Placebo in emotional processing—induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network
Open accessAbstract
Placebo analgesia and reward processing share several features. For instance, expectations have a strong influence on the subsequent emotional experience of both. Recent imaging data indicate similarities in the underlying neuronal network. We hypothesized that placebo analgesia is a special case of reward processing and that placebo treatment could modulate emotional perception in the same way as does pain perception. The behavioral part of this study indicates that placebo treatment has an effect on how subjects perceive unpleasant pictures. Furthermore, event-related fMRI demonstrated that the same modulatory network, including the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, is involved in both emotional placebo and placebo analgesia. These effects were correlated with the reported placebo effect and were predicted by the amount of treatment expectation induced on a previous day. Thus, the placebo effect may be considered to be a general process of modulation induced by the subjects' expectations.
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rACC activation during placebo remained when controlling for non-emotional attentional aspects.
“Importantly, this activation remained when controlling for non-emotional attentional aspects of treatment either through interaction or correlation analyses (Petrovic et al., 2002, 2005).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Petrovic et al., 2005
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“BOLD responses in the NAC have also been shown to be proportional to expectations of anxiety relief in a study in which subjects were preconditioned with a benzodiazepine anxiolytic and presented with negative affective stimuli (Petrovic et al. 2005).”
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“Likewise, rostral ACC activation has also been observed during placebo anxiety reduction, a process in which control over an emotional stimulus (an aversive picture) is recruited to diminish the effect of the emotional stimulus (Petrovic et al. 2005).”
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“The present results are consistent with the notion that placebo and active pharmacological agents act on the same, or at least overlapping, neural pathways (Mayberg et al., 2002; Petrovic et al., 2002, 2005; Benedetti et al., 2005; Faria et al., 2008).”
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“Placebo studies suggest that the OFC acts to generate and maintain experimentally induced beliefs that in turn modulate activity in sensory brain areas (Petrovic et al., 2002, 2005; Wager et al., 2004).”
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InfluentialSelf-citationTop-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability
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“, 2009; Wager and Atlas, 2015) and emotional placebo (Petrovic et al., 2005; Ellingsen et al., 2013) have also suggested the rACC is involved in top-down regulation of pain and emotion (see Figure 6A).”
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“It has been reported that the most important brain change involved in the placebo effects of emotional processing is the functional decrease in the bilateral amygdala [Petrovic et al., 2005].”
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“For example, Petrovic et al (2005) studied the effects of expectation on 15 healthy subjects' anxiety response to viewing unpleasant visual images.85 First, subjects were shown unpleasant and neutral pictures and asked to rate the perceived unpleasantness of the unpleasant pictures under three…”
BackgroundNeural bases of conditioned placebo analgesia
Lui, F., Colloca, L., Duzzi, D., Anchisi, D., Benedetti, F., & Porro, C. A. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.021 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Evidence from different clinical and experimental models, such as Parkinson’s disease [4,12], hormone secretion [6], immune responses and emotion [33], suggests the crucial role of past experience for generating placebo effects.”
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“…of the P2 is the anterior cingulate gyrus (Garcia-Larrea et al., 2003; Lenz et al., 1998), which plays a central role in both attention and pain, and also appears to be modulated by placebo in studies of pain and emotion (Petrovic et al., 2002, 2005; Wager et al., 2004; Zubieta et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe top‐down influence of ergogenic placebos on muscle work and fatigue
Pollo, A., Carlino, E., & Benedetti, F. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06344.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Brain activation during sight gags and language-dependent humor.
Watson, K., Matthews, B., & Allman, J. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj149 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The relation of emotions to placebo responses
Flaten, M., Aslaksen, P., Lyby, P., & Bjørkedal, E. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0407 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Neural control of the lower urinary and gastrointestinal tracts: Supraspinal CNS mechanisms
Drake, M., Fowler, C., Griffiths, D., Mayer, E., Paton, J., & Birder, L. (2010) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.20841 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Brainstem activation (involving the PAG and possibly the parabrachial nucleus) occurs in regions that receive input from corticolimbic networks, send projections to the rostroventral medulla and are part of a cortico-limbic-pontine pain modulation circuit.(126,127) Patients with IBS may also show abnormal activation o…”
BackgroundAtlas, L., Wager, T., Dahl, K. P., & Smith, E. E. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb002063 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Other studies have replicated and extended this result, showing that placebo treatments for negative emotion activate the same brain regions (Petrovic et al., 2005), and that endogenous opioids — neurochemicals linked to relaxation, euphoria, and pain relief — are released in these regions following placebo treatment…”
InfluentialA Neural Mechanism for Nonconscious Activation of Conditioned Placebo and Nocebo Responses
Jensen, K., Kaptchuk, T., Chen, X., Kirsch, I., Ingvar, M., Gollub, R., & Kong, J. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu275 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“…that health-related behaviors can be triggered by cues that are not consciously perceived, not only for pain, but perhaps also for other medical problems with demonstrated placebo effects, like anxiety (Petrovic et al. 2005), asthma (Wechsler et al. 2011), and depression (Kirsch et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Cognitive Neuroscience of Placebo Effects: Concepts, Predictions, and Physiology.
