Amygdala–frontal connectivity during emotion regulation

“This is broadly consistent with the role of these regions in cognitive inhibition/control and executive function (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Miller and Cohen, 2001), processes that are relevant to reappraisal-based affect regulation.”

“Based on our experimental design (i.e., involving negatively valenced images) and to perform unbiased contrast analysis, we first performed a conjunction analysis with SPM2 (Price and Friston, 1997; Friston et al., 1999; Nichols et al., 2005) to identify amygdala activation that was present across both Maintain and Re…”

“For example, the ACC, VLPFC and DLPFC have been found to activate to response inhibition during the cognitive-emotion interference tasks (Whalen et al., 1998; Bush et al., 2000; Etkin et al., 2006).”

“…future studies driven by these findings and anatomical studies would develop an a priori mechanistic neural network model of how prefrontal cortex influences amygdala, and vice versa and pursue effective connectivity analyses in order to infer causal relationships (Friston et al., 2003).”

“Taken together, the data from animal and human studies point to a specific amygdala–frontal circuit of emotion generation and regulation (Davidson et al., 2000; Phan et al., 2002; Phillips et al., 2003a; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Quirk and Beer, 2006).”

“This is broadly consistent with the role of these regions in cognitive inhibition/control and executive function (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Miller and Cohen, 2001), processes that are relevant to reappraisal-based affect regulation.”

“…analysis identified that the left amygdala cluster (MNI coordinates of peak activation: [À22, 0, À22], 70 voxels, Z ¼ 2.37, P < 0.05, small-volume corrected) was active during both Maintain and Reappraise blocks, consistent with prior reports (Phan et al., 2002, 2005; Wager et al., 2003).”

“…PPIrelated amygdala coupling were identified with a threshold of P < 0.001 uncorrected (t > 3.85) with at least 10 contiguous voxels in the cluster (120 mm 3 ); the combination of the height-extent threshold effectively yields equivalent correction for multiple comparisons (Forman et al., 1995).”

“The mean (AEs.d.) valence and arousal values on a 9-point scale for the pictures were 2.03 AE 0.44 and 6.03 AE 0.72, respectively (1 ¼ most unpleasant/least arousing, 9 ¼ most pleasant/most arousing) based on normative ratings (Lang et al., 1993).”

“Using PPI analyses (Friston et al., 1997), we demonstrate amygdala–frontal coupling specifically during emotion regulation.”

“…in the amygdala during anticipation of negative emotion (Erk et al., 2006), and associated with monitoring and/or appraising one's own emotional state (Taylor et al., 2003; Ochsner et al., 2004a) and making self-referential judgments regarding emotionally salient stimuli (Gusnard et al., 2001).”

“…expression and experience of negative emotions as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 2003;…”

“…activation of prefrontal brain regions, including OFC and rostral ACC, as associated with attenuated amygdala reactivity during emotion regulation (Ochsner et al., 2002; Urry et al., 2006), consistent with the notion that frontal cortex exerts a top–down inhibitory influence on the amygdala.”

“…correlations in activation signal between or coactivation of amygdala and frontal cortex, specifically the OFC/ventral MPFC (Kim et al., 2004; Heinz et al., 2005; Schmitz and Johnson, 2006), dorsal MPFC (Williams et al., 2006) and ACC (Das et al., 2005; Pezawas et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2006).”

“…of negative emotions as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 2003; Phillips et al., 2003a; Wager…”

“Taken together, the data from animal and human studies point to a specific amygdala–frontal circuit of emotion generation and regulation (Davidson et al., 2000; Phan et al., 2002; Phillips et al., 2003a; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Quirk and Beer, 2006).”

“…negatively valenced images) and to perform unbiased contrast analysis, we first performed a conjunction analysis with SPM2 (Price and Friston, 1997; Friston et al., 1999; Nichols et al., 2005) to identify amygdala activation that was present across both Maintain and Reappraise task blocks.”

