Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature

Mendell, M. J.; Heath, G. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00320.x

Cited by 1,034Indoor Air Quality and Microbial ExposureBuilding Energy and Comfort OptimizationSchool Health and Nursing Education

Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature

Mendell, M. J., Heath, G. A.·2005·Indoor Air

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00320.x

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Abstract

UNLABELLED: To assess whether school environments can adversely affect academic performance, we review scientific evidence relating indoor pollutants and thermal conditions, in schools or other indoor environments, to human performance or attendance. We critically review evidence for direct associations between these aspects of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and performance or attendance. Secondarily, we summarize, without critique, evidence on indirect connections potentially linking IEQ to performance or attendance. Regarding direct associations, little strongly designed research was available. Persuasive evidence links higher indoor concentrations of NO(2) to reduced school attendance, and suggestive evidence links low ventilation rates to reduced performance. Regarding indirect associations, many studies link indoor dampness and microbiologic pollutants (primarily in homes) to asthma exacerbations and respiratory infections, which in turn have been related to reduced performance and attendance. Also, much evidence links poor IEQ (e.g. low ventilation rate, excess moisture, or formaldehyde) with adverse health effects in children and adults and documents dampness problems and inadequate ventilation as common in schools. Overall, evidence suggests that poor IEQ in schools is common and adversely influences the performance and attendance of students, primarily through health effects from indoor pollutants. Evidence is available to justify (i) immediate actions to assess and improve IEQ in schools and (ii) focused research to guide IEQ improvements in schools. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: There is more justification now for improving IEQ in schools to reduce health risks to students than to reduce performance or attendance risks. However, as IEQ-performance links are likely to operate largely through effects of IEQ on health, IEQ improvements that benefit the health of students are likely to have performance and attendance benefits as well. Immediate actions are warranted in schools to prevent dampness problems, inadequate ventilation, and excess indoor exposures to substances such as NO(2) and formaldehyde. Also, siting of new schools in areas with lower outdoor pollutant levels is preferable.

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Social distancing measures may have altered factors such as seating arrangements or indoor climate that in turn can influence student performance.
“Social distancing measures may have altered factors such as seating arrangements or indoor climate that in turn can influence student performance (41 –43).”
From Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [41]

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Authors: Mendell, M. J., & Heath, G. A.
Affiliations: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Mendell, M. J.
ORCID: Mendell, M. J.
Heath, G. A.
Venue: Indoor Air
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Published: 2005-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-52
ISSN: 0905-6947 (ISSN-L)
1600-0668
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00320.x
OpenAlex: W2119502831
Cited by: 1,034
References: 162
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 2.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 3895 d)
Locations: Indoor Air (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
Keywords: indoor environmental quality, school indoor air quality, academic performance, school attendance, indoor pollutants, thermal conditions, nitrogen dioxide, ventilation rate, indoor dampness, formaldehyde, asthma exacerbations, respiratory infections, school siting, child health
MeSH terms: Absenteeism, Asthma, Child, Educational Status, Fixatives, Formaldehyde, Health Status, Humans, Schools, Students, Temperature, Ventilation, Air Pollution, Indoor

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Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature

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