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Developmental Neuroscience Perspectives on Emotion Regulation
Open accessAbstract
Because individual differences in emotion regulation are associated with risk for childhood behavioral problems, multidisciplinary investigation of the genetic and neural underpinnings of emotion regulation should be a research priority. This article summarizes research findings from 3 independent laboratories to demonstrate the ways in which a variety of developmental human neuroscience-based approaches can address critical conceptual issues in the emergence of emotion regulation. To do so, the authors present 3 perspectives on how developmental neurobiology constrains and enriches theories of emotion regulation. The 3 perspectives of (a) genetics, (b) brain structure and function, and (c) plasticity of development are illustrated with empirical results derived from both typical and atypical samples of children and adults. These perspectives are complementary and sometimes represent different levels of analysis of the same question.
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At different ages, individuals differ in both emotional reactivity and in their ability to regulate emotion.
“Thus at different ages, individuals differ in both emotional reactivity and in their ability to regulate emotion (Goldsmith et al., 2008).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldsmith et al., 2008
The Developmental Plasticity section says emotional skills become more intricate as children mature, supporting age-related development in emotional abilities. The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation section distinguishes reactivity from regulation and reports individual differences in both, but does not establish that emotional reactivity differs across ages. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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“The development of all human characteristics is genetically influenced, in the sense that the genetic code carries transmissible information to assemble and regulate the organism (Lamb et al., 2006).”
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“We have related individual differences in voluntary ER to other dimensions of affective style and psychopathology, as have others (Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Quirk et al., 2006).”
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BackgroundThe Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, U.K.
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Replication of Genome-Wide Association Signals in UK Samples Reveals Risk Loci for Type 2 Diabetes
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MethodResultEarly experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function
Bennett, A. J., Lesch, K., Heils, A., Long, J. C., Lorenz, J. G., Shoaf, S. E., Champoux, M. C., Suomi, S. J., Linnoila, M., & Higley, J. D. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000949 · Cited by 659
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“In these studies, we found that children who had experienced direct physical maltreatment from their parents had adjusted their sensory thresholds for perception of angry but not other facial expressions (Pollak & Kistler, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSuppression and enhancement of emotional responses to unpleasant pictures
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“Indeed, behavioral genetic analyses suggestthatmanyoftheemotionalproblemsobservedinabused children are attributable to environmental effects, with vulnerability to experience modulated by genetic factors ( Jaffee, Caspi, Moffitt, & Taylor, 2004; Kaufman et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory
Milad, M. R., Quinn, B. T., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Fischl, B., & Rauch, S. L. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502441102 · Cited by 412 · cited 1×
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BackgroundJackson, D. C., Mueller, C. J., Dolski, I., Dalton, K. M., Nitschke, J. B., Urry, H. L., Rosenkranz, M. A., Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1473.x · Cited by 368
Self-citationAssessing the heritability of attentional networks
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“CBQ Effortful Control Factor scores .53 55 .35 64 Fan et al. (2001) ; 14‐42 years”
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BackgroundEffect of Catechol- O -Methyltransferase val 158 met Genotype on Attentional Control
Blasi, G., Mattay, V. S., Bertolino, A., Elvevåg, B., Callicott, J. H., Das, S., Kolachana, B. S., Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0476-05.2005 · Cited by 294 · cited 1×
“…on both chromosomes at the site of this SNP have decreased levels of dopamine in prefrontal areas and perform worse on various attention and executive function tasks than those who are homozygous for the methionine codon (e.g., Blasi et al., 2005) or are heterozygous (e.g., Wahlstrom et al., 2007).”
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Murphy, D. L., Li, Q., Engel, S. R., Wichems, C. H., Andrews, A. M., Lesch, K., & Uhl, G. R. (2001) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00622-0 · Cited by 214 · cited 1×
“Mice with one or two copies of the short allele show more fearful reactions to stresses such as loud sounds ( Murphy, Li, & Engel, 2001 ).”
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BackgroundSelf-citationEmotion understanding in postinstitutionalized Eastern European children
Fries, A. B. W., & Pollak, S. D. (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579404044554 · Cited by 178 · cited 1×
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BackgroundSelf-citationThe genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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“However, a review concludes that this SNP in the COMT gene usually accounts for only about 4% of the variance in task performance (Heinz & Smolka, 2006).”
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“Although most extant research on attention and emotion has focused on visual processing and facial expressions, we are finding even more robust effects when abused children are presented with auditory emotional cues, such as angry voices (Shackman & Pollak, 2005).”
