Prognostic significance of potential frailty criteria
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine the independent prognostic effect of seven potential frailty criteria, including five from the Fried phenotype, on several adverse outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Greater New Haven, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred fifty‐four initially nondisabled, community‐living persons aged 70 and older. MEASUREMENTS: An assessment of seven potential frailty criteria (slow gait speed, low physical activity, weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms) was completed at baseline and every 18 months for 72 months. Participants were followed with monthly telephone interviews for up to 96 months to determine the occurrence of chronic disability, long‐term nursing home (NH) stays, injurious falls, and death. RESULTS: In analyses adjusted for age, sex, race, education, number of chronic conditions, and the presence of the other potential frailty criteria, three of the five Fried criteria (slow gait speed, low physical activity, and weight loss) were independently associated with chronic disability, long‐term NH stays, and death. Slow gait speed was the strongest predictor of chronic disability (hazard ratio (HR)=2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.32–3.80) and long‐term NH stay (HR=3.86, 95% CI=2.23–6.67) and was the only significant predictor of injurious falls (HR=2.19, 95% CI=1.33–3.60). Cognitive impairment was also associated with chronic disability (HR=1.82, 95% CI=1.40–2.38), long‐term NH stay (HR=2.64, 95% CI=1.75–3.99), and death (HR=1.54, 95% CI=1.13–2.10), and the magnitude of these associations was comparable with that of weight loss. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide strong evidence to support the use of slow gait speed, low physical activity, weight loss, and cognitive impairment as key indicators of frailty while raising concerns about the value of self‐reported exhaustion and muscle weakness.
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Despite these criticisms, the broad strategy of defining frailty by clusters of variables has been independently validated.
“Nonetheless, despite these criticisms, the general approach of clusters of variables to define a frailty phenotype has been independently validated (73, 74).”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [74]
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Theou, O., Brothers, T. D., Peña, F. G., Mitnitski, A., & Rockwood, K. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12773 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Further specific health deficits have been proposed as part of a phenotypic frailty scale, including affect or cognition,(4,5) and some have proposed reducing the phenotype to three or fewer measures.(6) Conversely, the frailty index is based on the cumulative deficit approach.”
Kim, H., Suzuki, T., Kim, M., Kojima, N., Ota, N., Shimotoyodome, A., Hase, T., Hosoi, E., & Yoshida, H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116256 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“Many previous studies have indicated that mobility is a major item in many frailty definitions and appears to predict incident frailty [20].”
BackgroundThe Association Between Geriatric Syndromes and Survival
Kane, R. L., Shamliyan, T., Talley, K. M., & Pacala, J. T. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03942.x · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Multisystem physiological perspective of human frailty and its modulation by physical activity
Taylor, J. A., Greenhaff, P. L., Bartlett, D. B., Jackson, T., Duggal, N. A., & Lord, J. M. (2022) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2021 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Frailty in Older People
Rohrmann, S. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33330-0_3 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Frailty and Mortality in Dialysis
Alfaadhel, T., Soroka, S., KIBERD, B. A., Landry, D. J., Moorhouse, P. A., & Tennankore, K. (2015) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.07760814 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“(8) emphasize the physical condition of the individual as a phenotypic manifestation of frailty (31,32).”
BackgroundGait Variability Is Associated With Frailty in Community-dwelling Older Adults
Montero‐Odasso, M., Muir, S. W., Hall, M., Doherty, T. J., Kloseck, M., Beauchet, O., & Speechley, M. R. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr007 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Frailty and cardiac rehabilitation: A call to action from the EAPC Cardiac Rehabilitation Section
Vigorito, C., Abreu, A., Ambrosetti, M., Belardinelli, R., Corrà, U., Cupples, M., Davos, C. H., Hoefer, S., Iliou, M., Schmid, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316682579 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Frailty Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Heuberger, R. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2011.623931 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Schwenk, M., Mohler, J., Wendel, C., D''Huyvetter, K., Fain, M., Taylor-Piliae, R., & Najafi, B. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000369095 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Rochat, S., Cumming, R. G., Blyth, F., Creasey, H. M., Handelsman, D. J., Couteur, D. G. L., Naganathan, V., Sambrook, P. N., Seibel, M. J., & Waite, L. M. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afp257 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that frailty is associated with increased long-term stays in nursing home and increased number of bedridden days before death in community-dwelling older adults [21, 22]; however, data on associations between frailty and use of specific health and community services are lacking in community…”
BackgroundKaeppeli, T., Rueegg, M., Dreher‐Hummel, T., Brabrand, M., Nissen, S. K., Carpenter, C. R., Bingisser, R. M., & Nickel, C. H. (2020) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.03.028 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Cognitive aspects of frailty: Mechanisms behind the link between frailty and cognitive impairment
Halil, M. G., Kızılarslanoğlu, M. C., Kuyumcu, M. E., Yeşil, Y., & Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. (2014) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-014-0535-z · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“A study proposed to determine the prognostic effect of different frailty criteria by Rothman et al, showed that using of low physical activity, weight loss, slow gait speed and cognitive impairment were the key indicators for frailty (19).”