“Given that a number of psychiatric disorders are associated with affective instability and emotion dysregulation (Koenigsberg et al., 2002; Phillips et al., 2003b), paradigms and analyses such as the one presented here should be extended to studies of patients with anxiety, mood and personality…”

“For example, the ACC, DMPFC, DLPFC and/or OFC appear to be dysfunctional during cognitive-emotional tasks in patients with depression (Mayberg, 1997; Beauregard et al., 2006), anxiety (Shin et al., 2001; Lanius et al., 2004), impulsive aggression (Coccaro et al., in press) and personality disorders…”

“…as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 2003; Phillips et al., 2003a; Wager et al., 2003; Zald, 2003).”

“In addition, based on similar approaches (Ochsner et al., 2002; Phan et al., 2005; Etkin et al., 2006), we were specifically interested in the relationship between withinsubject amygdala–cortical coupling with subject-specific behavioral measures.”

“Although multiple strategies for conscious control of emotion exist (Lazarus, 1991; Gross, 1999b), extant neuroimaging research on the neural correlates of affect regulation has concentrated on two empirical approaches—suppression and reappraisal (Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Quirk and Beer, 2006).”

“Moreover, cognitive labeling (i.e., appraisal) of negative emotional stimuli similarly engages VLPFC, DLPFC and DMPFC (Hariri et al., 2000, 2003; Taylor et al., 2003).”

“…the cortex involved in feed-forward mechanisms , and terminate on inhibitory interneurons in the amygdala (Carmichael and Price, 1995; McDonald et al., 1996) providing some evidence for a top–down role for the prefrontal cortex on limbic regions (Carmichael and Price, 1995; McDonald et al., 1996).”

“…in press) and personality disorders (McCloskey et al., 2005; New et al., 2007); furthermore, these patients also exhibit exaggerated amygdala reactivity to emotionally negative stimuli (Coccaro et al., in press; Rauch et al., 2000; Herpertz et al., 2001; Sheline et al., 2001; Donegan et al., 2003).”

“Anatomical tracing studies have demonstrated strong reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the ACC, OFC, VLPFC and DMPFC (Amaral and Price, 1984; Ghashghaei and Barbas, 2002; Ghashghaei et al., 2007).”

“…analysis identified that the left amygdala cluster (MNI coordinates of peak activation: [À22, 0, À22], 70 voxels, Z ¼ 2.37, P < 0.05, small-volume corrected) was active during both Maintain and Reappraise blocks, consistent with prior reports (Phan et al., 2002, 2005; Wager et al., 2003).”

“…as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 2003; Phillips et al., 2003a; Wager et al., 2003; Zald, 2003).”

“…in press) and personality disorders (McCloskey et al., 2005; New et al., 2007); furthermore, these patients also exhibit exaggerated amygdala reactivity to emotionally negative stimuli (Coccaro et al., in press; Rauch et al., 2000; Herpertz et al., 2001; Sheline et al., 2001; Donegan et al., 2003).”

“The parietal cortex is strongly anatomically interconnected with the prefrontal cortex (Petrides and Pandya, 1984), and functional connectivity has also been indicated between these regions (Chafee and Goldman- Rakic, 2000).”

“…between the left amygdala time series and a block vector representing the tasks of interest (Reappraise vs Maintain) (Gitelman et al., 2003; Egner and Hirsch, 2005; Etkin et al., 2006); as such the activity within this left amygdala mask was regressed on a voxel-wise basis against the…”

“…negatively valenced images) and to perform unbiased contrast analysis, we first performed a conjunction analysis with SPM2 (Price and Friston, 1997; Friston et al., 1999; Nichols et al., 2005) to identify amygdala activation that was present across both Maintain and Reappraise task blocks.”

“…as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 2003; Phillips et al., 2003a; Wager et al., 2003; Zald, 2003).”

“…activation of prefrontal brain regions, including OFC and rostral ACC, as associated with attenuated amygdala reactivity during emotion regulation (Ochsner et al., 2002; Urry et al., 2006), consistent with the notion that frontal cortex exerts a top–down inhibitory influence on the amygdala.”