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“CBQ Attentional Focusing and Inhibitory Control scales (mother/father average) .68a 214 .07a 349 Lemery-Chalfant et al. (2008) ; 5.5 years”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe role of maltreatment experience in children's understanding of the antecedents of emotion
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“…on both chromosomes at the site of this SNP have decreased levels of dopamine in prefrontal areas and perform worse on various attention and executive function tasks than those who are homozygous for the methionine codon (e.g., Blasi et al., 2005) or are heterozygous (e.g., Wahlstrom et al., 2007).”
BackgroundExperiential influences on multimodal perception of emotion.
Shackman, J. E., & Pollak, S. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00901.x · Cited by 64 · cited 2×
“Although most extant research on attention and emotion has focused on visual processing and facial expressions, we are finding even more robust effects when abused children are presented with auditory emotional cues, such as angry voices (Shackman & Pollak, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGenetic and Environmental Etiology of Effortful Control
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BackgroundThe Behavioral Genetics of Psychopathology
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“…and their caregivers appear to have downstream effects on systems such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, functions associated with the orbital–ventral regions of the PFC (Schrijver, Pallier, Brown, & Wurbel, 2004), and neuropeptide systems that regulate social behavior (Carter, 2005).”
BackgroundNeural correlates of stimulus–reward association in the rat mediodorsal thalamus
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ResultComponents of Childhood Impulsivity and Inattention: Child, Family, and Genetic Correlates
Ruf, H. T., Schmidt, N. L., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2008) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-2008-21205 · Cited by 17
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Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment
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“On the basis of eight twin studies, Goldsmith et al. (2008) concluded, “individual differences in childhood effortful control are at least moderately heritable” (Goldsmith et al. 2008, p. 133; also see Young et al. 2009).”
BackgroundHeart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology
Beauchaine, T. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004 · Cited by 870
“…more about the human prefrontal cortex (PFC),which exerts top-down inhibitory control over subcortical circuits involved in trait impulsivity and trait anxiety (see e.g., Beauchaine, 2015a, 2015b; Beauchaine and McNulty, 2013; Goldsmith et al., 2008; Heatherton, 2011; Heatherton and Wagner, 2011).”
The many meanings/aspects of emotion: definitions, functions, activation, and regulation
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Future Directions in Emotion Dysregulation and Youth Psychopathology
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Eisenberg, N., Duckworth, A. L., Spinrad, T. L., & Valiente, C. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030977 · Cited by 304
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“Thus at different ages, individuals differ in both emotional reactivity and in their ability to regulate emotion (Goldsmith et al., 2008).”
Neurobiological development in the context of childhood trauma.
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“Neural structures that subserve ER include the amygdala, the septo-hippocampal system, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (see Beauchaine & Gatzke-Kopp, 2012; Beauchaine & McNulty, in press; Goldsmith & Davidson; Goldsmith, Pollak, & Davidson, 2008).”
BackgroundFord, J. D., & Blaustein, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9538-5 · Cited by 169
“Finally, emotion regulation (Goldsmith et al. 2008 and social connectedness (attachment; Lyons-Ruth et al. 2006) are essential higher-order capacities that enable the person to achieve an overall positive adaptation in life.”
BackgroundThe Development of Prosociality from Adolescence to Early Adulthood: The Role of Effortful Control
Kanacri, B. P. L., Pastorelli, C., Eisenberg, N., Zuffianò, A., & Caprara, G. V. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12001 · Cited by 163
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“In contrast, when healthy adults apply this strategy their amygdala activation decreases, likely indexing more effective emotion regulation (Goldsmith et al. 2008).”
BackgroundBeauchaine, T. P., & Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000508 · Cited by 120
“Complex behavioral traits such as trait impulsivity and emotion regulation typically do not derive from single source nuclei but rather from interactions between integrated brain networks (see Goldsmith & Davidson, 2004; Goldsmith et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMuhtadie, L., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000084 · Cited by 104
Emotion regulation, risk, and psychopathology
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Zisner, A. R., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000754 · Cited by 100
Neural responses to monetary incentives among self-injuring adolescent girls
Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000449 · Cited by 89
“Although far less heritable than trait impulsivity (Goldsmith et al., 2008), emotional lability and emotion dysregulation assume traitlike qualities across development via protracted reinforcement (see also Beauchaine, 2015b; Beauchaine & Zalewski, in press; Linehan, 1993).”
