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The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences
Open accessAbstract
Abstract: Organisms must adapt to the temporal characteristics of their surroundings to successfully survive and reproduce. Variation in the daily light cycle, for example, acts through endocrine and neurobiological mechanisms to control several downstream physiological and behavioral processes. Interruptions in normal circadian light cycles and the resulting disruption of normal melatonin rhythms cause widespread disruptive effects involving multiple body systems, the results of which can have serious medical consequences for individuals, as well as large‐scale ecological implications for populations. With the invention of electrical lights about a century ago, the temporal organization of the environment has been drastically altered for many species, including humans. In addition to the incidental exposure to light at night through light pollution, humans also engage in increasing amounts of shift‐work, resulting in repeated and often long‐term circadian disruption. The increasing prevalence of exposure to light at night has significant social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences that are only now becoming apparent. This review addresses the complicated web of potential behavioral and physiological consequences resulting from exposure to light at night, as well as the large‐scale medical and ecological implications that may result.
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“Also, it is rich in the blue portion of the light spectrum, which could be perceived as the day (Navara and Nelson, 2007; Gaston et al., 2013; Yadav et al., 2015).”
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Light Pollution of the Mountain Areas in Poland
Ściężor, T., Kubala, M., & Kaszowski, W. (2012) · Archives of Environmental Protection · Cited by 20
Ściężor, T., Kubala, M., & Kaszowski, W. (2012) · Archives of Environmental Protection · doi:10.2478/v10265-012-0042-4 · Cited by 20
“In addition to the defi nite infl uence of light pollution on local ecosystems, its impact on human health is also known [11, 12, 13, 18].”
BackgroundGastón, M. S., Pereyra, L., & Vaira, M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2240 · Cited by 20
Labrousse, C., Haspel, C., & Noam Levin, A. (2025) · Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109450 · Cited by 19
The temporal analysis of light pollution in Turkey using VIIRS data
Yerli, S. K., Aksaker, N., Bayazit, M., Zühal, K. U. R. T., Aktay, A., & Erdoğan, M. A. (2021) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-021-03942-6 · Cited by 19
Impact of light pollution on moth morphology–A 137-year study in Germany
Keinath, S., Hölker, F., Müller, J., & Rödel, M. (2021) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2021.05.004 · Cited by 19
Changing urban bird diversity: how to manage adaptively our closest relation with wildlife
Dı́az, M., Ramos-Chernenko, A., & Concepción, E. D. (2022) · Ecosistemas · doi:10.7818/ecos.2354 · Cited by 22
Xu, Y.-X., Zhou, Y., Huang, Y., Yu, Y., Li, J.-Y., Huang, W.-J., Wan, Y., Tao, F., & Sun, Y. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120117 · Cited by 20
Ji, M., Xu, Y., Yan, Y., & Zhu, S. (2024) · International Journal of Digital Earth · doi:10.1080/17538947.2024.2347442 · Cited by 19
“…to a range of physiological and psychological problems, including reduced sleep quality and quantity, depressed mood, metabolic disorders, and an increased incidence of cat-aracts and cancers (Bedrosian and Nelson 2013; Kohyama 2009; Kooijman et al. 2015; Navara and Nelson 2007; Stevens 2009).”
TARGETgene: A Tool for Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets in Cancer
Wu, C.-C., D’Argenio, D. Z., Asgharzadeh, S., & Triche, T. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043305 · Cited by 19
“A study also showed that women with low melatonin levels have an increased risk for breast cancer [39].”
BackgroundZubidat, A. E., Nelson, R. J., & Haim, A. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.048629 · Cited by 18
“Recently, considerable research efforts have been devoted to study the adverse effect of visible light on human health and animal physiology and behavior (Navara and Nelson, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBenedetto, M. M., Guido, M. E., & Contin, M. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00417 · Cited by 19
Artificial night light alters ecosystem services provided by biotic components
Singhal, R. K., Chauhan, J., Jatav, H. S., Rajput, V. D., Singh, G. S., & Bose, B. (2021) · Biologia Futura · doi:10.1007/s42977-020-00065-x · Cited by 18
European Wilderness in a Time of Farmland Abandonment
Ceaușu, S., Carver, S., Verburg, P. H., Kuechly, H. U., Hölker, F., Brotons, L., & Pereira, H. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12039-3_2 · Cited by 19
“But artificial light has also strong ecological impacts (Longcore and Rich 2004; Navara and Nelson 2007; Hölker et al. 2010b; Gaston et al. 2013), affecting invertebrates (Davies et al. 2012, see Chap.”
