Practitioner review: Stress intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities

Hastings, Richard P.; Beck, Alexandra

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00357.x

Cited by 324Family and Disability Support ResearchDown syndrome and intellectual disability researchBehavioral and Psychological Studies

Practitioner review: Stress intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities

Hastings, Richard P., Beck, Alexandra·2004·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00357.x

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Parents of children with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk for stress and other mental health problems. The purpose of the present review is to consider the evidence base for psychological intervention to remediate stress in these parents. METHODS: A selective review of interventions designed to reduce stress in parents of children with intellectual disabilities, with a focus on group interventions that incorporate various cognitive behavioural techniques. RESULTS: Research evidence suggests that standard service models (e.g., respite care, case management) probably help to reduce parental stress. The strongest evidence base is for cognitive behavioural group interventions, especially for the reduction of stress in mothers. Some data also indicate the potential value of parent-led support networks. CONCLUSIONS: More research and clinical development are needed to establish a firmer evidence base for stress interventions with parents of children with intellectual disabilities. There are also a number of potential practical implications of reducing parental stress for maximising the efficacy of general parent training interventions and also behavioural programmes for children's challenging behaviours.

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Singer, G. H. S., Ethridge, B. L., & Aldana, S. I. (2007) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20175 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting Decreases Aggression and Increases Social Behavior in Children With Developmental Disabilities
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Singh, J., Curtis, W. J., Wahler, R. G., & McAleavey, K. M. (2007) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445507300924 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“Stress in parents of children with developmental disabilities has been extensively researched (Hastings & Beck, 2004).”
Background
The impact of child problem behaviors of children with ASD on parent mental health: The mediating role of acceptance and empowerment
Weiss, J. A., Cappadocia, M. C., MacMullin, J. A., Viecili, M., & Lunsky, Y. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311422708 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Reducing problem behavior during care-giving in families of preschool-aged children with developmental disabilities
Plant, K. M., & Sanders, M. R. (2007) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.009 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“This finding is supported in a recent review ( Hastings & Beck, 2004 ) which concludes that stress interventions for parents of children with developmental disabilities have a positive impact upon parent adjustment and mental health.”
Result
Positive contributions made by children with an intellectual disability in the family
Hastings, R. P., Beck, A., & Hill, C. R. (2005) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629505053930 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“The success of services or parent support interventions is also often assessed in terms of reductions in negative outcomes such as stress or depression (see Hastings and Beck, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Are parents identifying positive aspects to parenting their child with an intellectual disability or are they just coping? A qualitative exploration
Beighton, C., & Wills, J. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629516656073 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“In addition, a parent skills training intervention aimed at teaching parents ways of successfully managing their children’s problem behaviours has been shown to enhance a parent’s sense of mastery/self-efficacy (Hastings and Beck, 2004).”
Background
Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates
Khamis, V. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.022 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Holt, 1993; Butler, Gill, Pomeroy, & Fartrell, 1978; Donenberg & Baker, 1993; Hastings & Beck, 2004; Olsen, Marshall, Mandeleco, & Alferd, 1999), there exists a significant hiatus in the examination of parental stress and psychological distress among parents of children with special needs in the…”
Background
Authoritative parenting and parental stress in parents of pre‐school and older children with developmental disabilities
Woolfson, L. M., & Grant, E. (2006) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00603.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Family hardiness, social support, and self-efficacy in mothers of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Weiss, J. A., Robinson, S., Fung, S. L., Tint, A., Chalmers, P., & Lunsky, Y. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.07.016 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Resilience in families raising children with disabilities and behavior problems
McConnell, D., Savage, A., & Breitkreuz, R. S. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.015 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“7 infers that child behavior problems ‘cause’ unfavorable social–ecological conditions and poorer family functioning, but the relationship between these variables is most likely bi-directional (Hastings & Beck, 2004; Lecavalier et al., 2006; Olsson, 2008).”
Background
Children's delayed development and behavior problems: Impact on mothers' perceived physical health across early childhood
Eisenhower, A., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.033 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“A recent review of stress intervention research for parents of children with delays found strong empirical support for cognitive behavioral group interventions in reducing stress among these mothers (Hastings & Beck, 2004).”
Background
Families of children with disabilities: A review of literature and recommendations for interventions.
