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The art of modelling range-shifting species: The art of modelling range-shifting species
Abstract
1. Species are shifting their ranges at an unprecedented rate through human transportation and environmental change. Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) are frequently applied for predicting potential future distributions of range-shifting species, despite these models’ assumptions that species are at equilibrium with the environments used to train (fit) the models, and that the training data are representative of conditions to which the models are predicted. Here we explore modelling approaches that aim to minimize extrapolation errors and assess predictions against prior biological knowledge. Our aim was to promote methods appropriate to range-shifting species. 2. We use an invasive species, the cane toad in Australia, as an example, predicting potential distributions under both current and climate change scenarios. We use four SDM methods, and trial weighting schemes and choice of background samples appropriate for species in a state of spread. We also test two methods for including information from a mechanistic model. Throughout, we explore graphical techniques for understanding model behaviour and reliability, including the extent of extrapolation. 3. Predictions varied with modelling method and data treatment, particularly with regard to the use and treatment of absence data. Models that performed similarly under current climatic conditions deviated widely when transferred to a novel climatic scenario. 4. The results highlight problems with using SDMs for extrapolation, and demonstrate the need for methods and tools to understand models and predictions. We have made progress in this direction and have implemented exploratory techniques as new options in the free modelling software, MaxEnt. Our results also show that deliberately controlling the fit of models and integrating information from mechanistic models can enhance the reliability of correlative predictions of species in non-equilibrium and novel settings. 5. Implications. The biodiversity of many regions in the world is experiencing novel threats created by species invasions and climate change. Predictions of future species distributions are required for management, but there are acknowledged problems with many current methods, and relatively few advances in techniques for understanding or overcoming these. The methods presented in this manuscript and made accessible in MaxEnt provide a forward step.
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“The present habitat suitability and distribution of each species were estimated using the MaxEnt modelling technique, which employs maximum entropy methods and is particularly resilient when dealing with presence-only species records (Elith et al., 2010).”
From Projecting future climate change impacts on the distribution of the ‘Octopus vulgaris species complex’ (2022) · cites this paper as Elith et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Without clear records on survey effort across the landscape, we cannot distinguish between areas that are environmentally unsuitable and those that are under-sampled (Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010: Appendix S1).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (Phillips, Dudík & Schapire 2021) has several modifiable parameters that influence the model performance, and ultimately the effectiveness of the predictive model (e.g., Barbet-Massin et al. 2012; Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010; Fourcade et al. 2014; Merow, Smith & Silander 2013; Morales, Fernández & Baca-González 2017; Phillips et al. 2017).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (Phillips, Dudík & Schapire 2021) has several modifiable parameters that influence the model performance, and ultimately the effectiveness of the predictive model (e.g., Barbet-Massin et al. 2012; Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010; Fourcade et al. 2014; Merow, Smith & Silander 2013; Morales, Fernández & Baca-González 2017; Phillips et al. 2017).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney \u0026 Phillips 2010
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“The expression of insect colours in terms of quantity and quality can be impacted by environmental factors including temperature, rainfall, and solar radiation (Cott, 1940; Elith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPredicted effects of climate change on potential sources of non‐indigenous marine species
Floerl, O., Rickard, G. J., Inglis, G. J., & Roulston, H. (2013) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12048 · Cited by 25
Soley‐Guardia, M., Gutiérrez, E. E., Thomas, D. M., Ochoa-G., J., Marisol Aguilera, M., & Anderson, R. P. (2016) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1900 · Cited by 25
“Instead, we ask whether the ability of ENMs to detect this barrier using readily available and typically useful environmental variables (i.e., WorldClim bioclimatic layers) is affected by the presence of PSM localities.”
High migration rates shape the postglacial history of amphi‐Atlantic bryophytes
Désamoré, A., Patiño, J., Mardulyn, P., McDaniel, S. F., Zanatta, F., Laenen, B., & Vanderpoorten, A. (2016) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.13839 · Cited by 26
Kane, K., Debinski, D. M., Anderson, C., Scasta, J. D., Engle, D. M., & Miller, J. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00730 · Cited by 25
“…species to two (from a default setting of 1), as doing so alleviates overfitting when sample sizes are small and greatly increases model performance and model transferability to future climates (Dudík et al., 2007; Elith et al., 2010; Anderson and Gonzalez, 2011; Radosavljevic and Anderson, 2014).”
