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The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences
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Abstract: Organisms must adapt to the temporal characteristics of their surroundings to successfully survive and reproduce. Variation in the daily light cycle, for example, acts through endocrine and neurobiological mechanisms to control several downstream physiological and behavioral processes. Interruptions in normal circadian light cycles and the resulting disruption of normal melatonin rhythms cause widespread disruptive effects involving multiple body systems, the results of which can have serious medical consequences for individuals, as well as large‐scale ecological implications for populations. With the invention of electrical lights about a century ago, the temporal organization of the environment has been drastically altered for many species, including humans. In addition to the incidental exposure to light at night through light pollution, humans also engage in increasing amounts of shift‐work, resulting in repeated and often long‐term circadian disruption. The increasing prevalence of exposure to light at night has significant social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences that are only now becoming apparent. This review addresses the complicated web of potential behavioral and physiological consequences resulting from exposure to light at night, as well as the large‐scale medical and ecological implications that may result.
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BackgroundDim light at night disrupts the short-day response in Siberian hamsters
Ikeno, T., Weil, Z. M., & Nelson, R. J. (2013) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.12.005 · Cited by 62
“Exposure to light at night alters the circadian system and affects many physiological responses (Navara and Nelson, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBeaugeard, E., Brischoux, F., Henry, P., Parenteau, C., Trouvé, C., & Angelier, F. (2018) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.4788 · Cited by 62
Unawareness in environmental protection: The case of light pollution from traffic
Lyytimäki, J. M., Tapio, P., & Assmuth, T. W. (2011) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.10.002 · Cited by 65
Rodrígues, P., Aubrecht, C., Gil, A., Longcore, T., & Elvidge, C. D. (2011) · European Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.1007/s10344-011-0555-5 · Cited by 61
Smith, M. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/457027a · Cited by 60
van der Meijden, W. P., van Someren, J. L., Lindert, B. H. W. T., Bruijel, J., van Oosterhout, F., Coppens, J. E., Kalsbeek, A., Cajochen, C., Bourgin, P., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5858 · Cited by 60
McLay, L. K., Nagarajan‐Radha, V., Green, M. P., & Jones, T. M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2164 · Cited by 60
Dananay, K. L., & Benard, M. F. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0367 · Cited by 60
Vega, C. P., Zielińska-Dąbkowska, K. M., Schroer, S., Jechow, A., & Hölker, F. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031107 · Cited by 59
Aubé, M., & Kocifaj, M. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20664.x · Cited by 59
“Specifically, over-illumination can negatively influence human health, as proved by many studies (e.g. Navara & Nelson 2007).”
BackgroundJägerbrand, A. K. (2015) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su7011028 · Cited by 59
“Retinal light exposure can decrease melatonin production at night and is linked to several diseases, for example diabetes, obesity and cancer [26,40,54,96].”
BackgroundDominoni, D. M., & Nelson, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2241 · Cited by 59
Self-citationDim Light at Night Does Not Disrupt Timing or Quality of Sleep in Mice
Borniger, J. C., Weil, Z. M., Zhang, N., & Nelson, R. J. (2013) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.803196 · Cited by 58
“The comparatively recent (past 100 yrs) experience of chronic exposure to light at night may therefore influence physiology and behavior through disruption of the parallel circadian and sleep systems (Navara & Nelson, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHonnen, A., Kypke, J. L., Hölker, F., & Monaghan, M. T. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226220 · Cited by 58
“Disruption of the circadian clock can therefore lead to modifications in the timing of key behaviors such as foraging and mating [12,14,15], which may ultimately lead to altered fitness due to changes in energy uptake or changes in lifetime mating success [16,17].”
BackgroundSleep deprivation attenuates inflammatory responses and ischemic cell death
Weil, Z. M., Norman, G. J., Karelina, K., Morris, J. S., Barker, J. M., Su, A. J., Walton, J. C., Bohinc, S., Nelson, R. J., & DeVries, A. C. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.04.018 · Cited by 58
“Decreased quantity and quality of sleep, as well as disruption in circadian rhythmicity, has been attributed to changes in lifestyle, the proliferation of shift work, international travel, and also to exposure to light at night (Navara and Nelson, 2007; Rajaratnam and Arendt, 2001).”