Neely-Barnes, S. L., & Dia, D. A. (2008) · Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention · doi:10.1037/h0100425 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Autism in Developing Countries: Lessons from Iran
Samadi, S. A., & McConkey, R. (2011) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/145359 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“[47] R.”
Background
Psychological variables as correlates of adjustment in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships.
Lloyd, T., & Hastings, R. P. (2008) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.00974.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation
Issues and theoretical constructs regarding parent education for autism spectrum disorders
Steiner, A. M., Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., & Ence, W. A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1194-0 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“…management procedures, the parent participants reported significant increases in their ability to cope with parenting stress, and reductions in guilt, negative thoughts and attributions, as well as symptoms of depression (Blackledge and Hayes 2006; Hastings and Beck 2004; Nixon and Singer 1993).”
Predicting maternal parenting stress in middle childhood: the roles of child intellectual status, behaviour problems and social skills
Neece, C. L., & Baker, B. L. (2008) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01071.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“It is encouraging that a recent review by Hastings & Beck (2004) found that interventions to remediate stress in parents of children with ID are generally effective, with cognitive behavioural group interventions showing the strongest evidence for their effectiveness, especially with mothers.”
Marital Quality and Psychological Adjustment Among Mothers of Children with ASD: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Relationships
Benson, P. R., & Kersh, J. E. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1198-9 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Support and respite services may also serve to indirectly enhance marital quality by increasing social support and reducing the often severe demands associated with parenting a child with ASD ( Hastings and Beck 2004; Singer et al. 2007).”
Background
Development of the WHO Caregiver Skills Training Program for Developmental Disorders or Delays
Salomone, E., Pacione, L., Shire, S., Brown, F. L., Reichow, B., & Servili, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00769 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Furthermore, parent distress predicts child outcomes and outcomes from behavioral parenting interventions (23, 25, 26).”
Background
Psychological Well‐being in Fathers of Adolescents and Young Adults With Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, and Autism
Hartley, S. L., Seltzer, M. M., Head, L. S., & Abbeduto, L. (2012) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00693.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“…problems in the child with the developmental disability (e.g., behavioral support), and helping parents cope with parenting challenges (e.g., respite care and stress management), and coordination of these services (e.g., case management) leads to the best outcomes (e.g., Hastings & Beck, 2004).”
Background
Mindful Parenting and Care Involvement of Fathers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Macdonald, E., & Hastings, R. (2010) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9243-9 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citation
Supporting parents of youths with intellectual disabilities and psychopathology
Douma, J. C. H., Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00825.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
An effective programme is not enough: a review of factors associated with poor attendance and engagement with parenting support programmes
Whittaker, K. A., & Cowley, S. A. (2010) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2010.00333.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Defining crisis in families of individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Weiss, J. A., Wingsiong, A. C., & Lunsky, Y. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313508024 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“We know that high levels of distress are related to lower parent and child psychological well-being and can indirectly affect parenting behavior and child outcomes (Hastings and Beck, 2004; Koegel et al., 1992; Totsika et al., 2013), making studying crisis an important area of focus.”
Background
Network Characteristics, Perceived Social Support, and Psychological Adjustment in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Benson, P. R. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1517-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Families and intellectual disability
Blacher, J., Neece, C. L., & Paczkowski, E. A. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000179488.92885.e8 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety among parents and caregivers of autistic spectral disorder children
Almansour, M., AlAteeq, M. A., Alzahrani, M. K., Algeffari, M., & Alhomaidan, H. T. (2013) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.1993 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Coping and Psychological Adjustment Among Mothers of Children with ASD: An Accelerated Longitudinal Study
Benson, P. R. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2079-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“…coping strategies that promote a sense of mindfulness and positive acceptance on the part of parents may be increasingly valuable as the child with ASD matures and his or her symptoms and behaviors become less amenable to change (Blackledge and Hayes 2006; Hastings and Beck 2004; Whittingham 2013).”
Background
Improving child and parenting outcomes following paediatric acquired brain injury: A randomised controlled trial of Stepping Stones Triple P plus acceptance and commitment therapy
Brown, F. L., Whittingham, K., Boyd, R. N., McKinlay, L., & Sofronoff, K. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12227 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Trajectories of Stress among Parents of Children with Disabilities: A Dyadic Analysis
Woodman, A. C. (2014) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12049 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Impact of autism in adolescents on parental quality of life
Baghdadli, A., Pry, R., Michelon, C., & Rattaz, C. (2014) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0635-6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment.
