The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 24 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The effects of severe psychosocial deprivation and foster care intervention on cognitive development at 8 years of age: findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Open accessAbstract
Background: Previous reports from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project suggested that children removed from institutions and placed into intervention displayed gains in IQ relative to children randomized to remain in institutional care. Method: The current report presents data from the 8‐year follow‐up of these children. One hundred and three of the original 136 children in the study were tested with the WISC IV. Results: Results reveal continued benefit from the intervention even though many of the children in both the intervention and control groups were no longer residing in their initial placements. Gains in IQ were particularly evident for those children who remained with their intervention family. There were also modest timing effects such that children placed earlier displayed higher scores on the WISC processing speed subscale. Early placement was also a significant predictor of a profile of stable, typical IQ scores over time. Conclusion: These data suggest the continued importance of early intervention and the negative effects of severe psychosocial deprivation on the development of IQ scores across early childhood.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
73 Own result · 36 Own interpretation · 14 No full text of the sources · 12 Own method · 10 No basis given · 9 Sources not found · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“second, they suggest that there is a potential for remediation of these negative cognitive effects if the child is removed from an institution and placed in a “typical” family environment.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Dennis and Najarian (1957) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Two searches within Dennis and Najarian’s “Infant development under environmental handicap” returned no full-text snippets, and no abstract was available to assess the claim directly. An unscoped search found a related statement about improved development with more family-like care in “Case report: Improving quality of care in Kazakhstan institutions” (score 0.642), but it does not establish what the 1957 paper reported. The evidence therefore cannot confirm the attribution or justify calling it a misattribution. (LLM, conf=0.65)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early placement was also a significant predictor of a profile of stable, typical IQ scores over time.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gains in IQ were particularly evident for those children who remained with their intervention family.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also modest timing effects such that children placed earlier displayed higher scores on the WISC processing speed subscale.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These relations were not significant for the FCG group.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and processing speed (F(2,61) = 7.91, p < .001, partial η2 = .21)”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A univariate ANOVA revealed a significant effect of group (F (1,51) = 4.95, p = .031)”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Were there timing effects within the FCG related to trajectories of IQ?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children initially assigned to the intervention who were currently living in BEIP foster care scored significantly higher on these subscales, compared to those who left the intervention placement context.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Duration of deprivation was significantly and positively correlated with the probability of membership in the very low IQ profile (r = .43, p = .002).”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Were there timing effects within the FCG related to trajectories of IQ?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that children living in BEIP foster care had higher full scale sores compared to children living in government foster care.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results reveal continued benefit from the intervention even though many of the children in both the intervention and control groups were no longer residing in their initial placements.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand 16 CAUG children had scores of 70 or below at age 8 on full scale IQ, and 12 FCG children had similar low scores on full scale IQ at age 8.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Mean IQ Data at Age 8
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“results revealed a significant relation between language and IQ suggesting that children with poorer language abilities were significantly more likely to have a very low IQ profile (r = .44, p = .002).”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What factors predict longitudinal profiles of IQ for each of the two groups of institutionalized children?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The result revealed a marginally significant effect of group (F(1,100) = 3.64, p =.059), suggesting that children in the CAU showed greater change in IQ (M = 4.77, SD = 9.64) than did children in the FCG (M = .04, SD = 14.45).”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results revealed no significant relations between any of these factors and profile membership.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What factors predict longitudinal profiles of IQ for each of the two groups of institutionalized children?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, children in the CAU showed modest increases in full scale IQ scores over time, while children in the FCG showed little change.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scores on the perceptual (F(1,104) = .29, ns), working memory (F(1,104) = 1.84, ns) and processing speed (F(1,104) = 1.34, ns) subscales were not significantly different for the two groups.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All but 9 children in the study were placed prior to 3 month of age into institutions.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Method > Measures and Procedures
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that children placed in foster care before 26 months of age were significantly more likely to have a typical IQ profile, while children placed after were significantly more likely have a very low profile.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Were there timing effects within the FCG related to trajectories of IQ?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the two profile model was chosen as the best representation of the data.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What are the longitudinal profiles of IQ amongst children with a history of institutionalization?
