Neurobiological Mechanisms of Placebo Responses
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Expectations, positive or negative, are modulating factors influencing behavior. They are also thought to underlie placebo effects, potentially impacting perceptions and biological processes. We used sustained pain as a model to determine the neural mechanisms underlying placebo‐induced analgesia and affective changes in healthy humans. Subjects were informed that they could receive either an active agent or an inactive compound, similar to routine clinical trials. Using PET and the μ‐opioid selective radiotracer [11 C]carfentanil we demonstrate placebo‐induced activation of opioid neurotransmission in a number of brain regions. These include the rostral anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior and posterior insula, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal grey. Some of these regions overlap with those involved in pain and affective regulation but also motivated behavior. The activation of endogenous opioid neurotransmission was further associated with reductions in pain report and negative affective state. Additional studies with the radiotracer [11 C]raclopride, studies labeling dopamine D2/3 receptors, also demonstrate the activation of nucleus accumbens dopamine during placebo administration under expectation of analgesia. Both dopamine and opioid neurotransmission were related to expectations of analgesia and deviations from those initial expectations. When the activity of the nucleus accumbens was probed with fMRI using a monetary reward expectation paradigm, its activation was correlated with both dopamine, opioid responses to placebo in this region and the formation of placebo analgesia. These data confirm that specific neural circuits and neurotransmitter systems respond to the expectation of benefit during placebo administration, inducing measurable physiological changes.
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Neuroimaging studies suggest that central opioid system activations overlap with central maternal activations in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry.
“Although the association between the EO and maternal brain responses remains unknown in humans using direct hormone measurements, neuroimaging studies suggest that central opioid system activations (62) overlap with central maternal activations (4,5) in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry.”
From Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry (2011) · cites this paper as [62]
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Amygdala subregions tied to SSRI and placebo response in patients with social anxiety disorder
Faria, V., Appel, L., Åhs, F., Linnman, C., Pissiota, A., Frans, Ö., Bani, M., Bettica, P., Pich, E. M., Jacobsson, E., et al. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.72 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stokes, P. R., Egerton, A., Watson, B., Reid, A., Lappin, J., Howes, O. D., Nutt, D. J., & Lingford-Hughes, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111414090 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Psychological Interventions for Headache in Children and Adolescents
Sieberg, C. B., Huguet, A., von Baeyer, C. L., & Seshia, S. S. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100012646 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zubieta, J., & Stohler, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zubieta, Jon‐Kar
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 1156
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 198-210
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC3073412
- OpenAlex
- W2034413814
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016423)
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT001415)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- placebo effect, placebo analgesia, expectations, mu-opioid receptor, nucleus accumbens, dopamine, negative affect, sustained pain, brain activation, reward anticipation
- MeSH terms
- Analgesia, Brain Mapping, Dopamine, Humans, Models, Biological, Nerve Net, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Synaptic Transmission, Placebos, Placebo Effect, Opioid Peptides
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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