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The art of modelling range-shifting species: The art of modelling range-shifting species
Abstract
1. Species are shifting their ranges at an unprecedented rate through human transportation and environmental change. Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) are frequently applied for predicting potential future distributions of range-shifting species, despite these models’ assumptions that species are at equilibrium with the environments used to train (fit) the models, and that the training data are representative of conditions to which the models are predicted. Here we explore modelling approaches that aim to minimize extrapolation errors and assess predictions against prior biological knowledge. Our aim was to promote methods appropriate to range-shifting species. 2. We use an invasive species, the cane toad in Australia, as an example, predicting potential distributions under both current and climate change scenarios. We use four SDM methods, and trial weighting schemes and choice of background samples appropriate for species in a state of spread. We also test two methods for including information from a mechanistic model. Throughout, we explore graphical techniques for understanding model behaviour and reliability, including the extent of extrapolation. 3. Predictions varied with modelling method and data treatment, particularly with regard to the use and treatment of absence data. Models that performed similarly under current climatic conditions deviated widely when transferred to a novel climatic scenario. 4. The results highlight problems with using SDMs for extrapolation, and demonstrate the need for methods and tools to understand models and predictions. We have made progress in this direction and have implemented exploratory techniques as new options in the free modelling software, MaxEnt. Our results also show that deliberately controlling the fit of models and integrating information from mechanistic models can enhance the reliability of correlative predictions of species in non-equilibrium and novel settings. 5. Implications. The biodiversity of many regions in the world is experiencing novel threats created by species invasions and climate change. Predictions of future species distributions are required for management, but there are acknowledged problems with many current methods, and relatively few advances in techniques for understanding or overcoming these. The methods presented in this manuscript and made accessible in MaxEnt provide a forward step.
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“The present habitat suitability and distribution of each species were estimated using the MaxEnt modelling technique, which employs maximum entropy methods and is particularly resilient when dealing with presence-only species records (Elith et al., 2010).”
From Projecting future climate change impacts on the distribution of the ‘Octopus vulgaris species complex’ (2022) · cites this paper as Elith et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Without clear records on survey effort across the landscape, we cannot distinguish between areas that are environmentally unsuitable and those that are under-sampled (Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010: Appendix S1).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (Phillips, Dudík & Schapire 2021) has several modifiable parameters that influence the model performance, and ultimately the effectiveness of the predictive model (e.g., Barbet-Massin et al. 2012; Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010; Fourcade et al. 2014; Merow, Smith & Silander 2013; Morales, Fernández & Baca-González 2017; Phillips et al. 2017).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (Phillips, Dudík & Schapire 2021) has several modifiable parameters that influence the model performance, and ultimately the effectiveness of the predictive model (e.g., Barbet-Massin et al. 2012; Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010; Fourcade et al. 2014; Merow, Smith & Silander 2013; Morales, Fernández & Baca-González 2017; Phillips et al. 2017).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney \u0026 Phillips 2010
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“The bias values were re-scaled from 1 to 20, following [58] to avoid extreme values, and used as probability in sampling background points.”
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“Fortunately, Maxent includes model exploration tools and features to help understand the effects of extrapolation (such as the multivariate environmental suitability surface (MESS) tool, described further below and see Elith et al. 2010).”
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“Here, we incorporated the bias layer scaled from 1 to 20 into the Maxent modelling procedure, consistent with Elith et al. (2010).”
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“…shortfall) rather than problems with extrapolation into non- analogue climates (Fitzpatrick & Hargrove, 2009), we also conducted a MESS analysis (multivariate environmental similarity surfaces; Di Cola et al., 2017; Elith et al., 2010) for all datasets, climate change scenarios and time steps.”
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“In addition, Multivariate Environmental Similarity Surface analyses 55 were conducted to identify areas of novel environmental conditions across model hindcasts.”
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“We tested multicolinearity of the variables and retained only one from each group of variables with correlations higher than 0.8 (Elith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSpecies climatic niche explains drought‐induced die‐off in a Mediterranean woody community
Sapes, G., Serra-Diaz, J. M., & Lloret, F. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1833 · Cited by 34
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“Bioclimatic variables selection for model calibration was performed using both SDM and ENM tools (Brown 2014; Warren et al. 2010) and based on the least correlated variables (|Pearson correlation coefficient|\ 0.8) (Elith et al. 2010).”
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“Based on presence points, a surface of sampling intensity was created using the Gaussian kernel density estimator tool in ArcGIS [48,49].”
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“In this field, maximum entropy modelling is the most used algorithm yielding excellent results in comparative tests (Pearson 2007; Elith et al. 2010).”
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“…with such settings has shown low model complexity and high transferability compared to other methods, making it highly suited for modeling alien species distributions under climate change (Elith, Kearney, and Phillips 2010; Hao et al. 2020; Jiménez-Valverde et al. 2011; Werkowska et al. 2017).”
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“Absence data were represented by randomly selecting locations outside of the multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) (Elith et al. 2010) of the presence data.”
MethodAssessment of seismically-induced landslide susceptibility after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal
Shrestha, S., & Kang, T. (2017) · Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment · doi:10.1007/s10064-017-1191-4 · Cited by 33
“This model has previously been used to predict species distributions in ecosystems (Phillips et al. 2006; Phillips and Dudik 2008; Elith et al. 2010), and is a pattern-orientated model (Paola and Leeder 2011).”