BackgroundCavicchioli, M., Tobia, V., & Ogliari, A. L. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00980-8 · Cited by 89
“According to these theoretical frameworks, the onset of psychopathological manifestations might be partially viewed as a consequence of a consolidation during development of alterations within neural-mental networks involved in sustaining the adaptation to external environments and modulating internal reactions (Golds…”
BackgroundEarly Violence Exposure and Self-Regulatory Development: A Bioecological Systems Perspective
McCoy, D. C. (2013) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000353217 · Cited by 84
Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Bridge, J. A. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618818474 · Cited by 80
“Although partly heritable (Goldsmith et al., 2008), ER is shaped strongly across development by environments, particularly parent-child relationship dynamics (Beauchaine & Crowell, in press; Bernier, Carlson, & Whipple, 2010; Hostinar & Cicchetti, 2018).”
BackgroundA Call for Greater Attention to Culture in the Study of Brain and Development
Qu, Y., Jorgensen, N. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620931461 · Cited by 72
Murray, D. W., Rosanbalm, K. D., Christopoulos, C., & Meyer, A. L. (2019) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-019-00556-1 · Cited by 78
Harden, B. J., Buhler‐Wassmann, A. C., & Parra, L. J. (2016) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016658878 · Cited by 65
Koziol, L. F., Budding, D. E., & Chidekel, D. (2010) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-010-0192-7 · Cited by 65
“Temperament is associated with emotion and its regulation, which are foundational for attentional focus and inhibitory control [248–250].”
BackgroundMoreira, H., & Canavarro, M. C. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01133-9 · Cited by 83
The genetic etiology of inhibitory control and behavior problems at 24 months of age
Gagne, J. R., Saudino, K. J., & Asherson, P. J. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02420.x · Cited by 61
Temperament and Developmental Psychopathology
Stifter, C. A., & Dollar, J. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy411 · Cited by 54
Identity pathology and borderline personality disorder: an empirical overview
Kaufman, E. A., & Meddaoui, B. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.015 · Cited by 62
Linking novelty seeking and harm avoidance personality traits to cerebellar volumes
Laricchiuta, D., Petrosini, L., Piras, F., Macci, E., Cutuli, D., Chiapponi, C., Cerasa, A., Picerni, E., Caltagirone, C., Girardi, P., et al. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22174 · Cited by 49
“As temperament traits are associated with emotional processing, attentional focus, and inhibitory control [Goldsmith et al., 2000, 2008; Vandervert, 2009] that are governed by circuits between the cortex and basal ganglia and the cortex and cerebellum, the involvement of the cerebellar regions in…”
BackgroundGratz, K. L., Kiel, E. J., Latzman, R. D., Elkin, T. D., Moore, S. A., & Tull, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2014.28.1.52 · Cited by 46
Planalp, E. M., & Braungart‐Rieker, J. M. (2014) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12068 · Cited by 46
“Similarly, the study of emotion regulation involves overt behaviors but also the underlying biological processes (Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004; Goldsmith et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMäntymaa, M., Puura, K., Luoma, I., Latva, R., Salmelin, R. K., & Tamminen, T. (2015) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21505 · Cited by 45
The Development of Emotion Regulation: Implications for Child Adjustment
Calkins, S. D., & Perry, N. B. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy306 · Cited by 48
Wang, M., & Saudino, K. J. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0033784 · Cited by 53
Metin-Orta, I., Çorapçı, F., Yağmurlu, B., & Aksan, N. S. (2013) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1806 · Cited by 43
Biological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Identity Pathology Development: An Integrative Review
Kaufman, E. A., & Crowell, S. E. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000138 · Cited by 47
“As individuals mature, the PFC begins to exert top-down inhibitory control over subcortical brain regions like the mesolimbic dopaminergic (DA) system, the amygdala, the serotonergic septohippocampal system, and their interconnections (e.g., Goldsmith et al., 2008; Heatherton & Wagner, 2011).”
BackgroundEisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., Sallquist, J., & Edwards, A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444318111.ch2 · Cited by 43
Recent advances in the genetics of emotion regulation: a review
Hawn, S. E., Overstreet, C. M., Stewart, K. E., & Amstadter, A. B. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.014 · Cited by 40
Laricchiuta, D., Petrosini, L., Piras, F., Cutuli, D., Macci, E., Picerni, E., Chiapponi, C., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0535-5 · Cited by 40
“…multidimensional traits are associated with motivational and emotional processing, attentional focus, inhibitory control and reward sensitivity (Goldsmith et al. 2000, 2008), all functions mediated by cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system, the involvement of basal regions in the…”
BackgroundPrefrontal mechanisms of comorbidity from a transdiagnostic and ontogenic perspective
MacDonald, A. N., Goines, K., Novacek, D. M., & Walker, E. F. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000742 · Cited by 40
England-Mason, G., Kimber, M., Khoury, J. E., Atkinson, L. R., MacMillan, H. L., & González, A. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.07.007 · Cited by 42
Some difficulties in interpreting psychophysiological research with children.