“…it has been posited that conscious down-regulation of emotion appears to have a top–down inhibitory effect of prefrontal brain regions on the amygdala (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004a; Levesque et al., 2003b, 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Ohira et al., 2006; Urry et al., 2006).”

“The ACC, VLPFC, DMPFC and OFC are engaged when subjects divert their attention from threat and/or painful stimuli (Bantick et al., 2002; Tracey et al., 2002; Bishop et al., 2004).”

“…it has been posited that conscious down-regulation of emotion appears to have a top–down inhibitory effect of prefrontal brain regions on the amygdala (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004a; Levesque et al., 2003b, 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Ohira et al., 2006; Urry et al., 2006).”

“The ACC, VLPFC, DMPFC and OFC are engaged when subjects divert their attention from threat and/or painful stimuli (Bantick et al., 2002; Tracey et al., 2002; Bishop et al., 2004).”

“Moreover, recent studies using similar PPI-based analyses have shown increased coactivation between amygdala and MPFC (Erk et al., 2006; Schmitz and Johnson, 2006; Williams et al., 2006) and between amygdala and DLPFC (Siegle et al., 2007) during cognitive-emotional tasks.”

“…it has been posited that conscious down-regulation of emotion appears to have a top–down inhibitory effect of prefrontal brain regions on the amygdala (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004a; Levesque et al., 2003b, 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Ohira et al., 2006; Urry et al., 2006).”

“Anatomical tracing studies have demonstrated strong reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the ACC, OFC, VLPFC and DMPFC (Amaral and Price, 1984; Ghashghaei and Barbas, 2002; Ghashghaei et al., 2007).”

“Based on our experimental design (i.e., involving negatively valenced images) and to perform unbiased contrast analysis, we first performed a conjunction analysis with SPM2 (Price and Friston, 1997; Friston et al., 1999; Nichols et al., 2005) to identify amygdala activation that was present across both Maintain and Re…”

“Moreover, cognitive labeling (i.e., appraisal) of negative emotional stimuli similarly engages VLPFC, DLPFC and DMPFC (Hariri et al., 2000, 2003; Taylor et al., 2003).”

“…term, as calculated between the left amygdala time series and a block vector representing the tasks of interest (Reappraise vs Maintain) (Gitelman et al., 2003; Egner and Hirsch, 2005; Etkin et al., 2006); as such the activity within this left amygdala mask was regressed on a voxel-wise…”

“Anatomical tracing studies have demonstrated strong reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the ACC, OFC, VLPFC and DMPFC (Amaral and Price, 1984; Ghashghaei and Barbas, 2002; Ghashghaei et al., 2007).”

“Taken together, the data from animal and human studies point to a specific amygdala–frontal circuit of emotion generation and regulation (Davidson et al., 2000; Phan et al., 2002; Phillips et al., 2003a; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Quirk and Beer, 2006).”

“Urry et al. (2006) have recently observed that individual variation in OFC/ventral MPFC is related to successful regulation of negative affect, such that individuals with higher activity in this region during the reappraisal task also exhibited lower amygdala signal and more normative diurnal decline of the stress-rel…”

“…the cortex involved in feed-forward mechanisms , and terminate on inhibitory interneurons in the amygdala (Carmichael and Price, 1995; McDonald et al., 1996) providing some evidence for a top–down role for the prefrontal cortex on limbic regions (Carmichael and Price, 1995; McDonald et al., 1996).”

“…it has been posited that conscious down-regulation of emotion appears to have a top–down inhibitory effect of prefrontal brain regions on the amygdala (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004a; Levesque et al., 2003b, 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Ohira et al., 2006; Urry et al., 2006).”

“…in press) and personality disorders (McCloskey et al., 2005; New et al., 2007); furthermore, these patients also exhibit exaggerated amygdala reactivity to emotionally negative stimuli (Coccaro et al., in press; Rauch et al., 2000; Herpertz et al., 2001; Sheline et al., 2001; Donegan et al., 2003).”

“For example, the ACC, VLPFC and DLPFC have been found to activate to response inhibition during the cognitive-emotion interference tasks (Whalen et al., 1998; Bush et al., 2000; Etkin et al., 2006).”

