The zootype and the phylotypic stage
Abstract
What is it that defines an animal? The definition provided here, made on the basis of developmental biology, suggests methods for resolving phylogenetic problems.
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Bilaterians share a common set of regulatory genes for defining head, trunk, and posterior regions (the zootype).
“Structural and functional homologies between regulatory genes used among bilaterians indicate that, during embryogenesis, animals share a common set of genes for defining the head, trunk, and posterior regions (zootype; Slack et al., 1993).”
From Conservation of Hox/ParaHox-Related Genes in the Early Development of a Cnidarian (2001) · cites this paper as Slack et al., 1993
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- Authors
- Slack, J. M. W., Holland, P. W. H., & Graham, C. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1993-02
- Volume
- 361
- Issue
- 6412
- Pages
- 490-492
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1990137409
- Cited by
- 699
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 260.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- phylotypic stage, animal development, phylogenetic systematics, homology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Genes, Homeobox, Morphogenesis, Phylogeny, Gene Expression
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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