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Cited by 160Child Welfare and AdoptionEarly Childhood Education and DevelopmentChild Abuse and Trauma

The effects of severe psychosocial deprivation and foster care intervention on cognitive development at 8 years of age: findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project

Open access
Fox, Nathan A., Almas, Alisa N., Degnan, Kathryn A., Nelson, Charles A., Zeanah, Charles H.·2011·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02355.xPMC PMC4088941
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: Previous reports from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project suggested that children removed from institutions and placed into intervention displayed gains in IQ relative to children randomized to remain in institutional care. Method: The current report presents data from the 8‐year follow‐up of these children. One hundred and three of the original 136 children in the study were tested with the WISC IV. Results: Results reveal continued benefit from the intervention even though many of the children in both the intervention and control groups were no longer residing in their initial placements. Gains in IQ were particularly evident for those children who remained with their intervention family. There were also modest timing effects such that children placed earlier displayed higher scores on the WISC processing speed subscale. Early placement was also a significant predictor of a profile of stable, typical IQ scores over time. Conclusion: These data suggest the continued importance of early intervention and the negative effects of severe psychosocial deprivation on the development of IQ scores across early childhood.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02355.x

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

1 of 24 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Placement into an ordinary family after institutional care may reverse some cognitive harm.

    “second, they suggest that there is a potential for remediation of these negative cognitive effects if the child is removed from an institution and placed in a “typical” family environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dennis and Najarian (1957) source

      Two searches within Dennis and Najarian’s “Infant development under environmental handicap” returned no full-text snippets, and no abstract was available to assess the claim directly. An unscoped search found a related statement about improved development with more family-like care in “Case report: Improving quality of care in Kazakhstan institutions” (score 0.642), but it does not establish what the 1957 paper reported. The evidence therefore cannot confirm the attribution or justify calling it a misattribution. (LLM, conf=0.65)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Earlier placement significantly predicted membership in a profile of stable, typical IQ scores over time.

    “Early placement was also a significant predictor of a profile of stable, typical IQ scores over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Children who remained with their intervention family showed particularly evident IQ gains.

    “Gains in IQ were particularly evident for those children who remained with their intervention family.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Children placed earlier in foster care had higher scores on the WISC processing speed subscale, a modest timing effect.

    “There were also modest timing effects such that children placed earlier displayed higher scores on the WISC processing speed subscale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The link between baseline scores and later IQ change was not significant in the foster-care group.

    “These relations were not significant for the FCG group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At age 8, children originally assigned to foster care showed continued IQ benefit compared with those assigned to care as usual, even though many in both groups no longer lived in their initial placements.

    “Results reveal continued benefit from the intervention even though many of the children in both the intervention and control groups were no longer residing in their initial placements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sixteen care-as-usual children and 12 foster-care children had full-scale IQ scores at or below 70.

    “On the other hand 16 CAUG children had scores of 70 or below at age 8 on full scale IQ, and 12 FCG children had similar low scores on full scale IQ at age 8.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Among CAU children, poorer receptive and expressive language abilities at 42 months were significantly associated with membership in the very low IQ profile (r=.44, p=.002).

    “results revealed a significant relation between language and IQ suggesting that children with poorer language abilities were significantly more likely to have a very low IQ profile (r = .44, p = .002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Care-as-usual children gained more full-scale IQ points from 54 months to age 8 (M=4.77, SD=9.64) than foster-care children (M=.04, SD=14.45), with a marginal group effect, F(1,100)=3.64, p=.059.

    “The result revealed a marginally significant effect of group (F(1,100) = 3.64, p =.059), suggesting that children in the CAU showed greater change in IQ (M = 4.77, SD = 9.64) than did children in the FCG (M = .04, SD = 14.45).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among FCG children, birthweight, gestational age, head circumference at baseline, and weight at baseline did not predict IQ profile membership.