MacDonald, E. E., Hastings, R. P., & Fitzsimons, E. (2010) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00546.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social support, coping, and positive perceptions as potential protective factors for the well-being of mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Halstead, E. J., Griffith, G. M., & Hastings, R. P. (2017) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2017.1329192 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
Randomized controlled trial of a brief acceptance and commitment training for parents of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders
Hahs, A. D., Dixon, M. R., & Paliliunas, D. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.03.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The time and effort in taking care for children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: a study on care load and support
Tadema, A. C., & Vlaskamp, C. (2009) · British Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00561.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Parental Stress in Families of Children with a Genetic Disorder/Disability and the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation
Hall, H. R., Neely-Barnes, S. L., Graff, J. C., Krcek, T. E., Roberts, R. J., & Hankins, J. S. (2012) · Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.3109/01460862.2012.646479 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Parents may benefit from cognitive behavioral techniques that focus on enhancing problem solving and cognitive restructuring (Hastings & Beck, 2004; Roesch, Weiner, & Vaughn, 2002).”
Background
Raising an Autistic Child: Perspectives From Turkish Mothers
Bilgin, H., & Küçük, L. (2010) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00228.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Prevalence of psychological distress among parents of children with intellectual disabilities in Malawi
Masulani-Mwale, C., Kauye, F., Gladstone, M., & Mathanga, D. P. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1731-x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Predicting parenting stress: children's behavioural problems and parents' coping
Solem, M., Christophersen, K.-A. A., & Martinussen, M. (2010) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.681 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs
Sartore, G., Pourliakas, A., & Lagioia, V. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010618.pub2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Fathers' behaviors and children's psychopathology
Flouri, E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…disorders, learning and communication disorders and problems in learning, severe and persistent disorders such as pervasive developmental disorders, and other developmental disabilities or schizophrenia (Dykens & Hodapp, 2001; Hastings & Beck, 2004; Hastings et al., 2005; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
Benefit-finding or finding benefits? The positive impact of having a disabled child
McConnell, D., Savage, A., Sobsey, D., & Uditsky, B. (2014) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2014.984803 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“For example, the second and third models (Figures 3 and 4 respectively) infer that child behaviour problems cause perceived stress, but this relationship is most likely bi-directional (Hastings and Beck 2004; Lecavalier, Leone, and Wiltz 2006; Olsson 2008).”
Background
Parenting children with intellectual disabilities in Malawi: the impact that reaches beyond coping?
Masulani-Mwale, C., Mathanga, D. P., Silungwe, D., Kauye, F., & Gladstone, M. (2016) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12368 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A Strength-Based Approach to Parent Education for Children With Autism
Steiner, A. M. (2010) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300710384134 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Furthermore, lack of understanding and acknowledgement of parent positive perceptions by service providers can harm the parent–professional relationship (Hastings & Beck, 2004).”
Background
Evaluation of an online training program to improve family routines, parental well-being, and the behavior of children with autism
Pennefather, J. T., Hieneman, M., Raulston, T. J., & Caraway, N. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.06.006 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The association between stress and physical health in parents caring for children with intellectual disabilities is moderated by children’s challenging behaviours
Gallagher, S. M., & Whiteley, J. (2012) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312464672 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Moreover, this should inspire further research and influence the design of interventions, in particular, those that combine stress and behaviour management techniques that have been found to be most effective for improving well-being in these parents (Hastings and Beck, 2004).”
Influential
Training Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Trends, Issues, and Future Directions
Machalicek, W., Lang, R. B., & Raulston, T. J. (2015) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-015-0048-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Parenting Styles and Parents' Perspectives on How Their Own Emotions Affect the Functioning of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Zhou, T., & Yi, C. (2014) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12058 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“This observation is in line with the results of research in samples of children without disabilities and those with physical disabilities (Hastings, 2002; Hastings & Beck, 2008).”
