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Disparity in regional and systemic circulatory capacities: do they affect the regulation of the circulation?
Abstract
In this review we integrate ideas about regional and systemic circulatory capacities and the balance between skeletal muscle blood flow and cardiac output during heavy exercise in humans. In the first part of the review we discuss issues related to the pumping capacity of the heart and the vasodilator capacity of skeletal muscle. The issue is that skeletal muscle has a vast capacity to vasodilate during exercise [∼300 mL (100 g)−1 min−1], but the pumping capacity of the human heart is limited to 20–25 L min−1 in untrained subjects and ∼35 L min−1 in elite endurance athletes. This means that when more than 7–10 kg of muscle is active during heavy exercise, perfusion of the contracting muscles must be limited or mean arterial pressure will fall. In the second part of the review we emphasize that there is an interplay between sympathetic vasoconstriction and metabolic vasodilation that limits blood flow to contracting muscles to maintain mean arterial pressure. Vasoconstriction in larger vessels continues while constriction in smaller vessels is blunted permitting total muscle blood flow to be limited but distributed more optimally. This interplay between sympathetic constriction and metabolic dilation during heavy whole‐body exercise is likely responsible for the very high levels of oxygen extraction seen in contracting skeletal muscle. It also explains why infusing vasodilators in the contracting muscles does not increase oxygen uptake in the muscle. Finally, when ∼80% of cardiac output is directed towards contracting skeletal muscle modest vasoconstriction in the active muscles can evoke marked changes in arterial pressure.
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“The relative (to body mass) VO2max differs by about 10% between male and female athletes, which is primarily explained by the higher percentage of body fat and lower hemoglobin levels in women [135,141].”
From Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences (2021) · cites this paper as [141]
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Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue
Fitts, R. H. (1994) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.49 · Cited by 1,537 · cited 3×
“Local or peripheral fatigue, defined either as a task failure or a reduction in force or power generation capacity, may be elicited by a number of factors, which act by reducing the rate of ATP re-synthesis and/or by interfering with the biochemical processes involved in muscle contraction and relaxation (Fitts 1994).”
InfluentialMaximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man.
Andersen, P., & Saltin, B. (1985) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015794 · Cited by 1,250
Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise
Harms, C. A., Babcock, M. A., McClaran, S. R., Pegelow, D. F., Nickele, G. A., Nelson, W. B., & Dempsey, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1573 · Cited by 711
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MEANING OF THE MAXIMAL OXYGEN INTAKE TEST1
Mitchell, J. H., Sproule, B. J., & Chapman, C. B. (1958) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci103636 · Cited by 516
Consequences of exercise-induced respiratory muscle work
Dempsey, J. A., Romer, L., Rodman, J., Miller, J., & Smith, C. (2006) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2005.12.015 · Cited by 398
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McClaran, S. R., Harms, C. A., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.1872 · Cited by 238
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Milliken, M. C., Stray-Gundersen, J., Peshock, R. M., Katz, J., & Mitchell, J. H. (1988) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(88)90228-7 · Cited by 106 · cited 1×
“Moreover, a number of studies using different imaging techniques have reported a correlation (r = 0.80–0.89) between VO2max and left ventricular (LV) mass (Milliken et al. 1988, Scharhag et al. 2002).”
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Cited by
Joyner, M. J., & Casey, D. P. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2013 · Cited by 833
Self-citationSex Differences in Endurance Running.
Besson, T., Macchi, R., Rossi, J., Morio, C. Y. M., Kunimasa, Y., Nicol, C., Vercruyssen, F., & Millet, G. Y. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01651-w · Cited by 158
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Self-citationInhibition of α-adrenergic tone disturbs the distribution of blood flow in the exercising human limb
Heinonen, I., Wendelin-Saarenhovi, M., Kaskinoro, K., Knuuti, J., Scheinin, M., & Kalliokoski, K. K. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2012 · Cited by 59
Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences
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Metadata
- Authors
- Calbet, J. A. L., & Joyner, M. J.
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 199
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 393-406
- ISSN
- 1748-1708
- 1748-1716
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 7
- Language
- en
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