Testing an integral conceptual model of frailty
Gobbens, R. J. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Luijkx, K. G., & Schols, J. M. G. A. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05896.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Pritchard, J. M., Kennedy, C. C., Karampatos, S., Ioannidis, G., Misiaszek, B., Marr, S., Patterson, C., Woo, T., & Παπαϊωάννου, Α. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0623-0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“It may be that the activities captured on the questionnaire are not appropriate for an older geriatric out-patient clinic population, and another method of assessing activity level, such as the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) may be more appropriate [42].”
MethodDepression and Frailty in Late Life: Evidence for a Common Vulnerability
Lohman, M. C., Dumenci, L., & Mezuk, B. R. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu180 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Rockwood, K. J., Rockwood, M. R. H., & Mitnitski, A. (2010) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02667.x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“It is recognized, too, as a potentially modifiable vulnerability state and therefore as a major clinical and research focus in geriatric medicine.(2) At this early stage in understanding, several operational definitions of frailty have emerged.”
BackgroundBuchman, A. S., Boyle, P. A., Leurgans, S. E., Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2010) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181ef7a2e · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Frailty syndrome and associated factors in community-dwelling elderly in Northeast Brazil
Sousa, A. C. P. D. A., Dias, R. C., Maciel, Á. C. C., & Guerra, R. O. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.08.010 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Use of health resources and healthcare costs associated with frailty: The FRADEA study
García-Nogueras, I., Aranda-Reneo, I., Peña-Longobardo, L. M., Oliva, J., & Abizanda, P. (2016) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0727-9 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Frailty is a prevalent condition (1, 2) independently associated with relevant adverse healthcare outcomes (3) including mortality (4-10), disability in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (4, 6-7, 9-12), mobility impairment (4, 10), falls (13, 14), hip fracture (6, 13, 14), hospitalization (4, 6, 11, 15…”
Etman, A., Burdorf, A., van der Cammen, T. J. M., Mackenbach, J. P., & van Lenthe, F. J. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200027 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“There is an ongoing discussion about the inclusion of cognitive status in Fried’s phenotype, which has been found to be associated with adverse outcomes of frailty.(17) These results raise some concerns about the validity of Fried’s criteria and suggest that the inclusion of alternative criteria such as cognitive impa…”
The relationship between intervening hospitalizations and transitions between frailty states
Gill, T. M., Gahbauer, E. A., Han, L., & Allore, H. G. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr142 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“These modified criteria have strong predictive validity (19).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVulnerability: The Crossroads of Frailty and Delirium
Quinlan, N., Marcantonio, E. R., Inouye, S. K., Gill, T. M., Kamholz, B. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03674.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Frailty has been operationalized as a disorder of physical function,(7) but several groups have proposed including cognitive impairment as a frailty criterion.(16,17) Delirium is an acute disorder of cognitive function and may be a cognitive manifestation of frailty, in which the brain is unable to compensate in the s…”
BackgroundSelf-citationJotheeswaran, A. T., Bryce, R., Prina, M. A., Acosta, D. M., Ferri, C. P., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Rodríguez, J. J. L., Salas, A., Sosa, A. L., et al. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0378-4 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“The effect of each frailty indicator is adjusted for all of the others, in models also c or DSM-IV dementia diagnosis, ICD-10 depression, number of physical impairments R, Pooled random effect (estimated only in the presence of statistically significant studies that did seek to do this, the effect of handgrip strength…”
BackgroundResultMedication Use and Functional Status Decline in Older Adults: A Narrative Review
Peron, E. P., Gray, S. L., & Hanlon, J. T. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.10.002 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Frailty and health related quality of life in older Mexican Americans
Masel, M. C., Graham, J. E., Reistetter, T., Markides, K. S., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2009) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-70 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Multimorbidity Patterns, Frailty, and Survival in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Nguyên, Q. D., Wu, C., Odden, M. C., & Kim, D. H. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly205 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Frailty among HIV-infected persons in an urban outpatient care setting
