Cited by 206Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and CessationChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Conjoint Developmental Trajectories of Young Adult Substance Use

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Jackson, Kristina M., Sher, Kenneth J., Schulenberg, John E.·2008·Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

DOI 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00643.xPMC PMC2705997

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Abstract

Background. Despite the prominence of comorbidity among substances and the recent attention focused on trajectory‐based approaches to characterizing developmental change, little research in the substance use field has simultaneously considered both course and comorbidity. Methods. Using nationally representative panel data from the Monitoring the Future Project (MTF; n = 32,087; 56% female; 82% Caucasian), we identified developmental courses of heavy drinking, smoking, and marijuana use using 4 waves of data spanning ages 18 to 26 in a multi‐cohort young adult sample. Comorbidity was examined by cross‐classifying group membership in substance use trajectories. Finally, the extent to which risk factors (sex, race, alcohol expectancies, delinquency, sensation seeking, depressive affect, religiosity, academic achievement, and parent education) accounted for combinations of comorbidity that occurred at a rate greater than chance was examined. Results. For each substance, we identified 4 courses of substance use that were largely consistent with those found in the literature (chronic high use, late‐onset use, developmentally limited use, and low‐use), with a fifth moderate smoking group. Heavy drinking, smoking, and marijuana use were each highly associated, and distinct patterns of comorbidity were evident, with greatest agreement along the diagonal. All risk factors explained comorbidity to some degree, with delinquency, sensation seeking, alcohol expectancies, and religion in particular predicting combinations of comorbidity that were characterized by early onset and chronic high use. Conclusions. Cross‐substance trajectory concordance was high, with parallel changes in substance use over emerging adulthood. This suggests similar developmental timing of use, perhaps due to the experience of developmental transitions that have a common influence on use of different substances. Prediction of combinations of comorbidity characterized by early onset and persistently high use suggests that to some extent, individuals use multiple substances because of a common vulnerability to each, rather than directional relations among substances (e.g., cross‐tolerance, cueing).