Result
The Effectiveness of a Psychoeducation Intervention delivered via WhatsApp for mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A randomized controlled trial
Hemdi, A., & Daley, D. (2017) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12520 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Evidence also suggests that parent‐focused interventions using cognitive behaviour techniques elements (e.g., problem solving and cognitive restructuring) were found to be effective in reducing maternal stress in parents of children with intellectual disabilities (Hastings & Beck, 2004).”
Background
A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools
Jones, L., Gold, E., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Jones, M., Griffiths, A., & Silverton, S. (2018) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2017.1297571 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“In addition, cognitive behavioural (CBT) techniques (e.g. restructuring cognitive distortions or irrational beliefs) have been used to directly target parental mental health (Gammon & Rose, 1991; Greaves, 1997; Hastings & Beck, 2004; Nixon & Singer, 1993; Singer, Ethridge & Aldana, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Bullying Victimization, Parenting Stress, and Anxiety among Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Weiss, J. A., Cappadocia, M. C., Tint, A., & Pepler, D. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1488 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“At the same time, it is important to provide parent-focused supports and interventions for mothers of individuals with ASD to help them cope with the stress they may encounter in parenting [Blackledge & Hayes, 2006; Dykens, Fisher, Lounds Taylor, Lambert, & Miodrag, 2014; Hastings & Beck, 2004].”
Background
Respite Care for Families of Special Needs Children: A Systematic Review
Strunk, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-010-9190-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Managing Stress Levels of Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Interventions
Lindo, E. J., Kliemann, K. R., Combes, B. H., & Frank, J. J. (2016) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12185 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“A total of 50 studies were coded for inclusion: 48 from the aforementioned database searches and two additional reports identified from ancestral searches of the studies identified and prior reviews (i.e., Hastings & Beck, 2004; Singer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness for stress and burnout: A waiting list controlled pilot study comparing treatments for parents of children with chronic conditions
Anclair, M., Lappalainen, R., Muotka, J., & Hiltunen, A. J. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12473 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions
Sairanen, E., Lappalainen, P., & Hiltunen, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201155 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Having a son or daughter with an intellectual disability transition to adulthood: A parental perspective
Codd, J., & Hewitt, O. M. (2020) · British Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1111/bld.12327 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mothers of children with developmental disabilities: Stress in early and middle childhood
Azad, G. F., Blacher, J., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Empowerment and Parent Gain as Mediators and Moderators of Distress in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Weiss, J. A., MacMullin, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0004-7 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Service Utilization Patterns in Parents of Youth and Adults With Intellectual Disability Who Experienced Behavioral Crisis
Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2010) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2010.490617 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…have a significant deleterious effect on parent caregivers, and formal supports are often recognized as potential moderators of this impact (Blacher & McIntyre, 2006; Hastings, 2002; Hastings & Beck, 2004; Hayden & Goldman, 1996; Heller, Hsieh, & Rowitz, 1997; Nachshen & Minnes, 2005; Perry, 2005).”
Background
Improved social skills in children with developmental delays after parent participation in MBSR: the role of parent–child relational factors
Lewallen, A. C., & Neece, C. L. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0116-8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“After providing an 8-week MBSR treatment course for parents of children with DD, Neece (2013) found that MBSR was not only efficacious in reducing overall parenting stress and depression, but that parents reported reductions in child behavior problems as well.”
BackgroundInfluential
Early Intervention Outcomes for Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families
Noyes-Grosser, D. M., Elbaum, B. E., Wu, Y., Siegenthaler, K., Cavalari, R. N. S., Gillis, J. L., & Romanczyk, R. G. (2018) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0000000000000121 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…of these children compared with families of children with other developmental disabilities (Dunn, Burbine, Bowers, & Tantleff-Dunn, 2001; Hastings, 2008; Hastings & Beck, 2004; Hastings & Brown, 2002; Romanczyk & Callahan, 2012), there is a need for outcome data specific to this subpopulation.”
Background
Coping and Psychological Health of Aging Parents of Adult Children With Developmental Disabilities
Piazza, V. E., Floyd, F. J., Seltzer, M. M., & Greenberg, J. S. (2014) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-119.2.186 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Alternative findings emerged in a review by Hastings and Beck (2004) of interventions designed to reduce stress for parents of children with intellectual disability.”