Önen, N. F., Agbebi, A., Shacham, E., Stamm, K. E., Önen, A. R., & Overton, E. T. (2009) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2009.08.008 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Outcomes of hospital admissions among frail older people: a 2-year cohort study
Keeble, E., Roberts, H. C., Williams, C. D., Van Oppen, J., & Conroy, S. P. (2019) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp19x704621 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Abizanda, P., Romero, L., Sánchez‐Jurado, P. M., Martínez-Reig, M., Gómez-Arnedo, L., & Alfonso, S. A. (2012) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.09.018 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Strandberg, T. E., Pitkälä, K. H., & Tilvis, R. S. (2011) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2011.08.003 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Of the Fried phenotype components, shrinking, exhaustion and muscle weakness have been reported to be of less value [54], while slow gait speed (‘‘bradypedia’’) alone may be quick and inexpensive measure of frailty [55].”
Backgroundvan Abbema, R., de Greef, M., Crajé, C., Krijnen, W. P., Hobbelen, H. J. S. M., & van der Schans, C. P. (2015) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0061-9 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Background Preferred gait speed has proven to be a strong predictor for adverse health related events in older adults [1].”
BackgroundWang, S., Shamliyan, T., Talley, K. M., Ramakrishnan, R., & Kane, R. L. (2013) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2013.03.007 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Slow gait speed and cognitive impairment were the strongest predictors with HR 3.9 and 2.6, respectively (Rothman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialMultidimensional structure of the Groningen Frailty Indicator in community-dwelling older people
Bielderman, A., van der Schans, C. P., van Lieshout, M.-R. J., de Greef, M. H., Boersma, F., Krijnen, W. P., & Steverink, N. (2013) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-13-86 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“A number of frailty assessment instruments have emerged in the last decade [1,9-23].”
BackgroundAnd mortality in older Chinese adults: Results from the Beijing longitudinal study of aging
Fang, X., Shi, J. C., Song, X., Mitnitski, A., Tang, Z., Wang, C., Yu, P., & Rockwood, K. J. (2012) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-012-0368-6 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Bortone, I., Sardone, R., Lampignano, L., Castellana, F., Zupo, R., Lozupone, M., Moretti, B., Giannelli, G., & Panza, F. (2021) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12667 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“especially in co-occurrence of MCI(67,69,70) and long-term hospital stay.(36) Four studies showed that there was a main effect of gait impairment for predicting mortality and dependence in different settings.”
BackgroundFallah, N., Mitnitski, A., Searle, S. D., Gahbauer, E. A., Gill, T. M., & Rockwood, K. J. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03300.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Mobility is a major item in many frailty definitions and appears to predict incident frailty.(28) The objective of the current study was to investigate how changes in frailty status and mortality risk depend on baseline mobility performance, age, and sex.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPatient frailty: the elephant in the operating room
Hubbard, R. E., & Story, D. (2013) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.12490 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, slow gait speed has been used in isolation as a marker of frailty, is the strongest predictor among Fried’s criteria of chronic disability and institutionalisation, and is the only significant predictor of injury from falls [25].”
BackgroundIs Frailty a Prodromal Stage of Vascular Dementia? Results From the T hree‐ C ity S tudy
Ávila‐Funes, J. A., Carcaillon‐Bentata, L., Helmer, C., Carrière, I., Ritchie, K. A., Rouaud, O., Tzourio, C., Dartigues, J., & Amieva, H. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04142.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Musculoskeletal health, frailty and functional decline
Milte, R., & Crotty, M. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2014.07.005 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Impairments in mobility and balance in relation to frailty
Davis, D. H. J., Rockwood, M. R. H., Mitnitski, A. B., & Rockwood, K. J. (2010) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.06.013 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“It is consistent with the finding that mobility impairment and frailty are highly associated and that the former may be part of a useful screen for the latter (Rothman et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2009).”