Geuter, S., Koban, L., & Wager, T. (2017) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031132 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Furthermore, vmPFC activity is important for placebo effects on anxiety (Petrovic et al. 2005) and reward learning in Parkinson’s disease (Schmidt et al. 2014).”
BackgroundWhat’s in a word? How instructions, suggestions, and social information change pain and emotion
Koban, L., Jepma, M., Geuter, S., & Wager, T. (2017) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.014 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“, 2002), negative (Koban et al., in revision; Meyer et al., 2015; Petrovic et al., 2005; Rütgen et al., 2015; Schienle et al., 2014), and positive emotions (Ellingsen et al.”
InfluentialThe placebo response: how words and rituals change the patient's brain
Benedetti, F., & Amanzio, M. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.04.034 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The bidirectional relation between emotional reactivity and sleep: From disruption to recovery.
Altena, E., Micoulaud-Franchi, J., Geoffroy, P., Sanz-Arigita, E. J., Bioulac, S., & Philip, P. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000128 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Cortical and subcortical responses to high and low effective placebo treatments
Geuter, S., Eippert, F., Attar, C. H., & Büchel, C. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.029 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Furthermore, enhanced activation of the rACC for a more effective placebo treatment is in line with its role in endogenous pain control (Bingel and Tracey, 2008) and affective regulation (Etkin et al., 2010; Petrovic et al., 2005).”
Petrovic, P., Pleger, B., Seymour, B., Klöppel, S., de Martino, B., Critchley, H., & Dolan, R. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2807-08.2008 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“, 2002) and emotion (Bush et al., 2000; Petrovic et al., 2005; Etkin et al., 2006) mediated, at least in part, via the endogenous opioid system (Petrovic et al.”
Self-citationBrain, Body and Culture: A Biocultural Theory of Religion
Geertz, A. W. (2010) · Method & Theory in the Study of Religion · doi:10.1163/157006810x531094 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Prediction of placebo responses: a systematic review of the literature
Horing, B., Weimer, K., Muth, E., & Enck, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01079 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Believing is seeing: expectations alter visual awareness
Sterzer, P., Frith, C., & Petrovic, P. (2008) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.021 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Expectations have been shown to be powerful modulators of pain [1] and emotion [2] in placebo studies.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDistinct neural representations of placebo and nocebo effects
Freeman, S., Yu, R., Egorova, N., Chen, X., Kirsch, I., Claggett, B., Kaptchuk, T. J., Gollub, R. L., & Kong, J. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.015 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Placebo response to manual therapy: something out of nothing?
Bialosky, J., Bishop, M., George, S., & Robinson, M. (2011) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1179/2042618610y.0000000001 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Placebo improves pleasure and pain through opposite modulation of sensory processing
Ellingsen, D., Wessberg, J., Eikemo, M., Liljencrantz, J., Endestad, T., Olausson, H., & Leknes, S. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1305050110 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Placebo Analgesia: Event-Related Potentials and Emotional Modulation
Aslaksen, P. M., Bystad, M., Vambheim, S. M., & Flaten, M. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182080d73 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Previous studies (2,18,29,42) have suggested that emotional modulation is one of the mechanisms in the placebo analgesic response, and imaging studies (18,43) have supported this view by showing that placebo administration modulates cortical activity in cerebral structures that are involved in emotional regulation.”
BackgroundElsenbruch, S., Kotsis, V., Benson, S., Rosenberger, C., Reidick, D., Schedlowski, M., Bingel, U., Theysohn, N., Forsting, M., & Gizewski, E. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.036 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the magnitude of change in pain ratings was proportional to the degree of certainty regarding the probability of receiving a potent analgesic drug in line with previous studies using somatic pain stimuli in healthy subjects [27] and in patients with postoperative pain [29].”
