Cited by 790Birth, Development, and HealthPregnancy and preeclampsia studiesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

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The developmental origins of chronic adult disease

Barker, DJP·2004·Acta Paediatrica

DOI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00236.x

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Abstract

Low birthweight is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. These associations have been extensively replicated in studies in different countries and are not the result of confounding variables. They extend across the normal range of birthweight and depend on lower birthweights in relation to the duration of gestation rather than the effects of premature birth. The associations are thought to be consequences of developmental plasticity, the phenomenon by which one genotype can give rise to a range of different physiological or morphological states in response to different environmental conditions during development. Recent observations have shown that impaired growth in infancy and rapid childhood weight gain exacerbate the effects of impaired prenatal growth. Coronary heart disease and the disorders related to it arise through a series of interactions between environmental influences and the pathways of development that preceded them. These diseases are the product of branching pathways of development in which the branchings are triggered by the environment before and after birth.

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Association Between Household Food Insecurity and Low Birth Weight: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Amiri, Z., Sadeghi, M., Moradi, A., Paydar, M., Norouzi, M., & Mosafarkhani, E. (2024) · Journal of Research in Health Sciences · doi:10.34172/jrhs.2024.165 · Cited by 6
“This finding aligns with the findings of research conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, rural Pakistan, and other parts of Ethiopia, 2,3,33 as well as those of a cohort study from the United States 4 and a case-control study in Tehran, 5 all of which similarly linked food insecurity to an elevated Household food insecur…”
Background
Inflammation, Obesity, and Neuromodulation in Pregnancy and Fetal Development
Thornton, C. A., Jones, R. H., Doekhie, A., Bryant, A. H., Beynon, A. L., & Davies, J. S. (2011) · Advances in Neuroimmune Biology · doi:10.3233/nib-2011-015 · Cited by 4
“hood [96].”
The effect of high multivitamin diet during pregnancy on food intake and glucose metabolism in Wistar rat offspring fed low-vitamin diets post weaning
Szeto, I. M. Y., Huot, P. S. P., Reza‐López, S. A., Jahan-Mihan, A., & Anderson, G. H. (2011) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174411000523 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, the magnitude of the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome may be different if the gestational diet was extended to the preconception and lactation periods.(3,4,7,29) In rodents, the development of food intake regulatory systems in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tracts takes place in late gesta…”
Background
Race, Cardiovascular Disease, and Vascular Health
Brown, M. D., & Gomez, D. H. (2021) · Kinesiology Review · doi:10.1123/kr.2021-0061 · Cited by 4
Psychological and psychophysiological functioning of young adults born preterm: The Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults
Pyhälä, R. (2012) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 3
Evolution and Prenatal Development
Coall, D. A., Callan, A. C., Dickins, T. E., & Chisholm, J. S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy303 · Cited by 4
Commentary: A need for unconstrained thinking on foetal growth
Magnus, P. M. (2008) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn026 · Cited by 4
Shared genetic contribution to type 1 and type 2 diabetes riskPreprint
Aylward, A., Chiou, J., Okino, M.-L., Kadakia, N., & Gaulton, K. J. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/285304 · Cited by 4
Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative: How can global health benefit by its use?
Алпеева, Е. В., & Sharov, K. S. (2023) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.13.03054 · Cited by 3
The link between preterm birth and long-term cardiovascular risk: mechanisms, evidence, and vulnerable populations: a review
Stolfi, L., Costantino, M. F., Cortese, F., D’Addeo, G., & Pesce, S. (2025) · Exploration of Cardiology · doi:10.37349/ec.2025.101253 · Cited by 3
Prenatal Ultrasonographic Markers of Macrossomia and C-Peptide in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study
Galluzzo, R. N., Correggio, K. S. D., von Wangenheim, A., Callado, G. Y., Werner, H., Júnior, E. A., Castro, P. T., Calagna, G., & Onofre, A. S. C. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15161989 · Cited by 3