plain- Asserted: unclear — It is unclear whether the authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of these factors predicted IQ profile membership in this group.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What factors predict longitudinal profiles of IQ for each of the two groups of institutionalized children?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspection of the distribution of the full scale scores revealed that 16 children in the CAUG had full scale scores of 85 or above while 28 of the FCG children had scores at or above 85 on full scale IQ.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Mean IQ Data at Age 8
plainn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that there was a significant positive change (increase in IQ) for the CAUG but not for the FCG”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, amongst the CAUG, IQ over age either remained low but stable or tended to increase.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By the time children were 4-6 years of age, the children who were below the age of 6 months when they were adopted appeared to catch up to their British born adopted controls, though the children adopted from Romania after the age of 6 months manifested deficits in IQ.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rutter et al, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Previous reports from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project suggested that children removed from institutions and placed into intervention displayed gains in IQ relative to children randomized to remain in institutional care.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Background
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The best human analog of animal deprivation studies is infants who are raised in institutions.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While initial reports from this study suggested that children adopted between the ages of 6-24 months had higher IQ scores compared to those adopted at a later age, subsequent follow up of this sample at age 11 found that the gains by the group adopted between 6-24 months did not persist.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rutter et al, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Rodents and non-human primates deprived of typical social contact early in life develop atypical cognitive and social behaviors (Harlow, Dodsworth & Harlow, 1965).”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harlow, Dodsworth & Harlow, 1965 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These authors also found that age of at which the child was tested was an important moderator, with young children seemingly more impaired at test than older children.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van Ijzendoorn, Luijk, & Juffer, 2008 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like all studies of internationally adopted children, there may have been a selection bias in the choice of who was adopted or selected from the institutions and who remained.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although children who were adopted prior to six months of age exhibited “typical” IQ scores at age 11, those adopted after 6 months displayed low IQ scores similar to those adopted after 24 months of age.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rutter et al, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“SEMM was chosen as a method for examining developmental patterns in IQ from 30 to 8 years because it allows for the estimation of qualitatively different groups (i.e., latent profiles) when group membership cannot be determined a priori (Bauer & Curran, 2004).”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Method > Data Analytic Plan
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bauer & Curran, 2004 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, 38 children from the NIG were included as a comparison group.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Method > Participants
plainn = 38- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The never-institutionalized children recruited from Bucharest pediatric clinics are comparable to the institutionalized groups on all relevant characteristics except institutional rearing.
In the paper
“Infants and young children who were between 6 and 31 months of age and living in institutions in Bucharest, Romania, were randomly assigned either to receive care as usual (continued institutional rearing) or be placed into foster care homes”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zeanah et al., 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the IQ scales were administered by trained and reliable Romanian psychologists.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Method > Measures and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reflecting the importance of early intervention.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the two-profile model revealed that it had an acceptable number of members in each profile (n’s of 21 and 43), and the average posterior probabilities of membership were both greater than 0.95.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What are the longitudinal profiles of IQ amongst children with a history of institutionalization?
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pattern of data here are somewhat different from those reported by Rutter and colleagues but not inconsistent.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rutter and colleagues report that infants placed into adoptive homes below the age of 6 months of age showed sustained increases in IQ but those older than 6 months (but younger than 24 months of age) did not sustain gains in IQ as a result of being adopted out of institutions and placed in British families.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rutter and colleagues
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the two-profile model revealed that it had an acceptable number of members in each profile (n’s of 43 and 19), and the average posterior probabilities of membership were both greater than 0.92.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What are the longitudinal profiles of IQ amongst children with a history of institutionalization?
plainn = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although SEMM is a useful analysis for longitudinal data, the classes (profiles) do not necessarily represent qualitatively distinct groups in the general population.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Thus, Rutter and colleagues (2004) found that these indicators (birthweight, head circumference) were positively associated with IQ gains.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rutter and colleagues (2004)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With respect to the profile analyses, the relatively small sample size may have restricted our ability to find more than two profiles of IQ.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior to the baseline assessment, a large sample of institutionalized children was screened carefully for obvious neurological and genetic anomalies.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the relatively small sample size may account for the modest effect sizes reported in the paper.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and of those functions that are, there will be variation in the bandwidth of that sensitive period.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other studies with larger samples and thus larger variance in IQ might find additional profiles across childhood.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior studies using cross-sectional approaches have concluded that IQ continues to decrease over time in institution.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting perhaps that the lack of continued significant decrease may also be a result of change in placement.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The differences may be attributable to sample differences in the two studies.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be that infants provided with this early experience gain more if the enriched context is maintained.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, Sroufe (2005) found that quality of attachment was most predictive for children who lived in a consistent quality of environment across childhood.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sroufe (2005) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Instead, they represent patterns that exist within the sample examined (Bauer & Curran, 2004).”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bauer & Curran, 2004 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is not surprising that there may be different sensitive periods for different aspects of cognition.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, for children raised in extremely adverse environments, these results underscore the importance of both early experiences and the enduring quality of care for their cognitive development.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that the early intervention effects remained stable while most probably the changes in life circumstances for the majority of the institutionalized children led to small increases in IQ over time.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Children who were lost to follow-up or lacked IQ data at age 8 do not differ systematically from those included in ways that bias the group comparisons.
“At 8 years, 53 FCG children and 50 CAU children remained in the study, had IQ data available, and were the subjects of the present analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The never-institutionalized children recruited from Bucharest pediatric clinics are comparable to the institutionalized groups on all relevant characteristics except institutional rearing.
“An additional group of 72 children were recruited from pediatric clinics in communities throughout Bucharest to act as a control group (Never Institutionalized Group, NIG), and were matched to the initial institutional group on sex and age.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Original random assignment remains a valid basis for estimating intervention effects even after many children changed living arrangements.
“The first set of analyses examined the outcome of the intervention using an “intent to treat” approach. That is, children’s scores were analyzed according to their originally assigned groups (care as usual and foster care groups) across the eight years of study, despite subsequent changes in group status.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The foster care placements provided by BEIP were of sufficient quality and stability to serve as a valid intervention for severe psychosocial deprivation.