Self-citationMapping the consequences of artificial light at night for intertidal ecosystems
Garratt, M. J., Jenkins, S. R., & Davies, T. W. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.156 · Cited by 58
Light pollution increases West Nile virus competence of a ubiquitous passerine reservoir species
Kernbach, M. E., Newhouse, D., Miller, J. M., Hall, R. J., Gibbons, J., Oberstaller, J., Selechnik, D., Jiang, R. H. Y., Unnasch, T. R., Balakrishnan, C. N., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1051 · Cited by 59
Can skyglow reduce nocturnal melatonin concentrations in Eurasian perch?
Kupprat, F., Hölker, F., & Kloas, W. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114324 · Cited by 60
Light at night disrupts nocturnal rest and elevates glucocorticoids at cool color temperatures
Alaasam, V., Duncan, R., Casagrande, S., Davies, S., Sidher, A., Seymoure, B., Shen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Ouyang, J. Q. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2168 · Cited by 57
“Our hypothesis is consistent with previous research, which has shown that short-wavelength light at night can suppress melatonin and alter daily activity patterns (Dominoni, 2015; Haim and Zubidat, 2015; Navara and Nelson, 2007).”
ResultLeveau, L. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.6056 · Cited by 56
Jiang, J., He, Y., Kou, H., Ju, Z., Gao, X., & Zhao, H. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105702 · Cited by 58
Oil and gas production and spontaneous preterm birth in the San Joaquin Valley, CA
González, D. J. X., Sherris, A. R., Yang, W., Stevenson, D. K., Padula, A. M., Baiocchi, M., Burke, M., Cullen, M. R., & Shaw, G. M. (2020) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000099 · Cited by 56
Artificial Night Lighting Reduces Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Occurrence in Sorocaba, Brazil
Hagen, O., Santos, R. M., Schlindwein, M. N., & Viviani, V. R. (2015) · Advances in Entomology · doi:10.4236/ae.2015.31004 · Cited by 56
“birds, sea turtles, invertebrates and even humans are negatively affected by artificial light [2] [6], its effects have been for long neglected and detailed studies of its impacts are few [7]-[9].”
BackgroundShiftwork Duration and the Awakening Cortisol Response Among Police Officers
Wirth, M. D., Burch, J. B., Violanti, J. M., Burchfiel, C. M., Fekedulegn, D. B., Andrew, M. E., Zhang, H., Miller, D. B., Hébert, J. R., & Vena, J. E. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.573112 · Cited by 62
“…2010; Shields, 2002), which can lead to increased allostatic load (defined as strain on the body and changes in metabolism produced by repeated cycling of the stress response) (McEwen & Stellar, 1993), altered homeostasis, plus immune, endocrine, and autonomic dysfunction (Navara & Nelson, 2007).”
BackgroundPart‐night lighting: implications for bat conservation
Day, J., Baker, J., Schofield, H., Mathews, F., & Gaston, K. J. (2015) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12200 · Cited by 56
“…spanning from the molecular to community level (Davies, Bennie & Gaston, 2012; Gaston et al., 2013) and to have marked influences on physiology (Navara & Nelson, 2007), behaviour (Bedrosian et al., 2011), movements (Baker, 1990), reproduction (Kempenaers et al., 2010) and mortality (Le Corre…”
BackgroundObayashi, K., Saeki, K., Iwamoto, J., Ikada, Y., & Kurumatani, N. (2013) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.864299 · Cited by 55
“Nocturnal melatonin levels are influenced by daytime, evening and night-time light exposure (Gooley et al., 2011; Obayashi et al., 2012; Zeitzer et al., 2000), and evening exposure to moderately high-intensity artificial light is common in modern society (Navara & Nelson, 2007; Wyse et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEnvironmental pollution and biodiversity: Light pollution and sea turtles in the Caribbean
Brei, M., Pérez‐Barahona, A., & Strobl, E. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2016.02.003 · Cited by 62
“A largely neglected aspect in this regard that has drawn recent attention is the role that increased lighting due to local economic development may play (Navara and Nelson, 2012; Gaston et al., 2013; and Kyba and Holker, 2013).”
BackgroundAmichai, E., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47544-3 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Navara, K. J., & Nelson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Navara, Kristen J.
- Venue
- Journal of Pineal Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-06-25
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-224
- ISSN
- 0742-3098 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-079X
- OpenAlex
- W2111092972
- Cited by
- 795
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Pineal Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0416897)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-57535, R01MH057535, R01MH066144, MH-66144)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI055411)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- light at night, light pollution, circadian rhythm disruption, melatonin, circadian rhythm, shift work, health effects, ecological consequences, behavioral effects, physiological effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Clocks, Darkness, Disease, Ecology, Humans, Work, Oxidative Stress
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