Intergenerational metabolic toxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid exposure in adult offspring rats: a multi-omics approach
Yu, G., Luo, T., Huo, X., Meng, X., Feng, L., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1589826 · Cited by 4
Gestational kynurenine metabolites mediate effects of pregnancy adiposity on child negative affect
Gustafsson, H., Wright, H. R., Schreeder, J. E. J., Nigg, J. T., & Sullivan, E. L. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70071 · Cited by 3
Heart Rate Variability in Intrauterine Growth Retarded Infants and Normal Infants with Smoking and Non-smoking Parents, Using Time and Frequency Domain Methods
Cripps, V. A., Biala, T., Schlindwein, F. S., & Wailoo, M. P. (2009) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92841-6_532 · Cited by 3
“Studies have shown that there is a significant relationship between the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular mortality, with lethal arrhythmias linked to either increased sympathetic or decreased parasympathetic activity, as well as a higher risk of postinfarction mortality with reduced heart rate variability […”
Background
Preventing the Epidemic of Mental Ill Health
Robson, A. A. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397155-5.00022-2 · Cited by 3
Interesterified fat maternal consumption before conception programms memory and learning of adulthood offspring: How big is this deleterious repercussion?
D’avila, L. F., Dias, V. T., Trevizol, F., Metz, V. G., Roversi, K., Milanesi, L., Maurer, L. H., Baranzelli, J., Emanuelli, T., & Bürger, M. E. (2022) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.03.002 · Cited by 3
Does Iodine Intake Modify the Effect of Maternal Dysglycemia on Birth Weight in Mild-to-Moderate Iodine-Deficient Populations? A Mother–Newborn Prospective Cohort Study
Ovadia, Y. S., Gefel, D., Toledano, Y., Rosen, S. R., Avrahami-Benyounes, Y., Groisman, L., Rorman, E. G., Hen, L., Fytlovich, S., Katz, L. S., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132914 · Cited by 3
Defining Body Mass Index Using Weight and Length for Gestational Age in the Growth Assessment of Preterm Infants at Birth
Olsen, I. E., Granger, M. E., Masoud, W. G. T., Clark, R. H., & Ferguson, N. (2023) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1774316 · Cited by 3
“Dr. Barker and others 40,41 showing an increased adult risk of obesity and related adverse outcomes in term infants born small, especially who experienced rapid postnatal growth.”
Background
High-fat diet during lactation, as opposed to during adolescence or gestation, programs cardiometabolic and autonomic dysfunctions in adult offspring
dos Santos, A. A. A., Torrezan, R., Rodrigues, W. N. D. S., Ribeiro, M. V. G., Ferreira, A. R. O., Peres, M. N. C., Saavedra, L. P. J., Raposo, S. R., Almeida, D. L., Malta, A., et al. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149354 · Cited by 3
Gestational hyperglycaemia impacts glucose control and insulin sensitivity in mouse offspring
Hribar, K., Fisher, J. C., Eichhorn, D., Smit, M., Kloosterhuis, N., Bakker, B. M., Oosterveer, M. H., Kruit, J. K., & van der Beek, E. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91662-0 · Cited by 3
“Interestingly, fetal growth restriction followed by postnatal early catch-up growth is associated with increased risk of metabolic diseases in humans 37 .”
Could maternal perinatal atypical antipsychotic treatments program later metabolic diseases in the offspring?
Guillemot, J., Laborie, C., Dutriez-Casteloot, I., Maron, M., DELOOF, S., Lésage, J., Breton, C., & Vieau, D. (2011) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.076 · Cited by 3
“These findings have led to the developmental origin of health and adult disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, which states that an adverse perinatal environment programs or imprints the development of several tissues, permanently determining physiological responses and ultimately producing dysfunction and diseases later in life…”
Background
Obesity/Perinatal Origins of Obesity
Kwok, T. C., Ojha, S., & Symonds, M. E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814823-5.00051-9 · Cited by 3
Aberrant expression of proatherogenic cytokines and growth factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells from newborns of type 2 diabetic women
Sultan, S. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211026832 · Cited by 3
Scope of Practice and Principles of Care of Naturopathic Medicine in North America: A Commentary
Solomonian, L. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9010008 · Cited by 3
A High-Fat Diet Modifies Brain Neurotransmitter Profile and Hippocampal Proteome and Morphology in an IUGR Pig Model