“Infants and young children who were between 6 and 31 months of age and living in institutions in Bucharest, Romania, were randomly assigned either to receive care as usual (continued institutional rearing) or be placed into foster care homes”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Romanian government created a foster care system and began placing institutionalized children with families.
“Second, at the same time, the Romanian government created a foster care system of their own and began placing institutionalized children with families.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IQ assessment with the WISC at age 8 is heavily language dependent.
“IQ assessment with the WISC at age 8 is heavily language dependent”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rutter and colleagues could not screen for neurological and genetic anomalies because they began their study when children were already adopted into UK homes.
“In contrast, Rutter and colleagues could not do this type of screening, since they began their study when children were already adopted into UK homes.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous analyses of discrete timepoints and domains (15-17, 19, 29), we found that, among children who received the intervention, individual differences in timing of placement into foster care between the ages of 6-33 months and the stability of this placement were associated with outcomes in several areas.”
From A Comprehensive Multilevel Analysis of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project: Causal Effects on Recovery From Early Severe Deprivation (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although IQs of FCG children were significantly higher than those CAUG children over time [26, 27]”
From Alternatives for abandoned children: Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“foster care intervention resulted in improved IQ from early childhood through age 18 years.”
From Resting brain activity in early childhood predicts IQ at 18 years (2023) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies in this cohort have shown that although multiple areas of development are impaired among ever-institutionalized children, foster care placement leads to improvement in some areas (e.g. cognition,2,3 attachment,5,6,40, language7–9, depression, anxiety,10,12 stereotypies,11 and growth41) but not in other areas”
From Motor outcomes in children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“↑ IQ (Almas et al., 2016;Fox et al., 2011;Humphreys et al., 2022;King et al., 2023;Nelson et al., 2007)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“children randomized to foster care exhibited higher IQ scores (Almas et al., 2016;Fox et al., 2011;Humphreys et al., 2022;King et al., 2023;Nelson et al., 2007)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The effects of the foster care intervention across development have been documented extensively (e.g., [14][15][16][17][18][19]).”
From A Comprehensive Multilevel Analysis of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project: Causal Effects on Recovery From Early Severe Deprivation (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In fact, secure attachment in early childhood also predicted other subsequent outcomes, including IQ and peer relations at 8 years [26, 47].”
From Alternatives for abandoned children: Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Dramatic reductions in IQ among children reared in deprived institutional settings have been widely replicated, and are associated with the duration of institutional care.(93–95)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [94]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with prior research examining the association between caregiving quality and IQ in childhood (6, 11), individuals who experienced higher quality of caregiving in early childhood had significantly higher FSIQ scores in early adulthood (R2 = 0.13; Fig. 2B).”
From Foster care leads to sustained cognitive gains following severe early deprivation (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Among children in the FCG, earlier (vs. later) placement into foster care was associated with greater gains in IQ”
From Resting brain activity in early childhood predicts IQ at 18 years (2023) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“previous research found that ever-institutionalized (EIG) children had lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores compared with NIG children”
From Resting brain activity in early childhood predicts IQ at 18 years (2023) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Institutionalization during childhood results in the child's social isolation and becomes detrimental to his cognitive and social development.”
From Social isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Fox et al. 19 showed that socially isolated children exhibited lower scores of intelligence quotient (IQ), compared to non-isolated children of the same age.”
From Social isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The comparison of the results obtained by each group in the aforementioned tests was statistically significant [F(8,110)=3.09; p=0.004, η2=0.180].”
From Social isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In addition, it was noted that children who remained isolated until the end of the study had a significantly lower score on these scales, compared to those who returned to social life.”
From Social isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The author states that individuals with normal social interaction had higher scores on the verbal comprehension subscale of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (which assesses verbal and perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed) at 8 years of age, compared to those children in isolation.”
From Social isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“it has been proven that situations of isolation during childhood impair the learning of new skills such as speaking, writing, and reading, especially in younger children, 19”
From Social isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 104) = 4.53reported p = .036 · recomputed p = .036
“F(1,104) = 4.53, p = .036”
- ConsistentF(1, 104) = 0.29reported n.s. · recomputed p = .591
“F(1,104) = .29, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 104) = 1.84reported n.s. · recomputed p = .178
“F(1,104) = 1.84, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 104) = 1.34reported n.s. · recomputed p = .250
“F(1,104) = 1.34, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 103) = 3.4reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .068
“F(1,103) = 3.40, p = .07”
- ConsistentF(1, 92) = 38.84reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,92) = 38.84, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 92) = 56.11reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,92) = 56.11, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 92) = 39.76reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,92) = 39.76, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 92) = 13.82reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,92) = 13.82, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 92) = 58.02reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,92) = 58.02, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 100) = 3.64reported p = .059 · recomputed p = .059
“F(1,100) = 3.64, p = .059”
- ConsistentF(1, 52) = 4.89reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .031
“F(1,52) = 4.89, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(2, 61) = 3.73reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .030
“F(2,61) = 3.73, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(2, 61) = 7.91reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2,61) = 7.91, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 61) = 2.7reported p = .075 · recomputed p = .075
“F(2,61) = 2.70, p = .075”
- ConsistentF(2, 61) = 3.65reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .032
“F(2,61) = 3.65, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(1, 54) = 4.49reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .039
“F(1,54) = 4.49, p = .04”
- ConsistentF(1, 54) = 5.96reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .018
“F(1, 54) = 5.96, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 54) = 7.44reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .009
“F(1,54) = 7.44, p = .01”
- ConsistentF(1, 54) = 6.72reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .012
“F(1,54) = 6.72, p = .01”
- ConsistentF(1, 51) = 0.88reported n.s. · recomputed p = .353
“F(1,51) = .88, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 53) = 2.54reported n.s. · recomputed p = .117
“F(1,53) = 2.54, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 51) = 4.95reported p = .031 · recomputed p = .031
“F (1,51) = 4.95, p = .031”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What factors predict longitudinal profiles of IQ for each of the two groups of institutionalized children?