“…OFC appear to be dysfunctional during cognitive-emotional tasks in patients with depression (Mayberg, 1997; Beauregard et al., 2006), anxiety (Shin et al., 2001; Lanius et al., 2004), impulsive aggression (Coccaro et al., in press) and personality disorders (McCloskey et al., 2005; New et…”

“The ACC, VLPFC, DMPFC and OFC are engaged when subjects divert their attention from threat and/or painful stimuli (Bantick et al., 2002; Tracey et al., 2002; Bishop et al., 2004).”

“As above, these indirect forms of emotion modulation are also associated with attenuation of limbicamygdala responses (Hariri et al., 2000; Pessoa et al., 2002; Taylor et al., 2003; Etkin et al., 2006).”

“…in press) and personality disorders (McCloskey et al., 2005; New et al., 2007); furthermore, these patients also exhibit exaggerated amygdala reactivity to emotionally negative stimuli (Coccaro et al., in press; Rauch et al., 2000; Herpertz et al., 2001; Sheline et al., 2001; Donegan et al., 2003).”

“…is a region critical to the generation, expression and experience of negative emotions as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et…”

“The MPFC is consistently implicated in studies of emotional processing, including emotional arousal and personal salience (Phan et al., 2003, 2004) and has been linked to the integration of emotion–cognition interactions (Phan et al., 2002) and to processes that underlie cognitive reappraisal…”

“…shown positive temporal correlations in activation signal between or coactivation of amygdala and frontal cortex, specifically the OFC/ventral MPFC (Kim et al., 2004; Heinz et al., 2005; Schmitz and Johnson, 2006), dorsal MPFC (Williams et al., 2006) and ACC (Das et al., 2005; Pezawas et al.,…”

“Given that a number of psychiatric disorders are associated with affective instability and emotion dysregulation (Koenigsberg et al., 2002; Phillips et al., 2003b), paradigms and analyses such as the one presented here should be extended to studies of patients with anxiety, mood and personality…”

“…in the amygdala during anticipation of negative emotion (Erk et al., 2006), and associated with monitoring and/or appraising one's own emotional state (Taylor et al., 2003; Ochsner et al., 2004a) and making self-referential judgments regarding emotionally salient stimuli (Gusnard et al., 2001).”

“It has been posited that the prefrontal cortex has a top–down inhibitory effect on the amygdala (Pears et al., 2003; Rosenkranz et al., 2003; Izquierdo and Murray, 2005; Quirk and Beer, 2006).”

“…it has been posited that conscious down-regulation of emotion appears to have a top–down inhibitory effect of prefrontal brain regions on the amygdala (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004a; Levesque et al., 2003b, 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Ohira et al., 2006; Urry et al., 2006).”

“Moreover, the recruitment of these frontal regions occurs when subjects engage in active selfregulation and is associated with modulation of amygdala reactivity (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002; Schaefer et al., 2002; Phan et al., 2005; Urry et al., 2006).”

“This is further supported by the recent observation that metabolic rates in the amygdala are positively correlated with those in the OFC, DLPFC and ACC (New et al., 2007).”

“…be dysfunctional during cognitive-emotional tasks in patients with depression (Mayberg, 1997; Beauregard et al., 2006), anxiety (Shin et al., 2001; Lanius et al., 2004), impulsive aggression (Coccaro et al., in press) and personality disorders (McCloskey et al., 2005; New et al., 2007);…”

“The amygdala is a region critical to the generation, expression and experience of negative emotions as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et al.”

“For example, the ACC, DMPFC, DLPFC and/or OFC appear to be dysfunctional during cognitive-emotional tasks in patients with depression (Mayberg, 1997; Beauregard et al., 2006), anxiety (Shin et al., 2001; Lanius et al., 2004), impulsive aggression (Coccaro et al., in press) and personality disorders…”

“…correlations in activation signal between or coactivation of amygdala and frontal cortex, specifically the OFC/ventral MPFC (Kim et al., 2004; Heinz et al., 2005; Schmitz and Johnson, 2006), dorsal MPFC (Williams et al., 2006) and ACC (Das et al., 2005; Pezawas et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2006).”