Beauchaine, T. P. (2009) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2009.00509.x · Cited by 38
Cullen, K. R., LaRiviere, L. L., Vizueta, N., Thomas, K. M., Hunt, R. H., Miller, M. J., Lim, K. O., & Schulz, S. C. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9406-4 · Cited by 33
“…research has contributed to the development of these theories, and emotion regulation is now understood as the complex interaction between various brain networks, with fronto-limbic circuitry taking center stage (Goldsmith et al. 2008; Ochsner et al. 2012; Vuilleumier and Pourtois 2007).”
BackgroundHarden, B. J., Panlilio, C. C., Morrison, C., Duncan, A. D., Duchene-Kelly, M., & Clyman, R. B. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0636-x · Cited by 37
Kaufman, E. A., Puzia, M., Mead, H. K., Crowell, S. E., McEachern, A. D., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2016_30_244 · Cited by 29
Herd, T., Brieant, A. E., King‐Casas, B., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000997 · Cited by 29
Oberth, C., Goulter, N., & McMahon, R. J. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420002254 · Cited by 26
Changes in Well-Being: Complementing a Psychosocial Approach with Neurobiological Insights
Rickard, N. S., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0353-4 · Cited by 27
Practitioner Review: Dysphoria and its regulation in child and adolescent depression
Kovács, M., & Yaroslavsky, I. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12172 · Cited by 29
“Although mood repair responses typically are automatic (but not necessarily unconscious, see Davidson, Jackson & Kalin, 2000; Goldsmith et al., 2008; Mauss et al., 2007), older children are able to report on them, as are parents.”
BackgroundCultural neuroscience: new directions as the field matures
Hyde, L. W., Tompson, S., Creswell, J. D., & Falk, E. B. (2015) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-014-0024-6 · Cited by 23
“…as well as much to gain from developments in other areas of neuroscience such as developmental, social, affective, and cognitive neuroscience (Cacioppo et al. 2000; Collins et al. 2001; Davidson and Sutton 1995; Goldsmith et al. 2008; Johnson 2010; Lieberman 2007; Ochsner and Lieberman 2001).”
BackgroundHolmes, K. (2019) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-019-09360-6 · Cited by 21
Child's behaviour in mother–child interaction predicts later emotional and behavioural problems
Mäntymaa, M., Puura, K., Luoma, I., Vihtonen, V., Salmelin, R. K., & Tamminen, T. (2009) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.633 · Cited by 19
Associations between Perceived Parental Overprotection, Experiential Avoidance, and Anxiety
Fulton, J. J., Kiel, E. J., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.034813 · Cited by 18
Early emotion discrimination in 8- to 10-year-old children: Magnetoencephalographic correlates
Wessing, I., Fürniss, T., Zwitserlood, P., Dobel, C., & Junghöfer, M. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.07.004 · Cited by 18
Walsh, G., & Zadurian, N. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02447-2 · Cited by 23
“This explanation receives some support from studies that have found that whilst effortful control has a genetic, temperamental basis (Goldsmith et al., 2008); it is also associated with and in fl uenced by environmental factors such as parental sensitivity (Spinrad et al., 2012), highlighting its…”
ResultEisenberg, N. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565790.004 · Cited by 17
Dollar, J. M., & Calkins, S. D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_9 · Cited by 18
Grabell, A. S., Huppert, T. J., Fishburn, F. A., Li, Y., Jones, H. M., Wilett, A. E., Bemis, L. M., & Perlman, S. B. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12628 · Cited by 16
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Adolescent Emotional Inertia in Daily Life
Zheng, Y., & Asbury, K. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01075-2 · Cited by 15
Trauma-informed juvenile justice systems and approaches.
