The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Designing Randomized, Controlled Trials Aimed at Preventing or Delaying Functional Decline and Disability in Frail, Older Persons: A Consensus Report
Abstract
The discovery of effective interventions to prevent or delay disability in older persons is a public health priority. Most likely to benefit from such interventions are frail individuals who are not yet disabled and those with early disability who are at high risk of progression. In spite of this frail older persons have often been excluded from research on the assumption that they would not tolerate testing or benefit from treatment. The Interventions on Frailty Working Group developed recommendations to screen, recruit, evaluate, and retain frail older persons in clinical trials. Specific recommendations are: Eligibility screening should include a multistage process, to quickly exclude those who are too well and those who are too sick. Inclusion criteria should target those most likely to benefit, be meaningful to clinicians, and reflect advancements in the frailty research area. Disability outcome measures should include self‐reported, objective, and proxy measures. Strategies to improve retention and compliance and to monitor their effectiveness should be an integral part of the study design. Estimation of cost and sample size should contemplate high dropout rates and interference bycompeting outcomes. Additional research is needed to refine criteria for screening frail older persons, identify objective measures of disability that are reliable and valid in frail older persons, and improve the informed consent process for high‐risk participants, recognizing that research in this subgroup is essential to improving their health outcomes.
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“Even so, an index with 30–40 variables has been shown to be sufficiently accurate for predicting adverse outcomes [6,14].”
From A standard procedure for creating a frailty index (2008) · cites this paper as [14]
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“They have also realized that taking this approach would effectively exclude from clinical trials the truly frail elderly who are most in need of these new treatments (46).”
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Halil, M. G., Kızılarslanoğlu, M. C., Kuyumcu, M. E., Yeşil, Y., & Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. (2014) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-014-0535-z · Cited by 160
“Some other definitions include aspects such as strength, mobility and physical capacity, nutrition and endurance within the scope of frailty (5, 12, 13).”
Wagg, A., Gibson, W., Ostaszkiewicz, J., Johnson, T. M., Markland, A. D., Palmer, M. H., Kuchel, G. A., Szonyi, G., & Kirschner-Hermanns, R. K. M. (2014) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.22602 · Cited by 157
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“directed at the prevention of functional decline in frail older adults.(47) Pitfalls of using frailty as an inclusion criteria include selecting a definition and/or cutoff that is not appropriate to”
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“remain the most widely used construct, there is controversy as to whether other common age-related conditions such as cognitive impairment should be included in the definition of the syndrome.(19) Another important consideration is whether frailty is dynamic and potentially reversible.”
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Self-citationFrailty: different tools for different purposes?
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“The finding that new obesity and low BMI were highly related to dependency onset is consistent with prior research regarding adverse health effects related to short-term weight gain(23) and loss(23,24) in older adults, indicating that small changes in physiological homeostasis may disproportionately influence health i…”
ResultStrategies and Challenges in Clinical Trials Targeting Human Aging
Newman, J. C., Milman, S., Hashmi, S. K., Austad, S. N., Kirkland, J. L., Halter, J. B., & Barzilai, N. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw149 · Cited by 141
“In many circumstances, it may make sense to stratify by frailty, function, comorbidities, or biomarkers upon enrollment and preferentially target those patients at higher risk for the primary outcome (88) to increase power and the likelihood of benefit.”
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“The frailty index is characterised by decreased resistance to stressors resulting from the accumulation of deficit across multiple physiological systems, culminating in an increased risk of adverse outcomes.(9) 10 Methodologies to reliably identify the ‘frail’ at-risk cohort within secondary care, both at patient and…”
BackgroundFrailty and Its Potential Relevance to Cardiovascular Care
Singh, M., Alexander, K. P., Roger, V. L., Rihal, C. S., Whitson, H. E., Lerman, A., Jahangir, A., & Nair, K. S. (2008) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/83.10.1146 · Cited by 122
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Effect of Physical Activity on Frailty
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An overview of frailty in kidney transplantation: measurement, management and future considerations
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“In this phase, the exclusion criteria, adapted from Ferrucci et al. (2004), were the following: (1) severe cognitive deficit suggestive of dementia; (2) use of a wheelchair or being bedridden; (3) sequelae of stroke with localized loss of strength and aphasia; (4) advanced or unstable Parkinson’s…”
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“In fact, the physical domain is considered to be the main core feature of frailty [13].”
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Screening for frailty in Canada’s health care system: A time for action
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Factors associated with frailty in older adults
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“Ferrucci [49] pointed out that many components of the frailty syndrome are strongly associated with mortality after hip fracture—including muscle strength, cognition, nutritional status, mobility, balance and the risk of falls.”
Cesari, M., Demougeot, L., Boccalon, H., Guyonnet, S., van Kan, G. A., Vellas, B. J., & Andrieu, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101745 · Cited by 117
“The detection of frail older individuals living in the community has repeatedly been advocated as the first step for building up effective prevention strategies against its negative health-related consequences (including falls, disability, institutionalizations, and mortality) [5,6].”