BackgroundConceptual Models of Frailty: Accumulation of Deficits
Rockwood, K. J. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.03.020 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The predictive properties of frailty-rating scales in the acute medical unit
Wou, F., Gladman, J. R. F., Bradshaw, L. E., Franklin, M. K., Edmans, J., & Conroy, S. (2013) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/aft055 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Five frailty-rating scales were tested, including the models proposed by Fried (CHS model) [8], Ensrud (SOF model) [14], Rothman [15], Ávila-Funes [16] and a frailty index (FI) [17].”
MethodLiu, Y., Zhang, G., Tarolli, C. G., Hristov, R., Jensen-Roberts, S., Waddell, E. M., Myers, T. L., Pawlik, M. E., Soto, J., Wilson, R. M., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adc9669 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Aliberti, M. J. R., Cenzer, I. S., Smith, A. K., Lee, S. J., Yaffe, K. S., & Covinsky, K. E. (2018) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15683 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Some have suggested that if the frailty syndrome is a vulnerability state in a stress setting (marked by decreased reserve), then a reduced cognitive reserve should confer a risk beyond that identified by a decreased physical reserve.(8,11,12) This has led investigators to include cognitive elements of risk in some fr…”
BackgroundBiological, Clinical, and Psychosocial Correlates at the Interface of Cancer and Aging Research
Dale, W., Mohile, S. G., Eldadah, B. A., Trimble, E. L., Schilsky, R. L., Cohen, H. J., Muss, H. B., Schmader, K. E., FERRELL, B. R., Extermann, M., et al. (2012) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djs145 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Amblàs-Novellas, J., Martori, J. C., Molist‐Brunet, N., Oller, R., Gómez‐Batiste, X., & Panicot, J. E. (2016) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2016.09.003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Crimmins, E. M., Kim, J. K., & Vasunilashorn, S. M. (2010) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2010.0005 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Assessments of physical functioning ability include performance on a timed walk, chair stands, ability to lock/unlock with a key, and a timed-tandem stand (Rothman et al. 2008).”
BackgroundPhysiologic Frailty and Fragility Fracture in HIV-Infected Male Veterans
Womack, J. A., Goulet, J. L., Gibert, C. L., Brandt, C., Skanderson, M., Gulanski, B., Rimland, D., Rodriguez‐Barradas, M. C., Tate, J., Yin, M. T., et al. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit056 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“It is associated with important outcomes such as disability, hospitalization, and mortality [2].”
BackgroundFrailty and Short-Term Outcomes in Patients With Hip Fracture
Kistler, E. A., Nicholas, J. A., Kates, S. L., & Friedman, S. M. (2015) · Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/2151458515591170 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“While low physical activity has been independently associated with chronic disability, long-term nursing home stay and death, weakness as measured by grip strength, may not be a strong frailty criterion.(11) With the goal of generating a clinically useful frailty index, we developed the 3-criteria frailty index.”
BackgroundFrailty and cardiovascular mortality in more than 3 million US Veterans
Shrauner, W. R., Lord, E. M., Nguyen, X. T., Song, R. J., Galloway, A., GAGNON, D. R., Driver, J. A., Gaziano, J. M., Wilson, P. W. F., Djoussé, L., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab850 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Fortunately, quick and cost-effective tests such as gait speed and grip strength have proven to be excellent markers of frailty and can be implemented into almost any clinical practice.(21,22) This study represents one of the largest and most contemporary evaluations of the interplay between CVD and frailty.”
Exploring the efficiency of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator: a review
Gobbens, R. J. J., Schols, J. M. G. A., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s130686 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“For example, Rothman et al 95 showed that slow gait speed and cognitive impairment were the strongest predictors for disability and institutionalization, compared to five other frailty components including depressive symptoms, while Gobbens et al 31 reported that depressive symptoms were the most…”
Schoufour, J. D., Mitnitski, A., Rockwood, K. J., Evenhuis, H. M., & Echteld, M. A. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.029 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sleep–Wake Disturbances and Frailty in Community‐Living Older Persons
Fragoso, C. A. V., Gahbauer, E. A., Ness, P. H. V., & Gill, T. M. (2009) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02522.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Comparable modifications have been successfully implemented in the Women’s Health and Aging Studies,(43) and it has previously been shown that each of the modified criteria are independently associated with chronic disability, long-term nursing home stays, and death, providing evidence of their validity.(25) To addres…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationFrailty syndrome and pre-operative risk evaluation: A systematic review
Buigues, C., Juarros-Folgado, P., Garrido, J. F., Navarro-Martínez, R., & Cauli, O. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.002 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Frailty: Identifying elderly patients at high risk of poor outcomes.