Cognitive Coping Strategies and Stress in Parents of Children With Down Syndrome: A Prospective Study
van der Veek, S., Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2009) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-47.4.295 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Parents who experience more distress may be more likely to engage in maladaptive parenting behavior (Hastings & Beck, 2004).”
Background
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Parent Health Education About the Sexual Developments of Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities
Kök, G., & Akyüz, A. (2015) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-015-9400-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist, the Anxiety, Depression and Mood Scale, the Assessment of Dual Diagnosis and the Social Performance Survey Schedule in adults with intellectual disabilities
Rojahn, J., Rowe, E. W., Kasdan, S., Moore, L., & Ingen, D. J. V. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.035 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Solution-focused Brief Therapy with Families Who Have a Child with Intellectual Disabilities: A Description of the Content of Initial Sessions and the Processes
Lloyd, H. M., & Dallos, R. (2006) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104506064982 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Hastings and Beck (2004) reviewed research on interventions to reduce stress in parents and concluded that, while respite packages and cognitivebehavioural therapy may reduce parents’ stress, more research and clinical developments are needed.”
Background
Health-related quality of life in fathers of children with or without developmental disability: the mediating effect of parental stress
Huang, Y., Chang, M.-Y., Chi, Y.-L., & Lai, F.-C. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0469-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Parent Education: What We Know and Moving Forward for Greatest Impact
Morris, A., Jespersen, J. E., Cosgrove, K. T., Ratliff, E. L., & Kerr, K. L. (2020) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12442 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioural Group Treatment for Chinese Parents with Children with Developmental Disabilities in Melbourne, Australia: An Efficacy Study
Wong, F. K. D., & Poon, A. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048671003769769 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Association Between Parenting Stress and Functional Impairment Among Children Diagnosed with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Almogbel, Y. S., Goyal, R., & Sansgiry, S. S. (2017) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-017-0096-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In addition, several stress interventions provided can lead to improved stress outcomes (Hastings and Beck 2004).”
Background
Help-Seeking Process of Parents for Psychopathology in Youth With Moderate to Borderline Intellectual Disabilities
Douma, J. C. H., Dekker, M. C., de Ruiter, K. P., Verhulst, F. C., & Koot, H. M. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000230167.31246.db · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“He or she should know the signs of psychopathology, help to obtain professional help when needed, know where and what kind of help is provided, and mediate between parents and service providers ( Hastings and Beck, 2004 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
The experiences of parents of children living with disabilities at Lehlaba Protective Workshop in Sekhukhune district of Limpopo province
Tigere, B., & Makhubele, J. C. (2019) · African Journal of Disability · doi:10.4102/ajod.v8i0.528 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Parents of the children are left to suffer emotionally to this hostile society (Hastings & Beck 2004).”
Background
Early childhood predictors of mothers' and fathers' relationships with adolescents with developmental disabilities
Mitchell, D. B., & Hauser‐Cram, P. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01268.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Longitudinal Effects of Network Characteristics on the Mental Health of Mothers of Children with ASD: The Mediating Role of Parent Cognitions
Benson, P. R. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2699-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A survey of parental self‐efficacy experiences: maximising potential through health visiting and universal parenting support
Whittaker, K. A., & Cowley, S. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04074.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Support and Self-Efficacy Among Latino and White Parents of Children With ID
Cohen, S. R., Holloway, S. D., Domínguez-Pareto, I., & Kuppermann, M. (2014) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-120.1.16 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Maternal parenting stress in families with a child with Angelman syndrome or Prader–Willi syndrome
Wulffaert, J., SCHOLTE, E. M., & van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I. A. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2010.499101 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“It is still unclear whether mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability perceive similar parenting stress levels, since the results are mixed (Hassall & Rose, 2005; Hastings & Beck, 2004; Olsson, 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI
Fakulta, P. (2013) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stress and burnout amongst professional carers of people with intellectual disability: another health inequity
White, P., Edwards, N., & Townsend, C. (2006) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000238478.04400.e0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Psychological health of mothers caring for mentally disabled children in Qatar
Al‐Kuwari, M. G. (2007) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.1531 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Caregiver Training in Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) vs. Training-as-Usual (TAU): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Karazsia, B. T., Chan, J., & Winton, A. S. W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01549 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Many change jobs because of psychological stress (Hastings and Beck, 2004) and burnout (Chung and Harding, 2009), Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 October 2016 | Volume 7 | Article 1549 or require therapy if they continue in their role of caregiving.”
