Choline: an essential nutrient for public health
Open accessAbstract
Choline was officially recognized as an essential nutrient by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1998. There is significant variation in the dietary requirement for choline that can be explained by common genetic polymorphisms. Because of its wide-ranging roles in human metabolism, from cell structure to neurotransmitter synthesis, choline-deficiency is now thought to have an impact on diseases such as liver disease, atherosclerosis, and, possibly, neurological disorders. Choline is found in a wide variety of foods. Eggs and meats are rich sources of choline in the North American diet, providing up to 430 milligrams per 100 grams. Mean choline intakes for older children, men, women, and pregnant women are far below the adequate intake level established by the IOM. Given the importance of choline in a wide range of critical functions in the human body, coupled with less-than-optimal intakes among the population, dietary guidance should be developed to encourage the intake of choline-rich foods.
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Choline is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human life.
“Choline is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human life.”
Significant reduction in choline consumption leads to organ dysfunction and failure along with an increased risk of the development of heart disease, cancer, and liver disease.
“Significant reduction in choline consumption leads to organ dysfunction and failure along with an increased risk of the development of heart disease, cancer, and liver disease (11, 26).”
Although choline is synthesized endogenously, this synthesis does not meet the levels necessary for optimal health.
“Although choline is synthesized endogenously, this synthesis does not meet the levels necessary for optimal health (11).”
Excess conversion of choline to TMA can lead to atherosclerosis as a consequence of further metabolism by host hepatic processing to TMAO.
“excess conversion to TMA can lead to artherosclerosis as a consequence of further metabolism by host hepatic processing to TMAO (Zeisel and da Costa, 2009;Wang et al., 2011;Koeth et al., 2013;Craciun et al., 2014).”
From Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions (2019) · cites this paper as Zeisel and da Costa, 2009
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- Authors
- Zeisel, S. H., & da Costa, K.-A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zeisel, Steven H
- ORCID
- Zeisel, Steven H
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 615-623
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-4887
- PMC
- PMC2782876
- OpenAlex
- W2114270323
- Cited by
- 1,062
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG009525)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK055865, P30DK056350)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- choline, essential nutrients, nutrient requirements, genetic polymorphism, choline deficiency, liver disease, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, dietary intake, eggs, meat, adequate intake, dietary recommendations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Child, Child, Preschool, Choline, Choline Deficiency, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Health Promotion, Heart Diseases, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Inflammation, Lipotropic Agents, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Neural Tube Defects, Nutritional Requirements, Polymorphism, Genetic, Pregnancy, Public Health, Nutrition Policy, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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