“Results revealed no significant relations between socio-environmental factors and profile membership.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
“Significant predictors of IQ profiles in the CAU group included security of attachment at 42 months and language abilities.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
“those still living in BEIP foster care at age 8 (n = 22) and those now living in other contexts (e.g. government foster care, reunited with their biological family) (n = 32)”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Method > Participants
“At 8 years, 53 FCG children and 50 CAU children remained in the study, had IQ data available, and were the subjects of the present analyses.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What factors predict longitudinal profiles of IQ for each of the two groups of institutionalized children?
“Similarly, results revealed a relation between positivity and profile membership at the trend level (b = .23, t = 1.84, p = .07)”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Discussion
“In the FCG group, attachment security, positivity in the caregiving relationship, language ability, all measured at 42 months, were significantly predictive of IQ profile membership.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What factors predict longitudinal profiles of IQ for each of the two groups of institutionalized children?
“Predictors of the probability of membership in each of the three IQ profiles were examined in the CAU and FCG using linear regression analyses.”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > What are the longitudinal profiles of IQ amongst children with a history of institutionalization?
“Thus, the two profile model was chosen as the best representation of the data.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
“children currently living in BEIP foster care (FCG, n = 27)”
§ The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project > Results > Is there a continuing effect of the early intervention on IQ at age 8?
“those still living in BEIP foster care at age 8 (n = 22)”
Citations
Cites
Testing the number of components in a normal mixture
Lo, Y. (2001) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/88.3.767 · Cited by 4,640
Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood
Sroufe, L. A. (2005) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730500365928 · Cited by 1,685 · cited 2×
“For example, Sroufe (2005) found that quality of attachment was most predictive for children who lived in a consistent quality of environment across childhood.”
Maternal Care and Mental Health
(1952) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.27.132.205 · Cited by 1,233
Cognitive Recovery in Socially Deprived Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Smyke, A. T., & Guthrie, D. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1143921 · Cited by 951 · cited 5×
“Details on the sample and follow-up through 54 months can be found in Nelson et al. (2007).”
InfluentialSelf-citationRutter, M. L. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 653
Developmental catch-up, and deficit, following adoption after severe global early privation
Rutter, M. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963098002236 · Cited by 640
Total social isolation in monkeys.
Harlow, H. F., Dodsworth, R. O., & Harlow, M. K. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.90 · Cited by 619
Characteristics of infant child care: Factors contributing to positive caregiving
Vandell, D. L. (1996) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s0885-2006(96)90009-5 · Cited by 553
Bauer, D. J., & Curran, P. J. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.1.3 · Cited by 536 · cited 2×
“SEMM was chosen as a method for examining developmental patterns in IQ from 30 months to 8 years because it allows for the estimation of qualitatively different groups (i.e., latent profiles) when group membership cannot be determined a priori (Bauer & Curran, 2004).”
ZEANAH, C. H., NELSON, C. A., FOX, N. A., SMYKE, A. T., MARSHALL, P., PARKER, S. W., & KOGA, S. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000452 · Cited by 447 · cited 1×
“Participants were selected from 187 children who were less than 30 months of age and living in one of six institutions for young children in Bucharest, Romania (Zeanah et al., 2003).”
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Bowlby J., 1951, World Health Organization Monograph, 2
- Bzoch K.R., 1971, Assessing language skills in infancy
- Cassidy J., 1992, Attachment organization in preschool children: Coding guidelines
- Muthén L., 2007, Mplus 5.0 user’s guide
- Wechsler D., 2003, WISC‐IV technical and interpretive manual
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course
Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., McCoy, D. C., Fink, G., Shawar, Y. R., Shiffman, J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31389-7 · Cited by 3,014
Resilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406 · Cited by 416
Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 · Cited by 295
Self-citationFragmentation and Unpredictability of Early-Life Experience in Mental Disorders
Baram, T. Z., Davis, E. P., Obenaus, A., Sandman, C. A., Small, S. L., Solodkin, A., & Stern, H. S. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091347 · Cited by 292
“Conversely, absent or minimal maternal care is associated with both cognitive and emotional defects in humans (16, 31, 59, 60), nonhuman primates (61–63), and rodents (64, 65).”