    “Results revealed no significant relations between any of these factors and profile membership.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Over time, care-as-usual children made small IQ gains, whereas foster-care children changed little.

    “Specifically, children in the CAU showed modest increases in full scale IQ scores over time, while children in the FCG showed little change.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The two groups showed no significant differences on perceptual reasoning, working memory, or processing speed.

    “Scores on the perceptual (F(1,104) = .29, ns), working memory (F(1,104) = 1.84, ns) and processing speed (F(1,104) = 1.34, ns) subscales were not significantly different for the two groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nearly all children entered institutions before 3 months of age; only 9 did not.

    “All but 9 children in the study were placed prior to 3 month of age into institutions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among FCG children, those placed in foster care before 26 months were significantly more likely to have a typical IQ profile, while those placed after 26 months were significantly more likely to have a very low IQ profile.

    “indicating that children placed in foster care before 26 months of age were significantly more likely to have a typical IQ profile, while children placed after were significantly more likely have a very low profile.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For the FCG group, the two-profile latent model was selected as the best representation of the data.

    “Thus, the two profile model was chosen as the best representation of the data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among CAU children, birthweight, gestational age, head circumference at baseline, and weight at baseline did not predict IQ profile membership.

    “None of these factors predicted IQ profile membership in this group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the care-as-usual group, 16 children scored 85 or higher on full-scale IQ; in foster care, 28 did.

    “Inspection of the distribution of the full scale scores revealed that 16 children in the CAUG had full scale scores of 85 or above while 28 of the FCG children had scores at or above 85 on full scale IQ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was a significant positive change (increase in IQ) for the CAUG but not for the FCG.

    “we found that there was a significant positive change (increase in IQ) for the CAUG but not for the FCG”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among CAUG, IQ over age either remained low but stable or tended to increase.

    “Second, amongst the CAUG, IQ over age either remained low but stable or tended to increase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At ages 4-6, those adopted under 6 months had caught up with UK-born adopted controls, but those adopted later still had lower IQ.

    “By the time children were 4-6 years of age, the children who were below the age of 6 months when they were adopted appeared to catch up to their British born adopted controls, though the children adopted from Romania after the age of 6 months manifested deficits in IQ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rutter et al, 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    Earlier BEIP reports indicated that children moved from institutions into intervention had higher IQ scores than children randomized to remain in institutional care.

    “Previous reports from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project suggested that children removed from institutions and placed into intervention displayed gains in IQ relative to children randomized to remain in institutional care.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Infants raised in institutions are the best human analog of animal deprivation studies.

    “The best human analog of animal deprivation studies is infants who are raised in institutions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Initial ERA findings favored adoption at 6-24 months over later adoption, but this advantage was gone by age 11.

    “While initial reports from this study suggested that children adopted between the ages of 6-24 months had higher IQ scores compared to those adopted at a later age, subsequent follow up of this sample at age 11 found that the gains by the group adopted between 6-24 months did not persist.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rutter et al, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Rodents and non-human primates deprived of typical early social contact develop atypical cognitive and social behaviors.

    “Rodents and non-human primates deprived of typical social contact early in life develop atypical cognitive and social behaviors (Harlow, Dodsworth & Harlow, 1965).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Harlow, Dodsworth & Harlow, 1965 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that meta-analysis, age at testing moderated the effect, with younger children appearing more impaired than older ones at testing.

    “These authors also found that age of at which the child was tested was an important moderator, with young children seemingly more impaired at test than older children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites van Ijzendoorn, Luijk, & Juffer, 2008 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    The ERA study could have been biased by how children were chosen for adoption or left behind.

    “Like all studies of internationally adopted children, there may have been a selection bias in the choice of who was adopted or selected from the institutions and who remained.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At age 11, early-adopted ERA children had normal IQ, whereas later-adopted children had low scores comparable to those adopted after 24 months.

