Food Prices and Obesity: Evidence and Policy Implications for Taxes and Subsidies
Open accessAbstract
Context:Pricing policies have been posited as potential policy instruments to address the increasing prevalence of obesity. This article examines whether altering the cost of unhealthy, energy‐dense foods, compared with healthy, less‐dense foods through the use of fiscal pricing (tax or subsidy) policy instruments would, in fact, change food consumption patterns and overall diet enough to significantly reduce individuals' weight outcomes. Methods:This article examined empirical evidence regarding the food and restaurant price sensitivity of weight outcomes based on a literature search to identify peer‐reviewed English‐language articles published between 1990 and 2008. Studies were identified from the Medline, PubMed, Econlit, and PAIS databases. The fifteen search combinations used the terms obesity,body mass index, and BMI each in combination with the terms price,prices,tax,taxation, and subsidy. Findings:The studies reviewed showed that when statistically significant associations were found between food and restaurant prices (taxes) and weight outcomes, the effects were generally small in magnitude, although in some cases they were larger for low–socioeconomic status (SES) populations and for those at risk for overweight or obesity. Conclusions:The limited existing evidence suggests that small taxes or subsidies are not likely to produce significant changes in BMI or obesity prevalence but that nontrivial pricing interventions may have some measurable effects on Americans' weight outcomes, particularly for children and adolescents, low‐SES populations, and those most at risk for overweight. Additional research is needed to be able to draw strong policy conclusions regarding the effectiveness of fiscal‐pricing interventions aimed at reducing obesity.
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Several approaches are effective.
“Several approaches are effective (Table 6).152,196,202–214”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [209]
Reviews of cross-sectional analyses have concluded that small taxes would minimally alter consumption of less healthy foods or beverages or related risk factors.
“Reviews of cross-sectional analyses have concluded that small taxes would minimally alter consumption of less healthy foods or beverages or related risk factors.31”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- POWELL, L. M., & CHALOUPKA, F. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- POWELL, LISA M.
- Venue
- The Milbank Quarterly
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 229-257
- ISSN
- 0887-378X (ISSN-L)
- 1468-0009
- PMC
- PMC2879182
- OpenAlex
- W2152560334
- Cited by
- 518
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 5.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Milbank Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Tamkeen
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- obesity, food prices, food taxation, food subsidies, price sensitivity, body mass index, energy-dense foods, restaurant prices, low socioeconomic status, children and adolescents, overweight prevention, dietary intake
- MeSH terms
- Food, Government Programs, Health Promotion, Humans, Obesity, Public Health, Taxes, United States, Body Mass Index, Nutrition Policy, Social Marketing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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