BackgroundResilience in developing systems: the promise of integrated approaches
Masten, A. S. (2016) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1147344 · Cited by 303
Leve, L. D., Harold, G. T., Chamberlain, P., Landsverk, J. A., Fisher, P. A., & Vostanis, P. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02594.x · Cited by 240
“Also included a nonfoster-care control group 2 years postbaseline M S S Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) Bos et al ., 2011; Fox et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2007; Zeanah et al., 2009 68 intervention; 68 control; 72 noninstitutionalized controls Intervention and control families recruited…”
BackgroundSocial isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review
Almeida, I. L. D. L., Rego, J. F., Teixeira, A. C. G., & Moreira, M. R. (2022) · Revista Paulista de Pediatria · doi:10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2020385 · Cited by 223
Humphreys, K. L., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Miron, D., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00095-4 · Cited by 199
Self-citationInstitutional Care for Young Children: Review of Literature and Policy Implications
Dozier, M., Zeanah, C. H., Wallin, A. R., & Shauffer, C. B. (2012) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01033.x · Cited by 229
Self-citationZeanah, C. H., Gunnar, M. R., McCall, R. B., Kreppner, J. M., & Fox, N. A. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00631.x · Cited by 194
“That is, when children were 8 years old, the gap in IQs between the care as usual (institutionalized) and the foster care groups decreased sufficiently in intent-to-treat analyses that they were no longer significantly different (Fox et al., 2011).”
Self-citationFeldman, R. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000656 · Cited by 181
The Development and Neurobiology of Infant Attachment and Fear
Landers, M. S., & Sullivan, R. M. (2012) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000336732 · Cited by 193
Johnson, D., Policelli, J., Li, M., Dharamsi, A., Hu, Q., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Wade, M. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2511 · Cited by 209
Berens, A. E., & Nelson, C. A. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61131-4 · Cited by 175
Self-citationPathways to Integrated Resilience Science
Masten, A. S. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1012041 · Cited by 185
“Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/ 9781412976657.n25 Criss, M. M., Henry, C. S., Harrist, A. W., & Larzelere, R. E. (2015). Interdisciplinary and Innovative Approaches to Strengthening Family and Individual Resilience: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Family Relations, 64, 1–4. doi: http://d…”
BackgroundInfluentialEarly adversity and neural correlates of executive function: Implications for academic adjustment
McDermott, J. M., Westerlund, A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.008 · Cited by 146
“Typically developing children (n = 72), who had never spent time in an institution (Never Institutionalized Group; NIG), were also recruited from pediatric clinics in Bucharest (see Fox et al., 2011, Fig.”
Self-citationEarly Adversity and the Neotenous Human Brain
Tottenham, N. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.018 · Cited by 131
Foundations for Young Adult Success: A Developmental Framework
Nagaoka, J., Farrington, C. A., Ehrlich, S. B., & Heath, R. D. (2015) · doi:10.59656/yd-g1389.001 · Cited by 115
Alternatives for abandoned children: Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Zeanah, C. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.024 · Cited by 115
Self-citationPsychosocial deprivation, executive functions and the emergence of socio-emotional behavior problems
McDermott, J. M., Troller-Renfree, S., Vanderwert, R., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00167 · Cited by 113
“The IQ data were previously reported in Fox et al. (2011).”
MethodSelf-citationNon, A. L., Hollister, B. M., Humphreys, K. L., Childebayeva, A., Esteves, K. C., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Drury, S. S. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23010 · Cited by 114
“A group of children without exposure to institutional care were recruited from the same maternity hospitals at baseline as the children raised in institutions (Zeanah et al., 2003) and from the same public schools attended by institution reared children at the age 8 assessment (Fox et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeprivation and psychopathology in the Fragile Families Study: A 15‐year longitudinal investigation
Miller, A. B., Machlin, L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13260 · Cited by 106
Troller‐Renfree, S., McDermott, J. M., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12261 · Cited by 94
Self-citationDebnath, R., Tang, A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12872 · Cited by 94
Self-citationAdoption: Biological and Social Processes Linked to Adaptation
Grotevant, H. D., & McDermott, J. M. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115020 · Cited by 116
“…BEIP found that patterns of improved IQ were somewhat sustained throughout early childhood, but the improvements were particularly prominent for children placed earlier into a foster care intervention and for those who remained in this placement through their eighth year of life (Fox et al. 2011).”