    “Although children who were adopted prior to six months of age exhibited “typical” IQ scores at age 11, those adopted after 6 months displayed low IQ scores similar to those adopted after 24 months of age.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rutter et al, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    SEMM was selected because it can identify distinct latent trajectory groups without predefining membership.

    “SEMM was chosen as a method for examining developmental patterns in IQ from 30 to 8 years because it allows for the estimation of qualitatively different groups (i.e., latent profiles) when group membership cannot be determined a priori (Bauer & Curran, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bauer & Curran, 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The comparison sample also contained 38 never-institutionalized children.

    “In addition, 38 children from the NIG were included as a comparison group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The never-institutionalized children recruited from Bucharest pediatric clinics are comparable to the institutionalized groups on all relevant characteristics except institutional rearing.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    In BEIP, institutionalized children in Bucharest aged 6-31 months were randomized to either usual institutional care or foster placement.

    “Infants and young children who were between 6 and 31 months of age and living in institutions in Bucharest, Romania, were randomly assigned either to receive care as usual (continued institutional rearing) or be placed into foster care homes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zeanah et al., 2003 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    IQ assessments were administered by trained and reliable Romanian psychologists.

    “All of the IQ scales were administered by trained and reliable Romanian psychologists.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    This reflects the importance of early intervention.

    “reflecting the importance of early intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    For the FCG group, the two-profile model had an acceptable number of members in each profile (n=21 and n=43) and average posterior probabilities of membership greater than 0.95.

    “An examination of the two-profile model revealed that it had an acceptable number of members in each profile (n’s of 21 and 43), and the average posterior probabilities of membership were both greater than 0.95.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The pattern of data here are somewhat different from those reported by Rutter and colleagues but not inconsistent.

    “The pattern of data here are somewhat different from those reported by Rutter and colleagues but not inconsistent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rutter and colleagues report that infants placed into adoptive homes below 6 months of age showed sustained increases in IQ but those older than 6 months (but younger than 24 months) did not sustain gains in IQ as a result of being adopted out of institutions and placed in British families.

    “Rutter and colleagues report that infants placed into adoptive homes below the age of 6 months of age showed sustained increases in IQ but those older than 6 months (but younger than 24 months of age) did not sustain gains in IQ as a result of being adopted out of institutions and placed in British families.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rutter and colleagues

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    For the CAU group, the two-profile model had an acceptable number of members in each profile (n=43 and n=19) and average posterior probabilities of membership greater than 0.92.

    “An examination of the two-profile model revealed that it had an acceptable number of members in each profile (n’s of 43 and 19), and the average posterior probabilities of membership were both greater than 0.92.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The classes (profiles) do not necessarily represent qualitatively distinct groups in the general population.

    “Although SEMM is a useful analysis for longitudinal data, the classes (profiles) do not necessarily represent qualitatively distinct groups in the general population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Rutter and colleagues (2004) found that birthweight and head circumference were positively associated with IQ gains.

    “Thus, Rutter and colleagues (2004) found that these indicators (birthweight, head circumference) were positively associated with IQ gains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rutter and colleagues (2004)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The relatively small sample size may have restricted our ability to find more than two profiles of IQ.

    “With respect to the profile analyses, the relatively small sample size may have restricted our ability to find more than two profiles of IQ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Prior to the baseline assessment, a large sample of institutionalized children was screened carefully for obvious neurological and genetic anomalies.

    “Prior to the baseline assessment, a large sample of institutionalized children was screened carefully for obvious neurological and genetic anomalies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The relatively small sample size may account for the modest effect sizes reported in the paper.

    “Second, the relatively small sample size may account for the modest effect sizes reported in the paper.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Of those functions that are dependent on a sensitive period, there will be variation in the bandwidth of that sensitive period.

    “and of those functions that are, there will be variation in the bandwidth of that sensitive period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Other studies with larger samples and thus larger variance in IQ might find additional profiles across childhood.