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“Past research also shows differences in trajectory classes related to the co-use of two substances from adolescence to young adulthood (Cance, Talley, MorganLopez, & Fromme, 2017; Hix-Small et al., 2004; Jackson, Sher, & Schulenberg, 2005; Jackson et al., 2008).”
Background
Testing implementation support for evidence-based programs in community settings: a replication cluster-randomized trial of Getting To Outcomes®
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Course of comorbidity of tobacco and marijuana use: Psychosocial risk factors
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“Our research builds on the work of Jackson et al. (2008) in two important ways.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Teen Alcohol Use and Social Networks: The Contributions of Friend Influence and Friendship Selection
Cheadle, J. E., & Goosby, W. B. J. (2015) · Journal of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence · doi:10.4172/2329-6488.1000224 · Cited by 29
“Because access may support alcohol use selectivity, whether alcohol is easy to get (observation 2) is measured from the question “Is alcohol easily available to you in your home?” Finally, whether the youth is a regular smoker (ever smoked at least one cigarette a day for at least 30 days) is a time-varying covariate…”
Background
Comorbid trajectories of substance use as predictors of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Major Depressive Episode, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Brook, J. S., Zhang, C., Rubenstone, E., Primack, B. A., & Brook, D. W. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.003 · Cited by 36
Are there secondary effects on marijuana use from brief alcohol interventions for college students?
White, H., Yang, J., Ray, A. E., Huh, D., Atkins, D. C., Larimer, M. E., Fromme, K., Corbin, W., Baer, J., LaBrie, J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2015.76.367 · Cited by 25
“This finding is consistent with trajectory studies of young adults (Jackson et al., 2008; Tucker et al., 2005).”
Result
Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and other substance use disorders in young adulthood: A population-based study
Latvala, A., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Perälä, J., Saarni, S. I., Aalto‐Setälä, T., Aro, H. M., Korhonen, T., Koskinen, S. V. P., Lönnqvist, J. K., Kaprio, J. A., et al. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-73 · Cited by 31
“As substance use and the incidence of SUDs generally peak around this age [2,35], studying young adults captures most cases within a reasonably short period after disorder onset and minimizes complications arising from the course of the disorder.”
Monitoring young lifestyles (MyLife) - a prospective longitudinal quantitative and qualitative study of youth development and substance use in Norway
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Maturing Out
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Patterns of high-intensity drinking among young adults in the United States: A repeated measures latent class analysis
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“Moreover, there is a relationship between alcohol and marijuana use in adolescence, with alcohol use being most common and dual-use more common than marijuana use alone (Jackson et al. 2008; Pape et al. 2009).”
Background
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“Moreover, studies have shown that it is normative for most young people to reduce their drinking after they transition out of their student role, while a minority goes on to develop alcohol problems (Jackson et al., 2008).”
Influential
Longitudinal Conjoint Patterns of Alcohol and Tobacco Use Throughout Emerging Adulthood
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“However, a series of studies with a sample of 18 to 26 year olds found, using mixture modeling procedures, that patterns of heavy alcohol use and cigarette smoking were similar (Jackson et al., 2008) and drinking without smoking was more common than smoking without drinking (Jackson et al., 2009).”
Background
Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults.
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Perceived friends’ use as a risk factor for marijuana use across young adulthood.
Patrick, M. E., Kloska, D. D., Vasilenko, S. A., & Lanza, S. T. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000215 · Cited by 21
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“Rates of change in alcohol and marijuana use from late adolescence through mid-young adulthood have shown strong concordance (Jackson et al., 2008), but the degree to which alcohol and marijuana use are correlated at given ages from late adolescence to midlife is not known.”
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Two-part random effects growth modeling to identify risks associated with alcohol and cannabis initiation, initial average use and changes in drug consumption in a sample of adult, male twins
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“, 2012), particularly alcohol (Cohn et al., 2016; Jackson et al., 2008; Schauer et al., 2015; Schauer et al., 2016), but this study is the first to”
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The Behavioral Economics of Alcohol Demand in French and American University Students
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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“, Monitoring The Future (13)], suggest their smoking patterns may be representative of those of White, lower SES American men, a group at high risk for smoking and smoking-related problems (14).”
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Trajectories of injecting behavior in the Amsterdam Cohort Study among drug users
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“For example, recent research has indicated that adolescent substance use follows four or five trajectory groups, ranging from abstainers to chronic users (Jackson et al., 2008; Schulenberg et al., 2005; Tucker et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Post-High School Changes in Tobacco and Cannabis Use in the United States
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Maternal predictors of comorbid trajectories of cigarette smoking and marijuana use from early adolescence to adulthood
Brook, J. S., Rubenstone, E., Zhang, C., & Brook, D. W. (2011) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.09.004 · Cited by 17
“Jackson, Sher, and Schulenberg (2008) discerned seven comorbid trajectory groups of tobacco and marijuana use (including abstainers) from late adolescence to young adulthood, and identified psychosocial factors, such as delinquency, which were related to trajectory group membership.”
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Perinatal Alcohol Exposure and Perinatal Marijuana Exposure on Adult Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus
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The association between alcohol use trajectories from adolescence to adulthood and cannabis use disorder in adulthood: a 22-year longitudinal study
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Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent Substance Use
Yamada, S., Pepler, D. J., Jiang, D., Cappadocia, M. C., Craig, W., & Connolly, J. (2015) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2014.884482 · Cited by 18
“In contrast to other studies, we did not identify a group of youths who decreased in substance use levels or used at a consistently low level in the present study (Clark, Jones, Wood, & Cornelius, 2006; Connell et al., 2006; Jackson et al., 2008; Tucker et al., 2005; Windle & Wiesner, 2004).”
MethodResultInfluential
The Rate of Change in Alcohol Misuse Across Adolescence is Heritable
Edwards, A. C., Heron, J., Vladimirov, V. I., Wolen, A. R., Adkins, D. E., Alıev, F., Hickman, M., & Kendler, K. S. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13262 · Cited by 15
“Previous studies of samples in a similar age range have also shown that alcohol use/misuse increases during this period (Casswell et al., 2002; Jackson et al., 2008; Tucker et al., 2003).”
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Young adult longitudinal patterns of marijuana use among US National samples of 12th grade frequent marijuana users: a repeated‐measures latent class analysis
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Self-citation
Long term pre-treatment opioid use trajectories in relation to opioid agonist therapy outcomes among people who use drugs in a Canadian setting
Dong, H., Hayashi, K., Fairbairn, N. S., Milloy, M., DeBeck, K., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. H. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106655 · Cited by 14
Dual growth of adolescent smoking and drinking: evidence for an interaction between the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) A118G polymorphism and sex
Kleinjan, M., Poelen, E. A. P., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Verhagen, M. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00422.x · Cited by 14

Authors: Jackson, K. M., Sher, K. J., & Schulenberg, J. E.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Corresponding author: Jackson, Kristina M.
ORCID: Jackson, Kristina M.
Sher, Kenneth J.
Schulenberg, John E.
Venue: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-03-11
Volume: 32
Issue: 5
Pages: 723-737
ISSN: 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
1530-0277
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00643.x
PMC: PMC2705997
OpenAlex: W2049130925
Cited by: 206
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 7.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA12383, K01AA013938, R21AA012383, AA13938, K05AA017242)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-01411, R01DA001411)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: substance use trajectories, comorbidities, emerging adulthood, heavy drinking, smoking, cannabis use, developmental transitions, delinquency, sensation seeking, alcohol expectancies, religiosity, risk factors, early onset of substance use
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking, Female, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Risk Factors, Smoking, Models, Statistical, Comorbidity

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Conjoint Developmental Trajectories of Young Adult Substance Use

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