BackgroundChild violence experiences in institutionalised/orphanage care
Sherr, L., Roberts, K. J. S., & Gandhi, N. (2017) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1271951 · Cited by 90
McCall, R. B. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00634.x · Cited by 89
Environmental contributions to cognitive development: The role of cognitive stimulation
Rakesh, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., & Rosen, M. L. (2024) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2024.101135 · Cited by 133
Epigenetic Effects of Early Developmental Experiences
Gudsnuk, K. M., & Champagne, F. A. (2011) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2011.08.005 · Cited by 85
Humphreys, K. L., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000256 · Cited by 74
Self-citationSocial communication difficulties and autism in previously institutionalized children
Levin, A. R., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.11.011 · Cited by 68
“Similar analyses have been conducted previously when examining other developmental outcomes in the BEIP.30,32”
MethodResultSelf-citationRisk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children
Tottenham, N. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.004 · Cited by 67
Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000167 · Cited by 63
“In addition, we also consistently found positive effects of foster care intervention on IQ, including in the follow-up at age 8 years (Fox et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments
King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2019.01.001 · Cited by 58
Motor outcomes in children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation
Levin, A. R., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.026 · Cited by 55
Self-citationMartin, F., & Zulaika, G. (2016) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-016-0060-6 · Cited by 52
“…for younger children have further established the central importance of a family environment for child well-being and development (Berens & Nelson 2015; Fox et al. 2011; National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2012; Florence S. Martin is Director of Better Care Network.”
BackgroundAnnual Research Review: Early intervention viewed through the lens of developmental neuroscience
Nelson, C. A., Sullivan, E., & Engelstad, A. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13858 · Cited by 70
Self-citationAlmas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Walker, O. L., Radulescu, A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12089 · Cited by 47
Self-citationFinch‐Edmondson, M., Morgan, C., Hunt, R. W., & Novak, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00015 · Cited by 47
“Attachment to a primary caregiver is paramount for early brain development as studies of institutionalized children attest (Fox et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe future is now: early life events preset adult behaviour
Patchev, A. V., Rodrigues, A. J., Sousa, N., Spengler, D., & Almeida, O. F. X. (2013) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12140 · Cited by 46
“…(www. bucharestearlyinterventionproject.org/), which shows that foster care can, at least partially, reverse impairments in brain activity and cognition suffered by orphaned children (Smyke et al. 2010, Vanderwert et al. 2010, Fox et al. 2011, Sheridan et al. 2012, also see Rutter & O’Connor 2004).”
BackgroundMaintaining a Social-Emotional Intervention and Its Benefits for Institutionalized Children
McCall, R. B., Groark, C. J., Fish, L. A., Muhamedrahimov, R. J., Palmov, O. I., & Nikiforova, N. V. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12098 · Cited by 45
“Some children were transferred to government organized foster care, which tended to be somewhat less effective (Fox et al., 2011).”
BackgroundJacobsen, H., Moe, V., Ivarsson, T., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Smith, L. (2013) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0360-3 · Cited by 51
“Living in a stable placement in a family setting appears to be an important factor for enhancing the cognitive development of foster children [1], and often leads to improved social-emotional functioning and a reduction in negative outcomes [36].”
BackgroundEarly Institutionalization: Neurobiological Consequences and Genetic Modifiers
Sheridan, M. A., Drury, S. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Almas, A. N. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9152-8 · Cited by 50
Self-citationDevelopmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Hoehl, S. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118554470.ch8 · Cited by 44
Micronutrient status and neurodevelopment in internationally adopted children
Fuglestad, A. J., Kroupina, M., Johnson, D. E., & Georgieff, M. (2015) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13234 · Cited by 44
“children prior to adoption likely also undermined their development (26,27).”
BackgroundBrett, Z. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fleming, A. S., Kraemer, G. W., & Drury, S. S. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000036 · Cited by 43
“However, when these same children were evaluated at 8 years of age, the putative sensitive period of 24 months was no longer present (Fox et al., 2011).”
BackgroundParent-Reported Executive Functioning in Postinstitutionalized Children: A Follow-Up Study
Merz, E. C., McCall, R. B., & Groza, V. K. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.764826 · Cited by 47
“Whereas the attribution of age at adoption effects to the selective adoption of healthier children at younger ages cannot be ruled out in the current study, prior study designs suggest that selective adoption is unlikely to explain age at adoption effects (e.g., Bucharest Early Intervention Project; Fox et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDoretto, V. F., & Scivoletto, S. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8010010 · Cited by 43
Brett, Z. H., Humphreys, K. L., Smyke, A. T., Gleason, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Drury, S. S. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001266 · Cited by 47
Self-citationInhibitory control and working memory in post-institutionalized children
Merz, E. C., McCall, R. B., Wright, A. J., & Luna, B. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9737-9 · Cited by 42
“…lower IQ scores, greater likelihood of receiving learning support services, and lower reading and math achievement scores than children reared in their biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings (Fox et al. 2011; Loman et al. 2009; Rutter et al. 2007).”