Lee, L. S., Heckman, G. A., & Molnar, F. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Screening for frailty in primary care: Accuracy of gait speed and hand-grip strength.
Lee, L. S., Patel, T., Costa, A. P., Bryce, E., Hillier, L. M., Slonim, K., Hunter, S. W., Heckman, G. A., & Molnar, F. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Liao, Y.-Y., Chen, I.-H., & Wang, R. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45767-y · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Blain, H., Carrière, I., Sourial, N., Berard, C., Favier, F., Colvez, A., & Bergman, H. (2010) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-010-0111-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“In the present study and in a recent study, low muscle strength was not an independent predictor of subsequent mortality, suggesting that measuring muscle strength could be less useful than measuring mobility and balance to assess prognosis in non-disabled women (35).”
Aguayo, G., Vaillant, M., Donneau, A., Schritz, A., Stranges, S., Malisoux, L., Chioti, A., Guillaume, M., Muller, M., & Witte, D. R. (2018) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002543 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Different models of frailty in predementia and dementia syndromes
Panza, F., Solfrizzi, V., Frisardi, V., Maggi, S., Sancarlo, D., Addante, F., D’Onofrio, G., Seripa, D., & Pilotto, A. (2011) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0126-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…least twenty frailty instruments have been described (21), and cognition was present in only 40% of them (31, 51, 77, 78, 80, 81-87). all these frailty instruments are multidimensional in nature, and mostly based on a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment (cga) (81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89).”
Implementing Frailty Into Clinical Practice: A Cautionary Tale
Sourial, N., Bergman, H., Karunananthan, S., Wolfson, C. M., Payette, H., Gutiérrez‐Robledo, L. M., Béland, F., Fletcher, J. D., & Guralnik, J. M. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt053 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ávila‐Funes, J. A., Piña‐Escudero, S. D., Aguilar-Navarro, S. G., Gutiérrez‐Robledo, L. M., Ruiz-Arreguí, L., & Amieva, H. (2011) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0111-8 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“However, walking speed has been found to be associated with disability in several studies (11, 18, 23, 53, 54). in the present study, slowness was initially associated with disability, but the association was attenuated and no longer significant after adjustment for the presence of the other…”
InfluentialPrevalence and factors associated with frailty among Peruvian older adults
Runzer-Colmenares, F. M., Samper‐Ternent, R., Snih, S. A., Ottenbacher, K. J., Parodi, J. F., & Wong, R. (2013) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2013.07.005 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Zaslavsky, O., Cochrane, B. B., Thompson, H. J., Woods, N. F., Herting, J. R., & LaCroix, A. Z. (2012) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800412462866 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“However, despite mounting evidence on the effect of mood disorder on aging-related outcomes, findings regarding an independent effect of depressive symptoms on frailty have been inconsistent (Rothman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultDrubbel, I., Bleijenberg, N., Kranenburg, G., Eijkemans, M. J. C., Schuurmans, M. J., de Wit, N. J., & Numans, M. E. (2013) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-64 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a geriatric intervention in primary care: a randomized clinical trial
Monteserín, R., Brotons, C., Moral, I., Altimir, S., San‐José, A., Santaeugènia, S., Sellarés, J., & Padros, J. (2010) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmp101 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rothman, M. D., Leo‐Summers, L., & Gill, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rothman, Marc D.
- ORCID
- Gill, Thomas M.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2211-2216
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- PMC
- PMC2782664
- OpenAlex
- W2111326370
- Cited by
- 428
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 8.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG022993, R37AG017560, K24AG021507, T32 AG1934, T32AG019134, P30AG021342)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- frailty, Fried criteria, slow walking, physical activity, weight loss, cognitive impairment, exhaustion, muscle weakness, chronic disability, falls, mortality, older adults, prognostic factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Frail Elderly
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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