“The MPFC is consistently implicated in studies of emotional processing, including emotional arousal and personal salience (Phan et al., 2003, 2004) and has been linked to the integration of emotion–cognition interactions (Phan et al., 2002) and to processes that underlie cognitive reappraisal…”

“…it has been posited that conscious down-regulation of emotion appears to have a top–down inhibitory effect of prefrontal brain regions on the amygdala (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004a; Levesque et al., 2003b, 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Ohira et al., 2006; Urry et al., 2006).”

“…correlations in activation signal between or coactivation of amygdala and frontal cortex, specifically the OFC/ventral MPFC (Kim et al., 2004; Heinz et al., 2005; Schmitz and Johnson, 2006), dorsal MPFC (Williams et al., 2006) and ACC (Das et al., 2005; Pezawas et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2006).”

“…emotions as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 2003; Phillips et al., 2003a; Wager et al., 2003;…”

“It has been posited that the prefrontal cortex has a top–down inhibitory effect on the amygdala (Pears et al., 2003; Rosenkranz et al., 2003; Izquierdo and Murray, 2005; Quirk and Beer, 2006).”

“Of note, a significant PPI does not inform us about the directional nature of the regression slope under each condition individually, it only shows the direction of the change in covariation (increase or decrease) between the tasks (Friston et al., 1997; Friston, 1998).”

“…correlations in activation signal between or coactivation of amygdala and frontal cortex, specifically the OFC/ventral MPFC (Kim et al., 2004; Heinz et al., 2005; Schmitz and Johnson, 2006), dorsal MPFC (Williams et al., 2006) and ACC (Das et al., 2005; Pezawas et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2006).”

“It has been posited that the prefrontal cortex has a top–down inhibitory effect on the amygdala (Pears et al., 2003; Rosenkranz et al., 2003; Izquierdo and Murray, 2005; Quirk and Beer, 2006).”

“In both animal and human studies, lesions to these areas result in emotion dysregulation (Williams and Mateer, 1992; Damasio, 1994; Izquierdo and Murray, 2005; ).”

“Moreover, recent studies using similar PPI-based analyses have shown increased coactivation between amygdala and MPFC (Erk et al., 2006; Schmitz and Johnson, 2006; Williams et al., 2006) and between amygdala and DLPFC (Siegle et al., 2007) during cognitive-emotional tasks.”

“…et al., 2006), anxiety (Shin et al., 2001; Lanius et al., 2004), impulsive aggression (Coccaro et al., in press) and personality disorders (McCloskey et al., 2005; New et al., 2007); furthermore, these patients also exhibit exaggerated amygdala reactivity to emotionally negative stimuli…”

“When individuals regulate their emotions, the amygdala is thought to be down-regulated by the vmPFC and hippocampus (Banks et al., 2007; Davidson et al., 2000; Milad, Rauch, Pitman, & Quirk, 2006), both of which have extensive connections with the amygdala.”

“…1 Anger R3 C1 39 42 0.74 0.66 Ayduk et al. (2002) 1 Negative affect R3 Cont1 88 100 0.44 Ayduk et al. (2002) 1 Negative affect C1 Cont1 85 100 0.02 Banks et al. (2007) 1 Negative affect R2 Cont5 14 1.83 Bates (2007) 1 Negative affect S4 Cont1 19 20 0.16 Bates (2007) 1 Negative affect D2 Cont1 19…”

“Banks and colleagues (58) found that the reduced amygdala coupling with the orbitofrontal cortex and the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex predicts the extent of attenuation of negative affect following reappraisal.”

“Strength of this connection may predict any decreases in negative emotion following the use of cognitive ER strategies (Banks et al., 2007).”

“Previous lesion studies have confirmed that insults to these areas result in emotion dysregulation.(160)”

“This frontal lobe activation in turn is related to reduced activation in limbic emotion-reactivity-related areas (amygdala and insula), suggesting that engagement of control-related areas dampens reactivity in these critical emotion-reactivity regions (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007 ; Goldin et al, 2008 ;…”

“positively correlated with the self-reported effectiveness of emotion regulation [34].”