BackgroundIncidence of Disability in Frail Older Persons With or Without Slow Walking Speed
Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Doi, T., Tsutsumimoto, K., & Suzuki, T. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.03.019 · Cited by 107
Health-care and home-care utilization among frail elderly persons in Belgium
Hoeck, S., François, G., Geerts, J., der Heyden, J. V., Vandewoude, M., & Hal, G. F. V. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr133 · Cited by 107
Liébana, L. R., Orfila, F., Segura, J. M., Real, J., Fabra, M. L., Möller, M., Lancho, S. L., Ramirez, A., Martí, N., Cullell, M., et al. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx259 · Cited by 107
Serviddio, G., Romano, A. D., Greco, A., Rollo, T., Bellanti, F., Altomare, E., & Vendemiale, G. (2009) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/039463200902200328 · Cited by 107
Macuco, C. R. M., Batistoni, S. S. T., Lopes, A., Cachioni, M., Falcão, D. V. D. S., Neri, A. L., & Yassuda, M. S. (2012) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610212000907 · Cited by 106
Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Study: Recruitment and Baseline Characteristics
Marsh, A. P., Lovato, L., Glynn, N. W., Kennedy, K., Castro, C. M., Domanchuk, K. J., McDavitt, E. C., Rodate, R., Marsiske, M., McGloin, J. M., et al. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt064 · Cited by 104
“THE growth in the population aged 65 years and older has focused attention on the importance of prevention of age-associated physical function decline and disabilities (1,2).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOuslander, J. G., Connell, B. R., Bliwise, D. L., Endeshaw, Y. W., Griffiths, P. C., & Schnelle, J. F. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00562.x · Cited by 104
McLaren, A. N., LaMantia, M. A., & Callahan, C. M. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.781121 · Cited by 103
“” Within the concept of “functional limitations,” researchers may include a variety of subdomains including mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor processing, cognition, nutrition, endurance, and physical performance (Ferruci et al., 2004).”
InfluentialYassuda, M. S., Lopes, A., Cachioni, M., Falcão, D. V. D. S., Batistoni, S. S. T., Guimaraes, V. V., & Neri, A. L. (2012) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-012-0003-6 · Cited by 106
“Last but not least, results suggest that it may be productive to examine CHS frailty criteria individually, as it allows a more detailed look into the frailty phenotype.”
InfluentialMarkle‐Reid, M., BROWNE, G. B., & Gafni, A. (2011) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01782.x · Cited by 101
Palliative Care for Frail Older Adults
Boockvar, K. S., & Meier, D. E. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.18.2245 · Cited by 102
Hubbard, R. E., Searle, S. D., Mitnitski, A., & Rockwood, K. J. (2009) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-009-0085-y · Cited by 101
“The definition of frailty used here is not the so-called “phenotypic definition” (21) that has found favour in some consensus conferences (22, 23).”
Clegg, A. P., Barber, S. E., Young, J. B., Forster, A., & Iliffe, S. J. (2012) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259811000165 · Cited by 99
Self-perceived met and unmet care needs of frail older adults in primary care
Hoogendijk, E. O., Muntinga, M. E., van Leeuwen, K. M., van der Horst, H. E., Deeg, D. J. H., Frijters, D. H. M., Hermsen, L. A. H., Jansen, A. P. D., Nijpels, G., & van Hout, H. P. J. (2013) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2013.09.001 · Cited by 99
Owen, R., Berry, K., & BROWN, L. J. E. (2021) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnab017 · Cited by 105
Different models of frailty in predementia and dementia syndromes
Panza, F., Solfrizzi, V., Frisardi, V., Maggi, S., Sancarlo, D., Addante, F., D’Onofrio, G., Seripa, D., & Pilotto, A. (2011) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0126-1 · Cited by 102
“the “phenotypic” definition of frailty (34, 35) was proposed by Fried and colleagues first working with the cardiovascular Health Survey (cHS) (15).”
Drey, M., Pfeifer, K., Sieber, C. C., & Bauer, J. M. (2010) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000313433 · Cited by 100
Frailty Thy Name Is ... Phrailty?
Whitson, H. E., Purser, J. L., & Cohen, H. J. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.7.728 · Cited by 97
Öztürk, A., Şimşek, T. T., Yümi̇n, E. T., Sertel, M., & Yümin, M. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.12.011 · Cited by 97
“011 between the presence of specific chronic diseases and limitations in physical and functional status in elderly people (Peruzza et al., 2003; Ferrucci et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2006; Muszalik et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGrönstedt, H. K., Frändin, K., Bergland, A., Helbostad, J. L., Granbo, R., Puggaard, L., Andresen, M., & Hellström, K. (2012) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000345416 · Cited by 95
Aranda, M., Ray, L. A., Snih, S. A., Ottenbacher, K. J., & Markides, K. S. (2011) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264311421961 · Cited by 95
“Thus, similar to the findings by Ottenbacher and his associates, our study lends support to the recommendation that operational definitions of frailty include cognitive measures (Ferrucci et al., 2004; Kuh & New Dynamics of Ageing (NDA) Preparatory Network, 2007; SamperTernent et al., 2008).”