Background
Définition d’un trouble grave du comportement chez les personnes ayant une déficience intellectuelle.
Tassé, M. J., Sabourin, G., Garcin, N., & Lecavalier, L. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0016249 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Intellectual disability
Simonoff, E. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch54 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Impact on the Family of Four Neurogenetic Syndromes: A Comparative Study of Parental Views
Reilly, C. J., Murtagh, L., & Senior, J. (2015) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-015-9820-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Parents typically report more parenting stress and mental health problems, such as depression, than parents of children without such difficulties (Hastings and Beck 2004).”
Background
Identifying classes of persons with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning: a latent class analysis
Nouwens, P. J. G., Lucas, R., Smulders, N. B. M., Embregts, P. J. C. M., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1426-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of Caregiver-Focused Programs on Psychosocial Outcomes in Caregivers of Individuals with ASD: A Meta-analysis
Yu, Y., McGrew, J. H., & Boloor, J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04181-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Peer support interventions for parents and carers of children with complex needs
Sartore, G., Lagioia, V., & Mildon, R. L. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010618 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Stress in parents of children with autism participating in early and intensive behavioral intervention
Eikeseth, S., Klintwall, L., Hayward, D., & Gale, C. (2015) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2015.1066566 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The effect size for reduction in maternal stress was small, but comparable to previous findings (Hastings & Beck, 2004).”
BackgroundResult
Comparative effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction and psychoeducational support on parenting stress in families of autistic preschoolers
Neece, C. L., Fenning, R. M., Morrell, H. E., & Benjamin, L. R. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231191558 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…used no-treatment, treatment-as-usual, or waitlist-control comparisons, which often do not account for nonspecific effects of provider contact (e.g. Gammon & Rose, 1991; Izadi-Mazidi et al., 2015; Mueller & Moskowitz, 2020 for reviews, see Da Paz & Wallander, 2017; Hastings & Beck, 2004).”
Background
Development of a Mindfulness-Based Coping with Stress Group for Parents of Adolescents and Adults with Developmental Disabilities
Lunsky, Y., Robinson, S., Reid, M., & Palucka, A. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0404-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Evaluating such interventions for parents is crucial (e.g., Hastings and Beck 2004): if parents could manage their stress and cope better, this would allow them to support their adult children more effectively.”
Williams Syndrome: Daily Challenges and Positive Impact on the Family
Scallan, S., Senior, J., & Reilly, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2010.00575.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sources of Stress among Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities: A Preliminary Investigation in Saudi Arabia
Aldosari, M. S., & Pufpaff, L. A. (2014) · The Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship · doi:10.58729/2167-3454.1031 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Behaviour problems and adults with Down syndrome: childhood risk factors
McCarthy, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01104.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Interventions for Parents of People with Intellectual Disabilities
Neece, C. L., & Lima, E. J. (2016) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-016-0088-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
On the Intervention in the Parenting Stress from Parents of Preschool Children with Disabilities
Wang, Y. (2012) · Zhongguo teshu jiaoyu
Managing Stress in Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Bhat, A., Sharma, V., & Jena, S. P. K. (2013) · Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Training Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Trends, Issues, and Future Directions
Machalicek, W., Lang, R. B., & Raulston, T. J. (2015) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-015-0048-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A Pre-Post Study On The Impact Of CBT Intervention On Parental Stress Of Children With Intellectual Disabilities
Chandresh, K., Rani, R., & Lone, Z. A. (2024) · African Journal of Biomedical Research · doi:10.53555/ajbr.v27i4s.4607

Authors: Hastings, R. P., & Beck, A.
Affiliations: Bangor University (GB)
Corresponding author: Hastings, Richard P.
ORCID: Hastings, Richard P.
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 45
Issue: 8
Pages: 1338-1349
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00357.x
OpenAlex: W1999748683
Semantic Scholar: fb7c8eef6f89891ece4e4757708feab9f7aa2691
Cited by: 324
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 9.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1335 d)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: parental stress, intellectual disability, parents of children with intellectual disabilities, psychological intervention, respite care, case management, mothers, parent training, behavioral problems
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Depression, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Parents, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Stress, Psychological, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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