score increase on the Optimism-Pessimism scale (e.g., more pessimistic) was associated with a 19% increase in the risk of mortality. Conclusion A pessimistic explanatory style, as measured by the Optimism-Pessimism scale of the MMPI, is significantly associated with mortality.
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Optimism is associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality over 30 years in community midlife samples.
“and over 30 [97] and 40 [96] years in community midlife samples.”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [97]
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- Authors
- Maruta, T., Colligan, R. C., Malinchoc, M., & Offord, K. P.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maruta, Toshihiko
- Venue
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 140-143
- ISSN
- 0025-6196 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4249285509
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- optimism, pessimism, attributional style, mortality risk, survival, MMPI, personality traits, general medical patients, long-term follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Internal Medicine, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Mortality, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk, Risk Factors, Temperament, United States, Survival Rate
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