Embryogenesis and metamorphosis in a haplosclerid demosponge: Gastrulation and transdifferentiation of larval ciliated cells to choanocytes.
Abstract
Abstract. Early development and metamorphosis of Reniera sp., a haplosclerid demosponge, have been examined to determine how gastrulation occurs in this species, and whether there is an inversion of the primary germ layers at metamorphosis. Embryogenesis occurs by unequal cleavage of blastomeres to form a solid blastula consisting micro‐ and macromeres; multipolar migration of the micromeres to the surface of the embryo results in a bi‐layered embryo and is interpreted as gastrulation. Polarity of the embryo is determined by the movement of pigment‐containing micromeres to one pole of the embryo; this pole later becomes the posterior pole of the swimming larva. The bi‐layered larva has a fully differentiated monociliated outer cell layer, and a solid interior of various cell types surrounded by dense collagen. The pigmented cells at the posterior pole give rise to long cilia that are capable of responding to environmental stimuli. Larvae settle on their anterior pole. Fluorescent labeling of the monociliated outer cell layer with a cell‐lineage marker (CMFDA) demonstrates that the monociliated cells resorb their cilia, migrate inwards, and transdifferentiate into the choanocytes of the juvenile sponge, and into other amoeboid cells. The development of the flagellated choanocytes and other cells in the juvenile from the monociliated outer layer of this sponge's larva is interpreted as the dedifferentiation of fully differentiated larval cells—a process seen during the metamorphosis of other ciliated invertebrate larvae—not as inversion of the primary germ layers. These results suggest that the sequences of development in this haplosclerid demosponge are not very different than those observed in many cnidarians.
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Before any morphological asymmetry can be detected, Wnt-expressing cells become restricted to the inner cell mass on one side of the embryo.
“Before any morphological asymmetry in the embryo can be detected by cytological indicators [21], [22, unpublished], Wnt-expressing cells become restricted to the inner cell mass on one side of the embryo (Fig. 2C, D).”
From Wnt and TGF-β Expression in the Sponge Amphimedon queenslandica and the Origin of Metazoan Embryonic Patterning (2007) · cites this paper as [21]
As the pigment cells begin to move concentrically away from the posterior pole to form the pigment ring, TGF-β is expressed inside of the ring.
“As the pigment cells begin to move concentrically away from the posterior pole to form the pigment ring [Fig. 1K], [21, 22], TGF-β is expressed inside of the ring (Fig. 3H).”
From Wnt and TGF-β Expression in the Sponge Amphimedon queenslandica and the Origin of Metazoan Embryonic Patterning (2007) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Leys, S. P., & Degnan, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Leys, Sally P.
- Venue
- Invertebrate Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 171-189
- ISSN
- 1077-8306 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-7410
- OpenAlex
- W2083438848
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Invertebrate Biology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Marine Sponges and Natural Products
- Keywords
- Reniera, metamorphosis, gastrulation, micromeres, macromeres, choanocytes, transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation, ciliated cells, cell lineage, blastula, larval development
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