    “Other studies with larger samples and thus larger variance in IQ might find additional profiles across childhood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Prior studies using cross-sectional approaches have concluded that IQ continues to decrease over time in institution.

    “Prior studies using cross-sectional approaches have concluded that IQ continues to decrease over time in institution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The lack of continued significant decrease may also be a result of change in placement.

    “suggesting perhaps that the lack of continued significant decrease may also be a result of change in placement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The differences may be attributable to sample differences in the two studies.

    “The differences may be attributable to sample differences in the two studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Infants provided with early experience gain more if the enriched context is maintained.

    “It may be that infants provided with this early experience gain more if the enriched context is maintained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sroufe (2005) found that quality of attachment was most predictive for children who lived in a consistent quality of environment across childhood.

    “For example, Sroufe (2005) found that quality of attachment was most predictive for children who lived in a consistent quality of environment across childhood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sroufe (2005) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The classes represent patterns that exist within the sample examined.

    “Instead, they represent patterns that exist within the sample examined (Bauer & Curran, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bauer & Curran, 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    There may be different sensitive periods for different aspects of cognition.

    “it is not surprising that there may be different sensitive periods for different aspects of cognition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    For children raised in extremely adverse environments, both early experiences and the enduring quality of care are important for their cognitive development.

    “Thus, for children raised in extremely adverse environments, these results underscore the importance of both early experiences and the enduring quality of care for their cognitive development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The early intervention effects remained stable while changes in life circumstances for the majority of institutionalized children led to small increases in IQ over time.

    “indicating that the early intervention effects remained stable while most probably the changes in life circumstances for the majority of the institutionalized children led to small increases in IQ over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
47 of 47

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Children who were lost to follow-up or lacked IQ data at age 8 do not differ systematically from those included in ways that bias the group comparisons.

    “At 8 years, 53 FCG children and 50 CAU children remained in the study, had IQ data available, and were the subjects of the present analyses.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The never-institutionalized children recruited from Bucharest pediatric clinics are comparable to the institutionalized groups on all relevant characteristics except institutional rearing.

    “An additional group of 72 children were recruited from pediatric clinics in communities throughout Bucharest to act as a control group (Never Institutionalized Group, NIG), and were matched to the initial institutional group on sex and age.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Original random assignment remains a valid basis for estimating intervention effects even after many children changed living arrangements.

    “The first set of analyses examined the outcome of the intervention using an “intent to treat” approach. That is, children’s scores were analyzed according to their originally assigned groups (care as usual and foster care groups) across the eight years of study, despite subsequent changes in group status.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The foster care placements provided by BEIP were of sufficient quality and stability to serve as a valid intervention for severe psychosocial deprivation.

    “Infants and young children who were between 6 and 31 months of age and living in institutions in Bucharest, Romania, were randomly assigned either to receive care as usual (continued institutional rearing) or be placed into foster care homes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Romanian government created a foster care system and began placing institutionalized children with families.

    “Second, at the same time, the Romanian government created a foster care system of their own and began placing institutionalized children with families.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    IQ assessment with the WISC at age 8 is heavily language dependent.

    “IQ assessment with the WISC at age 8 is heavily language dependent”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Rutter and colleagues could not screen for neurological and genetic anomalies because they began their study when children were already adopted into UK homes.

    “In contrast, Rutter and colleagues could not do this type of screening, since they began their study when children were already adopted into UK homes.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentF(1, 104) = 4.53reported p = .036 · recomputed p = .036

    “F(1,104) = 4.53, p = .036”

  • ConsistentF(1, 104) = 0.29reported n.s. · recomputed p = .591

    “F(1,104) = .29, ns”

  • ConsistentF(1, 104) = 1.84reported n.s. · recomputed p = .178

    “F(1,104) = 1.84, ns”

  • ConsistentF(1, 104) = 1.34reported n.s. · recomputed p = .250

    “F(1,104) = 1.34, ns”