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Fagnani, C., Medda, E., Alessandri, G., Delfino, D., D’Ippolito, C., Eisenberg, N., & Stazi, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.03.003 · Cited by 14
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Comorbid and Secondary Depression
Andover, M. S., Izzo, G. N., & Kelly, C. A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7784-7_10 · Cited by 13
Moreira, H. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_16 · Cited by 13
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Entwicklungspsychologie in den ersten drei Lebensjahren
Pauen, S., Frey, B., & Ganser, L. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20296-4_2 · Cited by 8
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Mogyorósy-Révész, Z. (2019) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/0406.20.2019.007 · Cited by 9
Entwicklungspsychologie in den ersten drei Lebensjahren
Pauen, S., Frey, B., & Ganser, L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39602-1_2 · Cited by 7
Godfrey, D. A., Kaufman, E. A., & Crowell, S. E. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01417-5 · Cited by 6
“Among typically developing individuals, the prefrontal cortex exerts top-down inhibitory control over subcortical brain regions to regulate behavior and emotional responding [28, 29].”
Erőfeszítés alapú kontroll és végrehajtó funkciók az önszabályozásban
Molnár, É. D. (2017) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2017.72.4.4 · Cited by 9
Siegler, R. S., Eisenberg, N., DeLoache, J. S., & Saffran, J. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47028-2_10 · Cited by 7
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Psychopathology and Treatment Action
Beauchaine, T. P., Zisner, A. R., & Hayden, E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.54 · Cited by 6
A study of childrens emotion regulation, coping and self-efficacy beliefs
Walsh, M. (2013) · IOE EPrints · Cited by 5
Entwicklungspsychologie in den ersten drei Lebensjahren
Pauen, S., Frey, B., & Ganser, L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45742-9_2 · Cited by 4
Phillips, K., & Power, M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_22 · Cited by 4
Olgun, D., & Serin, N. B. (2024) · International Online Journal of Primary Education · doi:10.55020/iojpe.1525567 · Cited by 3
The Experiences and Effects of Toxic Stress on Young African American Children
Harden, B. J., Feola, B., Morrison, C., Brown, S., Parra, L. J., & Wassman, A. B. (2017) · Advances in race and ethnicity in education · doi:10.1108/s2051-231720170000005008 · Cited by 3
Historical Background of the Study of Temperament and New Perspectives on Assessment
Putnam, S. P., Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199837182.013.6 · Cited by 3
Development of a Scale of Positive Temperament in Indian Context
Bedi, J., & Verma, T. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_498_18 · Cited by 3
“It is negatively related to neuroticism and other clinical variables which otherwise suggest higher ruminative tendencies.([37]) It also encourages self-compassionate thinking by lowering the effects of intrusions and negative thoughts.”
BackgroundNeuroscience and Play Therapy: The Neurobiologically‐Informed Play Therapist
Hudspeth, E. F., & Matthews, K. M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119140467.ch31 · Cited by 3
Kowalski, M. A. (2019) · Research Exchange (Washington State University) · Cited by 3
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Letourneau, N., Anis, L., Cui, C., Graham, I. D., Ross, K., Nixon, K., Reimer, J., Pilipchuk, M., Wang, E., Lalonde, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05232-w · Cited by 2
“Such frustration tasks are commonly used in studies that examine children’s emotion regulation (e.g., [119– 123 , 124 Coders focus on the child’s response during the frustration portion of the play session and how the caregiver may (or may not) repair the breach in the dyadic play.”
Cao, H., Eisenberg, N., Zhou, N., Wang, S., & Qiao, J. (2025) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2025.101233 · Cited by 4
The Influence of Trauma Exposure on Children’s Outcomes
Harden, B. J., Parra, L. J., & Duncan, A. D. (2019) · Child maltreatment solutions network · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12811-1_3 · Cited by 2
An EEG Study on Students' Learning in Practical and Theory-Based Hospitality Courses
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Estratégias de regulação emocional maternas e de crianças: revisão da literatura
Souza, A. B. D. M. E., Mendes, D. M. L. F., & Kappler, S. R. (2021) · Gerais : Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia · doi:10.36298/gerais202114e17001 · Cited by 1
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Neural Substrates of Emotion Dysregulation and Self Injury in Adolescent Girls
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goldsmith, H. H., Pollak, S. D., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldsmith, H Hill
- Pollak, Seth D
- Davidson, Richard J
- Venue
- Child Development Perspectives
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-11-24
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 132-140
- ISSN
- 1750-8592 (ISSN-L)
- 1750-8606
- PMC
- PMC2756715
- OpenAlex
- W2108314578
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Child Development Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068858, P50MH069315, R37MH043454, R37MH050560, R01MH059785, R01MH043454, R01MH061285)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD003352)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, developmental neuroscience, individual differences, child behavior problems, brain structure and function, neuroplasticity, atypical development, children and adults
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