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Scott, S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch21 · Cited by 42
Predictors of Parenting Stress During Early Adoptive Parenthood
Canzi, E., Ranieri, S., Barni, D., & Rosnati, R. R. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9657-x · Cited by 36
“Many studies have documented that later placement and prolonged institutionalisation are associated with more negative outcomes for children in all the main areas of development (Fox et al. 2011; Miller et al. 2009; Nelson et al. 2007), indicating the critical importance of considering these variables in association w…”
BackgroundFoster care leads to sustained cognitive gains following severe early deprivation
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Guyon-Harris, K. L., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Radulescu, A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2119318119 · Cited by 36
Self-citationWhite, T. J. H. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.02.010 · Cited by 35
Jacobsen, H., Bergsund, H. B., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Smith, L., & Moe, V. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104603 · Cited by 34
Wade, M., Madigan, S. L., Plamondon, A., Rodrigues, M., Browne, D. T., & Jenkins, J. M. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000493 · Cited by 33
WINDSOR, J., MORARU, A., NELSON, C. A., FOX, N. A., & ZEANAH, C. H. (2013) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000912000177 · Cited by 33
“Fox et al.’s (2011) results suggest that a current environment that is of high quality has some impact on maintaining development for”
BackgroundSelf-citationWeller, J. A., Leve, L. D., Kim, H. K., Bhimji, J., & Fisher, P. A. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000140 · Cited by 36
King, L. S., Guyon-Harris, K. L., Valadez, E. A., Radulescu, A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20220672 · Cited by 29
Self-citationMoulson, M. C., Shutts, K., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., Spelke, E. S., & Nelson, C. A. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12217 · Cited by 31
Self-citationJones‐Mason, K., Behrens, K. Y., & Bahm, N. I. G. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1692879 · Cited by 40
Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in Early Childhood: An Ecobiodevelopmental Perspective
Herman-Smith, R. L. (2013) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlt018 · Cited by 26
Perezhivanie: What Have We Missed about Infant Care?
Brennan, M. (2014) · Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood · doi:10.2304/ciec.2014.15.3.284 · Cited by 27
“Revisiting Vygotsky’s sociocultural concepts alongside recent empirical evidence shows that the intellectual, emotional and social health of the primary caregiver will directly affect how she or he responds to the infant (Fox et al, 2011).”
BackgroundEmotion recognition following early psychosocial deprivation
Nelson, C. A., Westerlund, A., McDermott, J. M., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412001216 · Cited by 32
“Over time, we consistently reported that children with a history of institutionalization show impairments and delays in a variety of areas, including diminished intellectual function (Nelson et al., 2007; Fox et al., 2011), language (Windsor et al.”
Self-citationResilience: concepts, findings, and clinical implications
Rutter, M. L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch27 · Cited by 25
Predictors of Developmental Status in Young Children Living in Institutional Care in Kazakhstan
Kroupina, M., Toemen, L., Aidjanov, M. M., Georgieff, M., Hearst, M. O., Himes, J. H., Johnson, D. E., Miller, B. S., Syzdykova, A. M., & Sharmanov, T. (2014) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1647-0 · Cited by 27
“Previous studies have shown that these capacities are especially sensitive to the effects of early adversity and, even years after adoption, young children with histories of early adversity show significant deficits in emotional regulation, attention and impulse control [1, 7, 9, 13, 16].”
BackgroundResting brain activity in early childhood predicts IQ at 18 years
Tan, E., Tang, A., Debnath, R., Humphreys, K. L., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101287 · Cited by 22
Self-citationHolmberg, E., Kataja, E., Davis, E. P., Pajulo, M., Nolvi, S., Lahtela, H., Nordenswan, E., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Korja, R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279384 · Cited by 20
“The effects of early psychosocial deprivation [5,6] and insensitive parental caregiving behavior on children’s developing brains and stress regulation are well-documented [7– 9].”
BackgroundSelçuk, B., Yavuz, H. M., Etel, E., Harma, M., & Ruffman, T. (2017) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12252 · Cited by 20
Fisher, P. A., Barker, T. V., & Blaisdell, K. N. (2020) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084958 · Cited by 23
La santé mentale des enfants placés. Une revue de la littérature
Even, M.-P., & Sutter‐Dallay, A. (2019) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2019.03.006 · Cited by 17
Kroupina, M., Eckerle, J. K., Fuglestad, A. J., Toemen, L., Moberg, S. A., Himes, J. H., Miller, B. S., Petryk, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2015) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-015-9132-7 · Cited by 19
“Institutionalized children who are placed in optimal environments also show significant and enduring gains in general cognitive function [13, 17].”
BackgroundResultPrado, E. L., Sebayang, S. K., Adawiyah, S. R., Alcock, K., Ullman, M. T., Muadz, H., & Shankar, A. H. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114396 · Cited by 26
“For example, lack of sensory and social experiences leads to reduced axon and dendrite growth and myelination (Kolb and Whishaw, 1998) and long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits (Fox et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCanzi, E., Rosnati, R. R., Palacios, J., & Román, M. (2017) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2017.1316257 · Cited by 26
Brodzinsky, D. M., & Palacios, J. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009339193 · Cited by 20
Groark, C. J., McCall, R. B., McCarthy, S. K., Eichner, J. C., & Gee, A. D. (2013) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1037/ipp0000007 · Cited by 17
The Neurologist's Role in Promoting Brain Health
Selwa, L. M., Banwell, B., Choe, M. C., McCullough, L. D., Merchant, S., Ovbiagele, B. I., Salinas, J., Tilton, A. H., & Day, G. S. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000210226 · Cited by 17
A systematic review of interventions to ameliorate the impact of adversity on brain development
McDermott, C. L., Norton, E. S., & Mackey, A. P. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105391 · Cited by 18
Intervening Early: Socioemotional Interventions Targeting the Parent–Infant Relationship
Dozier, M., & Bernard, K. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-043254 · Cited by 17
Problem gambling during Covid-19
Frisone, F., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2457 · Cited by 30
A neurogenetics approach to defining differential susceptibility to institutional care
Brett, Z. H., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K., Smyke, A. T., Gleason, M. M., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Drury, S. S. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025414538557 · Cited by 17
“This data has been used in previous studies in this sample (Fox et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationWade, M., Carroll, D., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1864737 · Cited by 21
“They are also more likely to have cognitive delays and deficits that persist years after removal from the institutions, though early placement into foster or adoptive care at least partially rescues these difficulties (Fox et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationByrne, N. (2016) · Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1080/2050571x.2016.1207399 · Cited by 15
“The focus of that research included the development of communication skills incorporating the learning of English as a second language (e.g. Castle et al, 1999; Fox et al., 2011; Glennen and Masters, 2002) and these will not be specifically addressed here.”