“, 2008), rely on connections between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (Banks et al., 2007).”

“Neural activity of participants was recorded while they were engaged in the ERT (44, 64).”

“The willful modulation of responses to emotionally evocative timuli is thought to involve interactions among the lateral prerontal cortex (LPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate ortex (ACC), and amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Kim and Hamann, 007; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004).”

“activity through communication with pregenual and dorsal anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Banks et al., 2007; Carballedo et al., 2011; Costafreda et al., 2008).”

“, 2012), and the strength of these functional connections has predicted emotional behaviors of healthy adults (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012).”

“The mechanism of action is likely to be sgACC’s coupling with the amygdale, and the strength of this functional coupling is predictive of ER success (Banks et al., 2007).”

“As predicted, the authors found an enhanced coupling between OFC, dlPFC, and subgenual ACC activity and amygdala activity during decreasing emotions [Banks et al., 2007].”

“…prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), on bottom–up emotion propagating structures, such as the amygdala (recent reviews: Kalisch, 2009; Diekhof et al., 2011; Kanske et al., 2011; selected studies: Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002; Urry et al., 2006; Banks et al., 2007; Herwig et al., 2007b).”

“Furthermore, the amygdala has neuroanatomical connections with regions governing affective memoryand emotion regulation, including thehippocampus, anterior cingulate, and orbitofrontal cortices (16, 17), and it has reciprocal functional connectivity with these regions during tasks involved in emotion regulation (18) a…”

“…amygdala is central to emotion generation (Phelps and LeDoux, 2005) and regulation (Buhle et al., 2014), and VMPFC is implicated in automatic emotion regulation (Phelps et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006), possibly through functional coupling with the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012).”

“…cortices (e.g., Buhle et al. 2014; Kohn et al. 2014; Ochsner et al. 2002), anterior cingulate cortex (e.g., Etkin et al. 2006a; Etkin et al. 2010; Etkin and Wager 2007), amygdala (e.g., Banks et al. 2007; Etkin and Schatzberg 2011; Marusak et al. 2015), and insula (e.g., Phillips et al. 2003).”

“…use of Reinterpretation was subjectively evaluated to effectively alter the valence of the stimuli, but we could not confirm the correlations between increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex, decreased amygdala activation, and decreases in negative affect as reported by Banks et al. (2007).”

“Enhanced dendritic and synaptic growth in PFC neurons may be a plausible explanation for this: the PFC is essential for emotional regulation via its connections with the amygdala and other subcortical regions [124, 125].”

“3), a pattern that has been observed in a recent study with healthy controls using a similar analysis method (Banks et al., 2007).”

“…increases in BOLD activity during reappraisal in regions of the brain, including DLPFC, VMPFC and striatum, that mirror regulation-related activity found in other studies of emotion regulation (Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004; Banks et al., 2007; Eippert et al., 2007; Delgado et al., 2008a, 2008b).”

“For example, some studies have shown subcortical–prefrontal connectivity in relation to functions such as re-appraisal (Banks et al., 2007; Wager et al., 2008), extinction learning (Quirk and Beer, 2006) and response conflict (Etkin et al., 2006).”

“In addition, the importance of the amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotional regulation was shown by fMRI (Banks et al., 2007).”

“In the context of emotion regulation, prefrontal regions are thought to down-regulate limbic reactivity, yielding a negative connectivity (Banks et al., 2007; Etkin et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2012).”

“There is also evidence that the interaction between prefrontal structures and the amygdala is critical to emotion regulation; specifically prefrontal down-regulation of amygdala activity has been associated with the attenuation of negative affect during emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”

“14 with post-reappraisal attenuation of negative affect (Banks et al., 2007; Ochsner et al., 2002; Urry et al., 2006).”

“In a related study, Banks et al. (2007) found increased dlPFC connectivity to the amygdala when healthy participants were asked to regulate negative affect, suggesting top down PFC inhibition of the amygdala.”