MethodFreshwater crayfish invasions in South Africa: past, present and potential future
Nunes, A. L., Zengeya, T. A., Measey, J. G., & Weyl, O. L. F. (2017) · African Journal of Aquatic Science · doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1405788 · Cited by 33
“In addition, clamping was selected to minimise predictions to regions of environmental space outside the limits encountered during training, because extrapolation may overinflate areas of climatic suitability (Elith et al. 2010).”
Wibisono, H. T., Wahyudi, H. A., Wilianto, E., Pinondang, I. M. R., Primajati, M., Liswanto, D., & Linkie, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369 · Cited by 40
Sarıkaya, O., KARACEYLAN, I. B., & Şen, İ. (2018) · Applied Ecology and Environmental Research · doi:10.15666/aeer/1603_25272535 · Cited by 33
Bentley, L. K., Robertson, M. P., & Barker, N. P. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1643-6 · Cited by 33
Modeling spatially and temporally complex range dynamics when detection is imperfect
Rushing, C. S., Royle, J. A., Ziolkowski, D. J., & Pardieck, K. L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48851-5 · Cited by 33
A global assessment of human influence on niche shifts and risk predictions of bird invasions
Cardador, L., & Blackburn, T. M. (2020) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13166 · Cited by 33
Rochat, E., Selmoni, O. M., & Joost, S. (2021) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13256 · Cited by 33
“It is also possible that the forecasted environmental conditions exceed the climatic ranges observed today, leading to extrapolation (and the related uncertainty) in the calculation of future evolutionary potential (Elith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundStreito, J., Chartois, M., Pierre, É., Dusoulier, F., Armand, J.-M., Gaudin, J., & Rossi, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90378-1 · Cited by 33
New models for wild ungulates occurrence and hunting yield abundance at European scale
Illanas, S., Croft, S., Smith, G. C., López‐Padilla, S., Vicente, J., Blanco, J., Scandura, M., Apollonio, M., Ferroglio, E., Zanet, S., et al. (2022) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2022.en-7631 · Cited by 38
Lozano, V., Febbraro, M. D., Brundu, G., Carranza, M. L., Alessandrini, A., Ardenghi, N. M. G., Barni, E., Bedini, G., Celesti‐Grapow, L., Cianfaglione, K., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162993 · Cited by 36
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Assessing current and projected suitable habitats for tree-of-heaven along the Appalachian Trail
Clark, J. P., Wang, Y., & August, P. V. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0192 · Cited by 33
Feuda, R., Bannikova, A. A., Zemlemerova, E. D., Febbraro, M. D., Loy, A., Hutterer, R., Aloise, G., Ae, Z., Annesi, F., & Colangelo, P. (2015) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12459 · Cited by 33
Benedetti, F., Guilhaumon, F., Adloff, F., & Ayata, S. (2016) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.02434 · Cited by 34
Cheng, Y., Tjaden, N. B., Jaeschke, A., Lühken, R., Ziegler, U., Thomas, S. M., & Beierkuhnlein, C. (2018) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-018-0155-7 · Cited by 33
Tobin, R. J., Harrison, L. E., Tully, M. K., Lubis, I. N. D., Noviyanti, R., Anstey, N. M., Rajahram, G. S., Grigg, M. J., Flegg, J. A., Price, D. J., et al. (2024) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011570 · Cited by 32
Marion, G., McInerny, G., Pagel, J., Catterall, S., Cook, A. R., Hartig, F., & O’Hara, R. B. (2012) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02772.x · Cited by 32
Charbonnel, A., Laffaille, P., Biffi, M., Blanc, F., Maire, A., Némoz, M., Sánchez-Pérez, J. M., Sauvage, S., & Buisson, L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159941 · Cited by 32
“The use of modelling tools such as Species Distribution Models (SDMs) may help to understand how species shift their distribution over time and to predict the impacts of future climate change on these range shifts [2].”
MethodVences, M., Brown, J. L., Lathrop, A., Rosa, G. M., Cameron, A., Crottini, A., Dolch, R., Edmonds, D., Freeman, K. L. M., Glaw, F., et al. (2017) · Amphibia-Reptilia · doi:10.1163/15685381-00003104 · Cited by 34
Tomlinson, S., Webber, B. L., Bradshaw, D., Dixon, K. W., & Renton, M. (2017) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.12561 · Cited by 32
“There have been a number of reports urging quantification of specific constraints in addressing complex ecological management issues (e.g. Purves & Pacala 2008; Elith et al. 2010; Alagador et al. 2015).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Elith, J., Kearney, M., & Phillips, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- AT&T (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elith, Jane
- Venue
- Methods in Ecology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-05-24
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 330-342
- ISSN
- 2041-210X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2100533358
- Semantic Scholar
- 57fbdc5ff136d10620ea5204db024583249f9550
- Cited by
- 2,813
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 190 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 252 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 219 · 2020: 199 · 2019: 184 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 179 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 50.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Methods in Ecology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- species distribution modeling, extrapolation error, Rhinella marina, invasive species, climate change scenarios, absence data, MaxEnt, model reliability, species spread
About these checks
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