BackgroundPritchett, R., Fitzpatrick, B., Watson, N., Cotmore, R., Wilson, P., Bryce, G., Donaldson, J., Boyd, K., Zeanah, C. H., Norrie, J. D., et al. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/838042 · Cited by 17
Self-citationMeasuring Children’s Care Arrangements and Their Educational and Health Outcomes Internationally
Scott, M. E., & Karberg, E. (2016) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-016-0059-z · Cited by 12
“However, if the orphans stayed in institutions beyond 26 months, they never reached normal cognitive abilities (Fox et al. 2011; Rutter and the English and Romanian Adoptees StudyTeam1998).”
BackgroundMukerji, C., Wade, M., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621993887 · Cited by 14
Self-citationImpact of stress in childhood: Psychobiological alterations
Banqueri, M., Méndez, M., & Arias, J. L. (2017) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.264 · Cited by 13
“, 2009; Koizumi & Takagishi, 2014) Regarding measures of intelligence and academic performance, these children demonstrate worse academic performance and lower scores on intelligence tests, with lower IQs (Fox et al., 2011; Sheridan et al., 2010).”
InfluentialAttention and language as mediators of academic outcomes following early psychosocial deprivation
Merz, E. C., McCall, R. B., & Wright, A. J. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025413490867 · Cited by 12
“, 2011), but others have demonstrated both spatial reasoning and verbal difficulties among PI children (Fox et al., 2011; Loman et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPardasani, M., Ramakrishnan, A. M., Mahajan, S., Kantroo, M., McGowan, E., Das, S., Srikanth, P., Pandey, S., & Abraham, N. M. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02244-3 · Cited by 17
Grant, M., Meissel, K., & Exeter, D. J. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09734-4 · Cited by 14
Berlin, M., Vinnerljung, B., Hjern, A., et al. (2019) · Developmental Child Welfare · doi:10.1177/2516103219892274 · Cited by 11
Does Family Matter? The Well-Being of Children Growing Up in Institutions, Foster Care and Adoption
Schoenmaker, C., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_179 · Cited by 13
Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2013) · National symposium on family issues · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6194-4_4 · Cited by 11
Self-citationFamily environment and development in children adopted from institutionalized care
Keil, M. F., Leahu, A., Rescigno, M., Myles, J. G., & Stratakis, C. A. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01325-1 · Cited by 14
Baptista, J., Belsky, J., Marques, S., da Silva, J. R., Martins, C., & Soares, I. (2019) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101387 · Cited by 12
“…there are theoretical and empirical reasons to believe that high quality foster families would better serve the needs of disadvantaged young children by, among other things, increasing the stability and consistency of care received (Fox et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2007; Windsor et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRipamonti, E. (2023) · Regional Science Policy & Practice · doi:10.1111/rsp3.12635 · Cited by 12
Tang, A., Almas, A. N., Zeytinoglu, S., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13592 · Cited by 12
Self-citationAddo, O. Y., Tripp, K., Nanama, S., Albert, B., Sandalinas, F., Nanema, A., Jefferds, M. E., Clayton, H. B., Whitehead, R. D., Garg, A., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.01.023 · Cited by 10
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Foster Care Research
Fisher, P. A., Leve, L. D., Delker, B. C., Roos, L. E., & Cooper, B. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy312 · Cited by 10
Yarger, H. A., Lind, T., Raby, K. L., Zajac, L. A., Wallin, A. R., & Dozier, M. (2021) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595211010975 · Cited by 12
“parenting, intervention, international adoption, behavior problems Group-based, institutional care represents a form of severe neglect that increases the risk that children will develop social-emotional and behavioral problems (Fox et al., 2011; Ghera et al., 2009).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, N. A., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01-19
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 919-928
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC4088941
- OpenAlex
- W2107947011
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 32.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091363)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- psychosocial deprivation, institutional care, foster care, early intervention, cognitive development, IQ, Bucharest Early Intervention Project, processing speed, long-term follow-up, child development
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child, Child Development, Child, Institutionalized, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Hungary, Infant, Intelligence, Male, Social Isolation, Wechsler Scales
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