“This mature pattern of inverse amygdala-mPFC functional connectivity is consistent with the inverse connectivity observed in the literature of emotion regulation in healthy adults (Banks et al., 2007; Hare et al., 2008; Hariri et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2003).”

“…in regions of PFC (Eippert et al., 2007; Kober et al., 2008; Levesque et al., 2003; Wager et al., 2008), anterior cingulate cortex (Phan et al., 2005), and amygdala (Eippert et al., 2007; Phan et al., 2005), and with the degree of correlation between the amygdala and mPFC (Banks et al., 2007).”

“Another approach has been to use functional connectivity analyses to identify prefrontal regions that dynamically track within-participant changes in amygdala activation (Banks et al. 2007).”

“Moreover, previous studies on reappraisal of negative affect have reported reappraisal-dependent coupling between the lateral OFC and the amygdala [28,29] and activity in the right lateral OFC has been identified as a core region mediating successful reappraisal of negative emotion [30].”

“The magnitude of task-dependent functional coupling between the amygdala and mPFC/rACC has been shown to be negatively correlated with intensity of subjective reports of negative affect (Banks et al., 2007).”

“…amygdala and cEMG activity, and contrasts a more generic circuitry of reappraisal comprising lateral and dorsomedial regions (Kalisch, 2009) with the OFC-like regions usually found in individual difference analyses (Banks et al., 2007; Johnstone et al., 2007; Urry et al., 2006; Wager et al., 2008).”

“[12,52,53].”

“The medial PFC (MPFC) has been linked to the integration between emotion and cognition and to the processes that underlie cognitive reappraisal.”

“These further yielded inconsistent results regarding patterns of connectivity as well as proposed directions in connectivity changes (Banks et al., 2007; Kanske et al., 2011; Payer et al., 2012; Sripada et al., 2014).”

“For example, the positive reappraisal of negative emotional material strengthens connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal regions, with self-reported effectiveness of emotion regulation correlating positively with the degree of functional coupling (11).”

“Mostly using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), neuroimaging studies have implicated lateral ventral, ventromedial, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) when using reappraisal to decrease (Banks et al., 2007; 2001; Beauregard et al., 2001; Bechara, 2004; Eippert et al., 2007; Gol…”

“, 2009), but also the ventro- and dorsomedial (vm/dm) portions of the PFC (Banks et al., 2007; Urry et al., 2006).”

“, 2003), including in amygdala interactions during affective control (Banks et al., 2007).”

“Moreover, recent studies have revealed that reappraisal modulates the functional connectivity between PFC and the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007), potentially among several pathways for cognitive control of emotional responses (Wager et al.”

“Activation in regions of this network have been shown to correlate with amygdala activation during emotion regulation in studies of healthy adults (Banks et al., 2007) and healthy youth (Pitskel et al.”

“Similarily, bilateral dlPFC coordinates were specified a-priori and used to conduct small volume correction analyses with an 8-mm radius sphere (MNI 36 25 30: Lévesque et al, 2003; MNI 48 28 36 and MNI -12 22 60: Banks et al., 2007) (FWE-corrected p < .05 k = 10).”

“This prefrontal-amygdala connectivity is associated with the ability to attenuate negative emotions.(46)”

“In depressed adults, reduced DLPFCamygdala connectivity has been reported during emotional regulation (Erk et al., 2010) whereas in healthy controls greater connectivity was associated with more successful regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”

“In support of the top-down appraisal systems, several studies demonstrate amygdala-frontal coupling during emotion regulation (Ochsner et al. 2002; Urry et al. 2006; Banks et al. 2007; Delgado et al. 2008; Kanske et al. 2011).”

“Particularly, cognitive reappraisal strategies applied to aversive stimuli have been investigated (Banks et al., 2007; Kanske et al., 2011; Ochsner et al., 2004; Schulze et al., 2011).”

“A previous study has already explored the within-subject inter-regional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the context of affect regulation (Banks et al. 2007).”