Yeste, N., Pérez‐Valle, J., Heras-Molina, A., Pacheco, J. L. P., Porrini, E., Gonzalez‐Bulnes, A., & Bassols, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14163440 · Cited by 3
“This process is known as ‘prenatal/fetal programming’ or ‘developmental origins of health and disease’ (DOHaD) and was firstly developed by Barker (“Barker hypothesis”) [9].”
Background
Preconceptional maternal hyperandrogenism and metabolic syndrome risk in male offspring: a long-term population-based study
Noroozzadeh, M., Rahmati, M., Amiri, M., Naz, M. S. G., Azizi, F., & Tehrani, F. R. (2024) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-024-02374-7 · Cited by 3
Geographical Analysis of the Distribution of Publications Describing Spatial Associations among Outdoor Environmental Variables and Really Small Newborns in the USA and Canada
Nielsen, C. C., Amrhein, C., & Osornio-Vargas, Á. R. (2019) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe10010011 · Cited by 2
Lipid Profile in Infant
Kumar, A., Pandit, K., Chatterjee, P., Mukhopadhyay, P., & Ghosh, S. K. (2021) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_396_20 · Cited by 3
“[2] The Barker hypothesis postulates that there is an association between intrauterine growth retardation with an increased risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular and coronary heart disease later in life.[3,4] It is not clear if such a relationship exists between neonatal lipid profile…”
Background
Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback
Wen, Y., Cheng, S., Lu, J., He, X., Jiao, Z., Xu, D., & Wang, H. (2021) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2021.12537 · Cited by 3
“Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), defined as a devel‐ oping fetus weighing 10% or two standard deviations less than the mean body weight of normal fetuses of the same gestational age (1), has been proven to be an independent risk factor of adult metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity and corona…”
Background
Prenatal and Childhood Growth, and Hospitalization for Alcohol Use Disorders in Adulthood: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study
Lahti, J., Lahti, M., Pesonen, A., Heinonen, K., Kajantie, E., Forsén, T., Wahlbeck, K., Osmond, C., Barker, D., Eriksson, J., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087404 · Cited by 3
“The DOHaD framework postulates that these conditions may relate to environmental psychosocial stress and/or malnutrition that alter the structure and function of the brain [6,7].”
Background
Early Childhood Nutritional Status in CARICOM Countries: An Overview with respect to Five Nutrition Related Millennium Development Goals
Gaskin, P. S., Nielsen, A. L., Willie-Tyndale, D., & Durant, T. C. (2014) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2014/580928 · Cited by 3
“In addition, many children who experience undernutrition will be at increased risk of developing chronic diseases [7].”
Diet and cancer and heart disease
Crawford, M. A. (2013) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106014523361 · Cited by 3
Prenatal ethanol exposure induces an intrauterine programming of enhanced sensitivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in female offspring rats fed with post-weaning high-fat diet
Lu, J., Wen, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, C., Zhong, W., Zhang, L., Yu, Y., Chen, L., Xu, D., & Wang, H. (2015) · Toxicology Research · doi:10.1039/c5tx00012b · Cited by 3
Nutritional Management and Assessment of Preterm Infants
Brennan, A., Murphy, B. P., & Kiely, M. E. (2015) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/tin.0000000000000021 · Cited by 3
Early Nutrition: Effects on Infants’ Growth and Body Composition
Mosca, F., & Giannì, M. L. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100168-4.00003-3 · Cited by 3

Authors: Barker, D.
Affiliations: Southampton General Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Barker, DJP
Venue: Acta Paediatrica
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 93
Issue: s446
Pages: 26-33
ISSN: 0365-1436 (ISSN-L)
0803-5253
1651-2227
DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00236.x
OpenAlex: W2143230895
Cited by: 790
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 17.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 792 d)
Locations: Acta Paediatrica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: developmental origins of health and disease, low birth weight, coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, developmental plasticity, fetal growth restriction, gestational age, child weight gain, environmental influences on development
MeSH terms: Adult, Birth Weight, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male

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