The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics
Abstract
Volumes of research show that people in different geographic regions differ psychologically. Most of that work converges on the conclusion that there are geographic differences in personality and values, but little attention has been paid to developing an integrative account of how those differences emerge, persist, and become expressed at the geographic level. Drawing from research in psychology and other social sciences, we present a theoretical account of the mechanisms through which geographic variation in psychological characteristics emerge and persist within regions, and we propose a model for conceptualizing the processes through which such characteristics become expressed in geographic social indicators. The proposed processes were examined in the context of theory and research on personality traits. Hypotheses derived from the model were tested using personality data from over half a million U.S. residents. Results provided preliminary support for the model, revealing clear patterns of regional variation across the U.S. and strong relationships between state-level personality and geographic indicators of crime, social capital, religiosity, political values, employment, and health. Overall, this work highlights the potential insights generated by including macrolevel perspectives within psychology and suggests new routes to bridging theory and research across several disciplines in the social sciences.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Putnam, R. (2000) · doi:10.1145/358916.361990 · Cited by 17,114
Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital
Putnam, R. D. (1995) · Journal of Democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0002 · Cited by 14,037
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META‐ANALYSIS
BARRICK, M. R., & MOUNT, M. K. (1991) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x · Cited by 8,689
A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1 · Cited by 8,307
Self-citationThe development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure
Goldberg, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 · Cited by 5,530
Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies
Inglehart, R. (1997) · doi:10.1515/9780691214429 · Cited by 5,392
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904 · cited 2×
“These findings are very consistent with research at the individual-level showing that O is related to the content of social and political attitudes (Jost et al., 2003; McCrae, 1996; Saucier, 2000), and they suggest that states marked by large proportions of open individuals may have more progressive and tolerant views…”
ResultFrom social integration to health: durkheim in the new millennium
Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00065-4 · Cited by 4,821
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1 · Cited by 3,318
Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.2.93 · Cited by 2,932 · cited 6×
“population than most convenience samples are (Gosling et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe psychology of social impact
Latané, B. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.343 · Cited by 2,864
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361
Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants
Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 · Cited by 2,252
Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.3.729 · Cited by 1,996
A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description.
Block, J. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187 · Cited by 1,682 · cited 1×
“Although the FFM is not universally accepted in the field (e.g., Block, 1995), scores of studies indicate that these basic personality dimensions are rooted in biology (Jang, McCrae, Angleitner, Riemann, & Livesley, 1998; Loehlin, 1992; Plomin & Caspi, 1999), are relatively stable throughout life…”
BackgroundBogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887 · Cited by 1,632 · cited 4×
“These results converge with individual-level studies, suggesting that conscientious individuals tend to engage in health promoting behavior and live long healthy lives (Bogg & Roberts, 2004; Roberts at al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPositive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study.
Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.804 · Cited by 1,406
Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients.
Hemphill, J. F. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.78 · Cited by 1,237
Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135217 · Cited by 1,176
The group as a polarizer of attitudes.
Moscovici, S., & Zavalloni, M. (1969) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027568 · Cited by 1,038
Neuroticism, Somatic Complaints, and Disease: Is the Bark Worse than the Bite?
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1987) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00438.x · Cited by 1,010
Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation
Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18 · Cited by 940
Suls, J., & Bunde, J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.260 · Cited by 878
Jang, K. L., McCrae, R. R., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., & Livesley, W. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1556 · Cited by 539
Optimism is associated with mood, coping, and immune change in response to stress.
Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1646 · Cited by 527
Contrasts and Correlations in Effect-Size Estimation
Rosnow, R. L., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00287 · Cited by 513
Kelman, H. C. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190156 · Cited by 489
Hierarchical subcomponents of the Big Five personality factors: A cross-language replication.
Saucier, G., & Ostendorf, F. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.613 · Cited by 338 · cited 1×
“…1999), are relatively stable throughout life (McCrae & Costa, 2003; Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer, 2006; Srivastava, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2003), and are found in several cultures (e.g., Benet-Martı́nez & John, 2000; Church & Kaitigbak, 1989; McCrae & Costa, 1997; Saucier & Ostendorf, 1999).”
Psychosocial and behavioral predictors of longevity: The aging and death of the ‘Termites’.
Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Schwartz, J. E., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Martin, L. R., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.2.69 · Cited by 271
Cultural variation: Considerations and implications.
Cohen, D. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.451 · Cited by 267
Personality, health, and aging: prolegomenon for the next generation
Smith, T. W., & Spiro, III (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00014-4 · Cited by 118
The lay assessment of subclinical depression in daily life.
Mehl, M. R. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.3.340 · Cited by 105
Cited by
Temporal patterns of happiness and information in a global social network: hedonometrics and Twitter
Dodds, P. S., Harris, K. D., Kloumann, I. M., Bliss, C. A., & Danforth, C. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026752 · Cited by 809
Tightness–looseness across the 50 united states
Harrington, J. R., & Gelfand, M. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1317937111 · Cited by 708
Age and gender differences in self-esteem—A cross-cultural window.
(2015) · doi:10.1037/pspp0000078 · Cited by 684
How Social Media Facilitates Political Protest: Information, Motivation, and Social Networks
Jost, J. T., Barberá, P., Bonneau, R., Langer, M., Metzger, M., Nagler, J., Sterling, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12478 · Cited by 492
Internet Research in Psychology
Gosling, S. D., & Mason, W. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015321 · Cited by 458
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 339-369
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2104173111
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 33
- FWCI
- 24.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.