ResultAslaksen, P., & Flaten, M. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31818105ed · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Breaking down the barriers: fMRI applications in pain, analgesia and analgesics
Borsook, D., & Becerra, L. (2006) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1186/1744-8069-2-30 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“…that (1) placebo analgesia decreased activation in thalamus, insula aCG and (2) anticipation increased activation in prefrontal cortex Placebo analgesia ma affective response to Placebo in Emotional Processing Petrovic et al., 2005 [84] Use of pleasant and unpleasant pictures compared with pain.”
BackgroundGreenberg, J., Vail, K., & Pyszczynski, T. (2014) · Advances in Motivation Science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2014.08.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“…detection of threatening stimuli (Phan, Wager, Taylor, Liberzon, 2002), and the ACC is involved in the anticipation of negative events and anxiety (Petrovic et al., 2005; Simpson, Drevets, Snyder, Gusnard, & Raichle, 2001), which is consistent with the idea that death-related stimuli activate…”
ResultPeciña, M., Sikora, M., Avery, E. T., Heffernan, J., Peciña, S., Mickey, B., & Zubieta, J. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.427 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Broadly, expectations are fundamental in all emotional processes, and allow an individual to interact with an upcoming emotional or motivational situation before it actually occurs (Petrovic et al., 2005).”
Placebo manipulations reduce hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain
Petersen, G. L., Finnerup, N., Nørskov, K., Grosen, K., Pilegaard, H., Benedetti, F., Price, D., Jensen, T. S., & Vase, L. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.03.011 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Quirin, M., Loktyushin, A., Arndt, J., Küstermann, E., Lo, Y.-Y., Kuhl, J., & Eggert, L. D. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq106 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“The protocol described below was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee.”
BackgroundMethodPassamonti, L., Rowe, J., Ewbank, M., Hampshire, A., Keane, J., & Calder, A. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.045 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“[PubMed: 15219588] Petrovic et al, 2005.”
Brain mechanisms of social touch-induced analgesia in females.
López-Solá, M., Geuter, S., Koban, L., Coan, J., & Wager, T. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001599 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Cerebral interactions of pain and reward and their relevance for chronic pain.
Becker, S., Gandhi, W., & Schweinhardt, P. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.013 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Volkow, N., Wang, G.-J., Ma, Y.-M., Fowler, J., Wong, C. T., Jayne, M., Telang, F., & Swanson, J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.192 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Placebo analgesia: findings from brain imaging studies and emerging hypotheses
Kong, J., Kaptchuk, T. J., Polich, G., Kirsch, I., & Gollub, R. L. (2007) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2007.18.3-4.173 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Placebo Responses In Humans
Peciña, M., & Zubieta, J. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.164 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sharing pain and relief: Neural correlates of physicians during treatment of patients
Jensen, K., Petrovic, P., Kerr, C., Kirsch, I., Raicek, J., Cheetham, A., Spaeth, R. B., Cook, A., Gollub, R., Kong, J., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.195 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, H.-F., Hsieh, J., Lu, C.-L., Yeh, T., Tu, C., Cheng, C.-M., Niddam, D., Lin, H.-C., Lee, F., & Chang, F. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.03.018 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Price, D. D., Craggs, J. G., Zhou, Q.-Q., Verne, G., Perlstein, W., & Robinson, M. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.028 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Why sickness hurts: A central mechanism for pain induced by peripheral inflammation.
Karshikoff, B., Jensen, K., Kosek, E., Kalpouzos, G., Soop, A., Ingvar, M., Höglund, C. O., Lekander, M., & Axelsson, J. (2016) · Brain, behavior, and immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Discussion 2 The main finding of the present study is that systemic inflammation modulates the pain 3 system by decreasing endogenous pain inhibition, reflected in attenuation of the vlPFC and 4 rACC activity and increased pressure pain sensitivity in the LPS-treated group.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Petrovic, P., Dietrich, T., Fransson, P., Andersson, J., Carlsson, K., & Ingvar, M.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 957-969
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1979589689
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 12.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Petrus och Augusta Hedlunds Stiftelse
- Sveriges Läkarförbund
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- placebo effect, emotional processing, anxiety reduction, reward processing, placebo analgesia, treatment expectations, unpleasant pictures, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, pain perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Benzodiazepines, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Flumazenil, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Placebos, Time Factors, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Placebo Effect
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