  • ConsistentF(1, 103) = 3.4reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .068

    “F(1,103) = 3.40, p = .07”

  • ConsistentF(1, 92) = 38.84reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,92) = 38.84, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 92) = 56.11reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,92) = 56.11, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 92) = 39.76reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,92) = 39.76, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 92) = 13.82reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,92) = 13.82, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 92) = 58.02reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,92) = 58.02, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 100) = 3.64reported p = .059 · recomputed p = .059

    “F(1,100) = 3.64, p = .059”

  • ConsistentF(1, 52) = 4.89reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .031

    “F(1,52) = 4.89, p = .03”

  • ConsistentF(2, 61) = 3.73reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .030

    “F(2,61) = 3.73, p = .03”

  • ConsistentF(2, 61) = 7.91reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2,61) = 7.91, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 61) = 2.7reported p = .075 · recomputed p = .075

    “F(2,61) = 2.70, p = .075”

  • ConsistentF(2, 61) = 3.65reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .032

    “F(2,61) = 3.65, p = .03”

  • ConsistentF(1, 54) = 4.49reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .039

    “F(1,54) = 4.49, p = .04”

  • ConsistentF(1, 54) = 5.96reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .018

    “F(1, 54) = 5.96, p = .02”

  • ConsistentF(1, 54) = 7.44reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .009

    “F(1,54) = 7.44, p = .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 54) = 6.72reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .012

    “F(1,54) = 6.72, p = .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 51) = 0.88reported n.s. · recomputed p = .353

    “F(1,51) = .88, ns”

  • ConsistentF(1, 53) = 2.54reported n.s. · recomputed p = .117

    “F(1,53) = 2.54, ns”

  • ConsistentF(1, 51) = 4.95reported p = .031 · recomputed p = .031

    “F (1,51) = 4.95, p = .031”

23 of 23

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Attachment security is both nonsignificant and significant for the CAU group

    Major

    The results report no significant association between socio-environmental factors, including attachment security, and CAU profile membership. The discussion instead lists attachment security as a significant predictor for that group.

  • Placement-analysis subgroups exceed the reported FCG sample

    Minor

    The two groups described as originally assigned to foster care contain 22 and 32 children, totaling 54. The participant section says only 53 FCG children had IQ data and were included in the present analyses.

  • A trend-level FCG predictor is called significant

    Minor

    The results describe caregiver positivity as a trend-level association with FCG profile membership (p = .07), but the discussion calls it significantly predictive.

  • Profile-predictor analysis names three profiles after selecting two

    Minor

    The predictor analysis says it examines membership in three IQ profiles, whereas the preceding analyses select two profiles for each of the CAU and FCG groups.

  • Conflicting counts for children remaining in BEIP foster care

    Minor

    Two analyses give different counts for FCG children still living in BEIP foster care at age eight: 27 and 22.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Bowlby J., 1951, World Health Organization Monograph, 2
  2. Bzoch K.R., 1971, Assessing language skills in infancy
  3. Cassidy J., 1992, Attachment organization in preschool children: Coding guidelines
  4. Muthén L., 2007, Mplus 5.0 user’s guide
  5. Wechsler D., 2003, WISC‐IV technical and interpretive manual

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Fox, N. A., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
  • Boston Children's Hospital (US)
  • Tulane University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2011-01-19
Volume
52
Issue
9
Pages
919-928
ISSN
  • 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-7610
DOI
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02355.x
PMC
PMC4088941
OpenAlex
W2107947011
Cited by
160
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
FWCI
32.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091363)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
  • Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
psychosocial deprivation, institutional care, foster care, early intervention, cognitive development, IQ, Bucharest Early Intervention Project, processing speed, long-term follow-up, child development
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Child, Child Development, Child, Institutionalized, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Hungary, Infant, Intelligence, Male, Social Isolation, Wechsler Scales

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-29.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-29.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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