Systemic markers of inflammation and cognitive decline in old age
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether higher circulating levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and α1‐antichymotrypsin (ACT) are associated with worse cognitive function and decline in old age. DESIGN: Two independent population‐based cohort studies. SETTING: The Rotterdam Study (mean follow‐up 4.6 years) and the Leiden 85‐plus Study (maximal follow‐up 5 years). PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand eight hundred seventy‐four individuals, mean age 72, from the Rotterdam Study, and 491 individuals, all aged 85, from the Leiden 85‐plus Study. MEASUREMENTS: Both studies assessed global cognition, executive function, and memory. Linear regression analyses were used in the current study to investigate the associations between inflammatory markers and cognitive function and decline. RESULTS: In the Rotterdam Study, higher levels of CRP and IL‐6 were cross‐sectionally associated with worse global cognition and executive function ( P <.05). ACT was not associated with cognitive function. In the Leiden 85‐plus Study, estimates were similar for CRP, although not statistically significant. Higher IL‐6 levels were related to a steeper annual decline in memory function in the longitudinal analysis in the Leiden 85‐plus Study ( P <.05). The effect of higher IL‐6 levels on global and memory function decline was stronger in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 carriers ( P ‐interaction=.01) than in those who were not ( P ‐interaction=.05). In the Rotterdam Study, higher IL‐6 levels were related to a steeper annual decline in global cognition in APOE ɛ4 carriers only. CONCLUSION: Systemic markers of inflammation are only moderately associated with cognitive function and decline and tend to be stronger in carriers of the APOE ɛ4 allele. Systemic markers of inflammation are not suitable for risk stratification.
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The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines is associated with greater cognitive decline in old age.
“the increase of the pro-inflammatory cytokines is associated with greater cognitive decline in old age”
From ApoE4 reduction: An emerging and promising therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (2022) · cites this paper as Schram et al 2007
The available copy shows the title and bibliographic metadata, but no findings about cytokine levels or cognitive decline. Searches for pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, and cognitive decline returned no substantive passages, so the attributed association cannot be verified from this copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAPOE ε4 carriers have higher levels of activated microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokines than non-ε4 carriers.
“APOE ε4 carriers have higher levels of activated microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokines than non-ε4 carriers”
From ApoE4 reduction: An emerging and promising therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (2022) · cites this paper as Schram et al 2007
The available indexed passages contain bibliographic details rather than findings (the passage labeled Abstract has no substantive abstract text; no page is given). Searches for APOE ε4, activated microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines found no passage comparing carriers with non-carriers, so the claim cannot be assessed from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)
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- Authors
- Schram, M. T., Euser, S. M., De Craen, A. J. M., Witteman, J. C., Frölich, M., Hofman, A., Jolles, J., Breteler, M. M. B., & Westendorp, R. G. J.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-04-11
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 708-716
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- OpenAlex
- W2073481032
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- systemic inflammation, cognitive decline, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, APOE ε4, older adults, executive function, memory decline, global cognition, risk stratification
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin, C-Reactive Protein, Cognition Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Inflammation Mediators, Apolipoprotein E4
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