Reid, M. C., Bennett, D. A., Chen, W., Eldadah, B. A., Farrar, J. T., Ferrell, B. A., Gallagher, R. M., Hanlon, J. T., Herr, K., Horn, S. D., et al. (2011) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01211.x · Cited by 95
“Newly initiated studies should be encouraged to adopt strategies that efficiently screen, consent, and enroll vulnerable groups of older persons[101,102].”
BackgroundBuurman, B. M., Hoogerduijn, J. G., van Gemert, E. A., de Haan, R. J., Schuurmans, M. J., & de Rooij, S. E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029621 · Cited by 95
“Preventing functional decline during and after hospitalization is therefore an increasingly important health-care focus in older hospital patients [6,7].”
BackgroundPreliminary Evidence for Subdimensions of Geriatric Frailty: The MacArthur Study of Successful Aging
Sarkisian, C. A., Gruenewald, T. L., Boscardin, W. J., & Seeman, T. E. (2008) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02041.x · Cited by 91
Bandinelli, S., Lauretani, F., Boscherini, V., Gandi, F., Pozzi, M., Corsi, A. M., Bartali, B., Lova, R. M., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2006) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324831 · Cited by 91
“Because of intensive medical observation, free transport and constant encouragement, almost 80% of participants in the active group successfully completed the 8-week intervention, which is a far higher percentage than that reported in other studies (6).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationVaingankar, J. A., Chong, S. A., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Chua, B. Y., Shafie, S., Ong, H. L., Chang, S. S. H., Seow, E., Heng, D., et al. (2016) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12891 · Cited by 90
The frail older person does not exist: development of frailty profiles with latent class analysis
Looman, W., Fabbricotti, I. N., Blom, J. W., Jansen, A. P. D., Lutomski, J. E., Metzelthin, S., & Huijsman, R. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0776-5 · Cited by 93
“frailty interventions [38] but a systematic search of the literature revealed that different age criteria are adopted”
BackgroundDapp, U., Minder, C. E., Anders, J., Golgert, S., & von Renteln‐Kruse, W. (2014) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-141 · Cited by 90
Whitehead, P. J., Worthington, E. J., Parry, R. H., Walker, M. F., & Drummond, A. E. (2015) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215514564894 · Cited by 89
Shahrokni, A., Tin, A. L., Downey, R. J., Strong, V. E. M., Mahmoudzadeh, S., Boparai, M. K., McMillan, S., Vickers, A. J., & Korc‐Grodzicki, B. (2017) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2017.0018 · Cited by 90
Rousseau, J. H., Kleppinger, A., & Kenny, A. M. (2009) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01870.x · Cited by 88
“A recent consensus report has highlighted the various possible clinical components of the frailty syndrome, including mobility, strength, balance, motor processing, cognition, nutrition, endurance, and physical activity.(14) One study found that one model of frailty is associated with greater risk of death, hospitaliz…”
BackgroundGustafsson, S., Wilhelmson, K., Eklund, K., Gosman‐Hedström, G., Zidén, L., Häggblom‐Kronlöf, G., Højgaard, B., Slinde, F., Rothenberg, E., Landahl, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03861.x · Cited by 88
Imhof, L., Naef, R., Wallhagen, M. I., Schwarz, J., & Imhof, R. M. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12026 · Cited by 88
“only on client groups that benefit most, but also on elderly populations in general, using outcomes of quality of life, mental health, social support, and caregiver burden.(15,16) Many chronic illness management programs use advanced practice nurses (APNs) who, given their superior knowledge and skills, are well posit…”
BackgroundSamuel, D., Rowe, P. J., Hood, V., & Nicol, A. (2011) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afr156 · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- Ferrucci, L., Guralnik, J. M., Studenski, S., Fried, L. P., Cutler, G. B., Walston, J. D., & The Interventions on Frailty Working Group
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-03-30
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 625-634
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- OpenAlex
- W1562992882
- Cited by
- 1,027
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 18.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Keywords
- frailty, older adults, disability prevention, functional decline, clinical trial design, participant recruitment, participant retention, sample size determination, dropout, informed consent
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Chronic Disease, Geriatrics, Persons with Disabilities, Health Priorities, Humans, Mass Screening, Periodicals as Topic, Planning Techniques, Primary Prevention, Public Health, Publishing, Research Design, Risk Factors, Geriatric Assessment, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Frail Elderly, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Sample Size, Disease Progression, Patient Selection
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