BackgroundCao, M., Xu, T., Song, Y., Wei, S., Wang, H., Guo, X., & Yin, D. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c04342 · Cited by 18
Light pollution: Assessment of sky glow on two dark sky regions of Portugal
Lima, R. C., da Cunha, J. P., & Peixinho, N. (2016) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2016.1153446 · Cited by 18
“Reduction in production of melatonin attributed to exposure to artificial light at night is currently under investigation as a possible cause of malignant effects (Jasser et al., 2006; Bullough et al., 2006; Navara and Nelson, 2007; Liang et al. 2011; Proietti et al. 2013).”
BackgroundVery important dark sky areas in Europe and the Caucasus region
Peregrym, M., Kónya, E. P., & Falchi, F. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111167 · Cited by 18
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and organization in urban and rural song sparrows
Lane, S. J., Emmerson, M. G., VanDiest, I. J., Hucul, C., Beck, M. L., Davies, S., Gilbert, E. R., & Sewall, K. B. (2021) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113809 · Cited by 18
Hannibal, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.640113 · Cited by 20
“Similarly, a higher occurrence of health problems has been found in people at shift work, such as metabolic syndrome, sleep disturbances, and depression (Shivers et al., 1991; Navara and Nelson, 2007; Fonken et al., 2010).”
BackgroundKumar, A., Prabhat, A., Kumar, V., & Bhardwaj, S. K. (2023) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-023-00447-9 · Cited by 18
Sangma, J. T., & Trivedi, A. K. (2023) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-023-00451-z · Cited by 18
“Exposure to dLAN reduces nocturnal melatonin concentration [15, 51] and can mislead the body’s time of day information [55].”
BackgroundChronic citalopram treatment ameliorates depressive behavior associated with light at night.
Bedrosian, T. A., Weil, Z. M., & Nelson, R. J. (2012) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0029699 · Cited by 18
Self-citationThe human circadian clock from health to economics
Koritala, B. S. C., & Çakmaklı, S. (2018) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.252 · Cited by 16
Angular Emission Function of a City and Skyglow Modeling: A Critical Perspective
Kocifaj, M., & Lamphar, H. A. S. (2016) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/128/970/124001 · Cited by 18
Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases
Nobrega, A. K. D., Luz, K. V., & Lyons, L. C. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9 · Cited by 20
Basner, M., Riggs, D. W., & Conklin, D. J. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.016048 · Cited by 18
Waddling on the Dark Side: Ambient Light Affects Attendance Behavior of Little Penguins
Rodríguez, A., Chiaradia, A., Wasiak, P., Renwick, L., & Dann, P. (2016) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730415626010 · Cited by 20
“For example, humans are largely diurnal as they are mainly active during daylight hours, although usage of artificial light during the past decades has extended our activity into night hours (Navara and Nelson, 2007; de la Iglesia et al., 2015).”
BackgroundFardell, L. L., Nano, C. E. M., Pavey, C. R., & Dickman, C. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.805891 · Cited by 20
“, 2020), human activity (Fernández-Juricic and Tellería, 2000; Frid and Dill, 2002), introduced light and sound (Navara and Nelson, 2007; Shannon et al., 2016), pollutants (Schwarzenbach et al.”
BackgroundDevice for automatic measurement of light pollution of the night sky
Karpińska, D., & Kunz, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20624-7 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Navara, K. J., & Nelson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Navara, Kristen J.
- Venue
- Journal of Pineal Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-06-25
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-224
- ISSN
- 0742-3098 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-079X
- OpenAlex
- W2111092972
- Cited by
- 795
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Pineal Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0416897)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-57535, R01MH057535, R01MH066144, MH-66144)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI055411)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- light at night, light pollution, circadian rhythm disruption, melatonin, circadian rhythm, shift work, health effects, ecological consequences, behavioral effects, physiological effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Clocks, Darkness, Disease, Ecology, Humans, Work, Oxidative Stress
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