Backgroundde la Vega, G., & Schilman, P. E. (2017) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3986-1 · Cited by 25
Gür, H., Perktaş, U., & Gür, M. K. (2017) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-017-0347-8 · Cited by 25
“…(the variable that is furthest outside its training range; Elith et al. 2010) maps, the MaxEnt’s explain tool (exploring what drives a high or low prediction at any given site in geographic space; Elith et al. 2010), and response curves suggested that extrapolation might not be a critical issue.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClimatic dynamics and topography control genetic variation in Atlantic Forest montane birds
Thom, G., Smith, B. T., Gehara, M., Montesanti, J. A. C., Lima‐Ribeiro, M. S., Piacentini, V. D. Q., Miyaki, C. Y., & do Amaral, F. R. (2020) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106812 · Cited by 25
Hülber, K., Kuttner, M., Moser, D., Rabitsch, W. B., Schindler, S., Wessely, J., Gattringer, A., Essl, F., & Dullinger, S. (2020) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01113 · Cited by 25
Rivera, J. A., Lawing, A. M., & Martins, E. P. (2020) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.13915 · Cited by 25
Simone, W. D., Iannella, M., D’Alessandro, P., & Biondi, M. (2020) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12727 · Cited by 25
Holder, A. M., Markarian, A., Doyle, J. M., & Olson, J. R. (2020) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109231 · Cited by 25
Biology of Invasive Plants 1. Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C.K. Schneid
Chari, L. D., Martin, G. D., Steenhuisen, S., Adams, L. D., & Clark, V. R. (2020) · Invasive Plant Science and Management · doi:10.1017/inp.2020.24 · Cited by 25
“For details, see Elith et al. (2010).”
Realized niche shift associated withGalinsoga quadriradiata(Asteraceae) invasion in China
Zhang, W., Chen, X., Liu, R., Song, X.-J., Liu, G., Zou, J., Qian, Z., Zhu, Z., & Cui, L. (2021) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtab086 · Cited by 23
Ashraf, U., Chaudhry, M. N., & Peterson, A. T. (2021) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3714 · Cited by 27
Noviello, N., McGonigle, C. D., Jacoby, D. M. P., Meyers, E. K. M., Jiménez‐Alvarado, D., & Barker, J. (2021) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.3711 · Cited by 25
Silva, L. D., Elias, R. B., & Silva, L. (2021) · Environmental Modelling & Software · doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105203 · Cited by 25
Zhang, J., Li, K.-J., Liu, X., Yang, L., & Shen, S. (2021) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f12111520 · Cited by 25
The influence of climate change on the suitable habitats of Allium species endemic to Iran
Nasab, F. K., Mehrabian, A., Mostafavi, H., & Neemati, A. (2022) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-022-09793-0 · Cited by 25
Dellinger, A. S., Paun, O., Baar, J., Temsch, E. M., Fernández‐Fernández, D., & Schönenberger, J. (2022) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16403 · Cited by 24
“To minimize errors of temporal extrapolation from current to past niche models, we ran Multivariate Environmental Similarity Surface analyses (MESS) in dismo (Figure S2; Elith et al., 2010).”
MethodEvans, A. E., Jarnevich, C. S., Beaury, E. M., Engelstad, P. S., Teich, N. B., LaRoe, J. M., & Bradley, B. A. (2023) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13787 · Cited by 27
Perspectives in modelling earthworm dynamics and their feedbacks with abiotic soil properties
Schneider, A., & Schröder, B. (2012) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.02.020 · Cited by 25
Incorporating Climate Change and Exotic Species into Forecasts of Riparian Forest Distribution
Ikeda, D. H., Grady, K. C., Shuster, S. M., & Whitham, T. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107037 · Cited by 25
Beatty, G. E., & Provan, J. (2014) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.12371 · Cited by 25
Duckett, P. E., Wilson, P. D., & Stow, A. (2013) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12071 · Cited by 25
Evaluating range‐expansion models for calculating nonnative species' expansion rate
Preuss, S., Low, M., Cassel‐Lundhagen, A., & Berggren, Å. (2014) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1106 · Cited by 25
Maso, E. D. (2014) · Forest Research Open Access · doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000131 · Cited by 25
Climatic Niche Characterization of 13 North AmericanVitisSpecies
Callen, S. T., Klein, L. L., & Miller, A. J. (2016) · American Journal of Enology and Viticulture · doi:10.5344/ajev.2016.15110 · Cited by 25
Caravaggi, A., Leach, K., Santilli, F., Rintala, J. A., Helle, P., Tiainen, J., Bisi, F., Martinoli, A., Montgomery, I. W., & Reid, N. (2016) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1330-z · Cited by 25
“There are a number of methods available for accounting for sample bias (see Fourcade et al. 2014), including the utilisation of target background points (Phillips et al. 2009) or bias grids (Elith et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWaterson, A., Edgar, K. M., Schmidt, D. N., & Valdes, P. J. (2016) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1002/2016pa002964 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Elith, J., Kearney, M., & Phillips, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- AT&T (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elith, Jane
- Venue
- Methods in Ecology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-05-24
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 330-342
- ISSN
- 2041-210X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2100533358
- Semantic Scholar
- 57fbdc5ff136d10620ea5204db024583249f9550
- Cited by
- 2,813
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 190 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 252 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 219 · 2020: 199 · 2019: 184 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 179 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 50.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Methods in Ecology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- species distribution modeling, extrapolation error, Rhinella marina, invasive species, climate change scenarios, absence data, MaxEnt, model reliability, species spread
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