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The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences
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Abstract: Organisms must adapt to the temporal characteristics of their surroundings to successfully survive and reproduce. Variation in the daily light cycle, for example, acts through endocrine and neurobiological mechanisms to control several downstream physiological and behavioral processes. Interruptions in normal circadian light cycles and the resulting disruption of normal melatonin rhythms cause widespread disruptive effects involving multiple body systems, the results of which can have serious medical consequences for individuals, as well as large‐scale ecological implications for populations. With the invention of electrical lights about a century ago, the temporal organization of the environment has been drastically altered for many species, including humans. In addition to the incidental exposure to light at night through light pollution, humans also engage in increasing amounts of shift‐work, resulting in repeated and often long‐term circadian disruption. The increasing prevalence of exposure to light at night has significant social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences that are only now becoming apparent. This review addresses the complicated web of potential behavioral and physiological consequences resulting from exposure to light at night, as well as the large‐scale medical and ecological implications that may result.
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“There are a multitude of sources of such light, including street lights, security lights and vehicle lights (Navara & Nelson 2007).”
BackgroundSleep Network Deterioration as a Function of Dim-Light-At-Night Exposure Duration in a Mouse Model
Panagiotou, M., Rohling, J. H. T., & Deboer, T. (2020) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep2030023 · Cited by 9
“Light exposure at night has been associated with various health disruptions including metabolic and immunological disturbances, as well as altered circadian timing [3].”
BackgroundChamorro, R., Wilms, B., Holst, A., Röhl, C., Mölle, M., Knaak, A., Meyhöfer, S., Lehnert, H., & Schmid, S. M. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.038 · Cited by 10
Archibald, H. L. (2015) · The Canadian Field-Naturalist · doi:10.22621/cfn.v128i4.1626 · Cited by 10
Light pollution and solid-state lighting: reducing the carbon dioxide footprint is not enough
Bará, S. (2013) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2025344 · Cited by 10
“The rapid change experienced in these illumination levels has been shown to cause disruptive effects on organisms, populations and ecosystems, affecting among others to the metabolism, reproduction, foraging behavior, predator-prey balance, orientation and migration.(9) These detrimental effects extend to an ample var…”
BackgroundBará, S., Ribas, S. J., & Kocifaj, M. (2015) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8978/17/10/105607 · Cited by 10
“Artificial light at night has been shown to be a relevant stressor for natural ecosystems [1-6], and there is a growing concern about the negative consequences of the excessive emissions of light in fields as diverse as environmental science [7], energy management [8,9], or the preservation of the intangible heritage…”
BackgroundCho, E., Oh, J. H., Lee, E., Rag, Y., & Kim, E. Y. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep37784 · Cited by 10
Analysis of Light Pollution in Ticino region during the period 2011-2016
Cereghetti, N., Strepparava, D., Bettini, A., & Ferrari, S. (2020) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102456 · Cited by 10
Ksiazkiewicz, A., & Erol, F. (2022) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2022.102491 · Cited by 10
Linking sleep, political ideology, and religious observance: a multi-national comparison
Ksiazkiewicz, A., & Erol, F. (2022) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edac020 · Cited by 9
Morghen, I., Turola, M. C., Forini, E., Pasquale, P. D., Zanatta, P., & Matarazzo, T. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/1745-6673-4-6 · Cited by 10
Kopperud, K., & Grace, M. S. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18102068 · Cited by 9
“Unfortunately, however, while extensive research has been conducted on the harmful effects of light at night on circadian function in humans, rodents and migratory birds [5,20,21], comparable studies on marine fish are lacking.”
BackgroundLamphar, H. A. S., & Kocifaj, M. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.036 · Cited by 10
Zhu, N., Shang, J., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Avian Research · doi:10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100138 · Cited by 10
The effects of artificial light at night on spider brains
Willmott, N. J., Black, J. R., McNamara, K. B., Wong, B. B. M., & Jones, T. M. (2024) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2024.0202 · Cited by 9
Female moths call in vain: Streetlights diminish the promise of mating
Storms, M., Degen, T., & Degen, J. (2025) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.13441 · Cited by 9
“Light pollution is always present when artificial light has adverse effects on nature and humans (Longcore & Rich, 2004; Navara & Nelson, 2007) and leads to “ ecological light pollution ” , which alters the natural light regime across eco-systems (Longcore & Rich, 2004).”
Analysis of Light Pollution of the Night Sky in Toruń (Poland)
Karpińska, D., & Kunz, M. (2020) · Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports · doi:10.2478/ceer-2020-0057 · Cited by 9
Schroer, S., Austen, K. F., Moczek, N., Kalinkat, G., Jechow, A., Heller, S., Reinhard, J. E., Dehn, S., Wuthenow, C. I., Post-Stapelfeldt, M., et al. (2021) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects12121117 · Cited by 9
Wang, W., Hao, Z., Wu, Z., Cui, J., & Liu, H. (2023) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12446-y · Cited by 9
“2013; Navara and Nelson 2007; Stevens 2006).”
Circadian arrhythmia dysregulates emotional behaviors in aged Siberian hamsters
Prendergast, B. J., Onishi, K. G., Patel, P. N., & Stevenson, T. J. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.010 · Cited by 9
Le socioécosystème environnement nocturne : un objet de recherche interdisciplinaire
Challéat, S. (2018) · Natures Sciences Sociétés · doi:10.1051/nss/2018042 · Cited by 9
Wartmann, F. M., Mackaness, W., Bauer, N., Bolliger, J., & Kienast, F. (2019) · Innovations in landscape research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30069-2_7 · Cited by 9
Influences of artificial light on mating of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)—a review
Awal, M. R., Rahman, M. M., Choudhury, M. A. R., Hasan, M. M., Rahman, M. T., & Mondal, M. F. (2022) · International Journal of Tropical Insect Science · doi:10.1007/s42690-022-00786-7 · Cited by 11
“The variation of light duration directly affected on endocrine and neurobiological mechanisms of insect species and delayed physiological and behavioral processes (Navara and Nelson 2007).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Navara, K. J., & Nelson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Navara, Kristen J.
- Venue
- Journal of Pineal Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-06-25
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-224
- ISSN
- 0742-3098 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-079X
- OpenAlex
- W2111092972
- Cited by
- 795
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Pineal Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0416897)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-57535, R01MH057535, R01MH066144, MH-66144)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI055411)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- light at night, light pollution, circadian rhythm disruption, melatonin, circadian rhythm, shift work, health effects, ecological consequences, behavioral effects, physiological effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Clocks, Darkness, Disease, Ecology, Humans, Work, Oxidative Stress
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