Physical Activity and Food Environments: Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic
Open accessAbstract
Context: Environmental, policy, and societal changes are important contributors to the rapid rise in obesity over the past few decades, and there has been substantial progress toward identifying environmental and policy factors related to eating and physical activity that can point toward solutions. This article is a status report on research on physical activity and food environments, and it suggests how these findings can be used to improve diet and physical activity and to control or reduce obesity. Methods: This article summarizes and synthesizes recent reviews and provides examples of representative studies. It also describes ongoing innovative interventions and policy change efforts that were identified through conference presentations, media coverage, and websites. Findings: Numerous cross‐sectional studies have consistently demonstrated that some attributes of built and food environments are associated with physical activity, healthful eating, and obesity. Residents of walkable neighborhoods who have good access to recreation facilities are more likely to be physically active and less likely to be overweight or obese. Residents of communities with ready access to healthy foods also tend to have more healthful diets. Disparities in environments and policies that disadvantage low‐income communities and racial minorities have been documented as well. Evidence from multilevel studies, prospective research, and quasi‐experimental evaluations of environmental changes are just beginning to emerge. Conclusions: Environment, policy, and multilevel strategies for improving diet, physical activity, and obesity control are recommended based on a rapidly growing body of research and the collective wisdom of leading expert organizations. A public health imperative to identify and implement solutions to the obesity epidemic warrants the use of the most promising strategies while continuing to build the evidence base.
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Several approaches are effective.
“Several approaches are effective (Table 6).152,196,202–214”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [206]
Among adults, greater accessibility to recreation or exercise spaces and facilities was generally, although not always, associated with more physical activity.
“Among adults, greater accessibility was generally, although not always, associated with more physical activity.28,337–342”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
Although the numbers of studies were relatively limited, nearly all found either self-reported or GIS-assessed indexes of walkability to be positively associated with physical activity, including objective measures of physical activity.
“Although the numbers of studies were relatively limited, nearly all found either self-reported or GIS-assessed indexes of walkability to be positively associated with physical activity, including objective measures of physical activity.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
Nearly all evidence for relation of walkability with physical activity or adiposity is derived from cross-sectional observational studies.
“As with other local environmental factors reviewed in this report, nearly all evidence for relation with physical activity or adiposity is derived from cross-sectional observational studies (Supplementary Table 10f).”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- SALLIS, J. F., & GLANZ, K.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- SALLIS, JAMES F.
- Venue
- The Milbank Quarterly
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-154
- ISSN
- 0887-378X (ISSN-L)
- 1468-0009
- PMC
- PMC2879180
- OpenAlex
- W1987919544
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 5.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Milbank Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Georgia Cancer Coalition
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL083454)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Keywords
- obesity, physical activity, food environment, built environment, walkability, healthy food access, recreational facilities, health disparities, low-income communities, racial minorities, environmental policy, multilevel interventions, diet, obesity prevention
- MeSH terms
- Environment Design, Feeding Behavior, Health Promotion, Humans, Motor Activity, Nutritional Status, Obesity, Social Environment, United States, Health Behavior, Nutrition Policy, Social Marketing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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