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The art of modelling range-shifting species: The art of modelling range-shifting species
Abstract
1. Species are shifting their ranges at an unprecedented rate through human transportation and environmental change. Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) are frequently applied for predicting potential future distributions of range-shifting species, despite these models’ assumptions that species are at equilibrium with the environments used to train (fit) the models, and that the training data are representative of conditions to which the models are predicted. Here we explore modelling approaches that aim to minimize extrapolation errors and assess predictions against prior biological knowledge. Our aim was to promote methods appropriate to range-shifting species. 2. We use an invasive species, the cane toad in Australia, as an example, predicting potential distributions under both current and climate change scenarios. We use four SDM methods, and trial weighting schemes and choice of background samples appropriate for species in a state of spread. We also test two methods for including information from a mechanistic model. Throughout, we explore graphical techniques for understanding model behaviour and reliability, including the extent of extrapolation. 3. Predictions varied with modelling method and data treatment, particularly with regard to the use and treatment of absence data. Models that performed similarly under current climatic conditions deviated widely when transferred to a novel climatic scenario. 4. The results highlight problems with using SDMs for extrapolation, and demonstrate the need for methods and tools to understand models and predictions. We have made progress in this direction and have implemented exploratory techniques as new options in the free modelling software, MaxEnt. Our results also show that deliberately controlling the fit of models and integrating information from mechanistic models can enhance the reliability of correlative predictions of species in non-equilibrium and novel settings. 5. Implications. The biodiversity of many regions in the world is experiencing novel threats created by species invasions and climate change. Predictions of future species distributions are required for management, but there are acknowledged problems with many current methods, and relatively few advances in techniques for understanding or overcoming these. The methods presented in this manuscript and made accessible in MaxEnt provide a forward step.
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“The present habitat suitability and distribution of each species were estimated using the MaxEnt modelling technique, which employs maximum entropy methods and is particularly resilient when dealing with presence-only species records (Elith et al., 2010).”
From Projecting future climate change impacts on the distribution of the ‘Octopus vulgaris species complex’ (2022) · cites this paper as Elith et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Without clear records on survey effort across the landscape, we cannot distinguish between areas that are environmentally unsuitable and those that are under-sampled (Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010: Appendix S1).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (Phillips, Dudík & Schapire 2021) has several modifiable parameters that influence the model performance, and ultimately the effectiveness of the predictive model (e.g., Barbet-Massin et al. 2012; Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010; Fourcade et al. 2014; Merow, Smith & Silander 2013; Morales, Fernández & Baca-González 2017; Phillips et al. 2017).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (Phillips, Dudík & Schapire 2021) has several modifiable parameters that influence the model performance, and ultimately the effectiveness of the predictive model (e.g., Barbet-Massin et al. 2012; Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010; Fourcade et al. 2014; Merow, Smith & Silander 2013; Morales, Fernández & Baca-González 2017; Phillips et al. 2017).”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney & Phillips 2010
In the citing paper
“The executable Maxent software (v.3.4.4) (”
From A maxent predictive model for hunter-gatherer sites in the southern pampas, argentina (2021) · cites this paper as Elith, Kearney \u0026 Phillips 2010
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“…validating models include goodness-offit tests, diagnostic plots to assess model assumptions (e.g. residual versus fitted plots), and calibration plots of observed versus predicted values, where the latter are formed using cross-validation or bootstrapping (Phillips and Elith 2010, Harrell 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFreer, J., Tarling, G., Collins, M., Partridge, J., & Genner, M. (2019) · Diversity and Distributions: A journal of biological invasions and biodiversity · doi:10.1111/ddi.12934 · Cited by 60
The MIAmaxent R package: Variable transformation and model selection for species distribution models
Vollering, J., Halvorsen, R., & Mazzoni, S. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.5654 · Cited by 75
“…predictions outside of the spatial or temporal context of the data may also benefit from subset selection, because it tends to result in lower model complexity, which often improves model generalizability (Bell & Schlaepfer, 2016; Elith et al., 2010; Merow et al., 2014; Moreno‐Amat et al., 2015).”
BackgroundVergara, M., Cushman, S. A., Urra, F., & Ruiz‐González, A. (2015) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-015-0307-0 · Cited by 69
Livestock Helminths in a Changing Climate: Approaches and Restrictions to Meaningful Predictions
Fox, N. J., Marion, G., Davidson, R. S., White, P. C. L., & Hutchings, M. R. (2012) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani2010093 · Cited by 69
Strubbe, D., Jackson, H. A., Groombridge, J. J., & Matthysen, E. (2015) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12325 · Cited by 69
Monk, J. (2014) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/faf.12039 · Cited by 71
Fitzpatrick, M. C., Blois, J. L., Williams, J. W., Nieto‐Lugilde, D., Maguire, K. C., & Lorenz, D. J. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14138 · Cited by 69
Climate change and the future restructuring of Neotropical anuran biodiversity
Menéndez‐Guerrero, P. A., Green, D. M., & Davies, T. J. (2019) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.04510 · Cited by 70
Falk, W., & Hempelmann, N. (2013) · Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1155/2013/787250 · Cited by 68
Space to invade? Comparative range infilling and potential range of invasive and native plants
Bradley, B. A., Early, R., & Sorte, C. J. B. (2014) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12275 · Cited by 68
Future of winegrape growing regions in Europe
Tóth, J. P., & Végvári, Z. (2015) · Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research · doi:10.1111/ajgw.12168 · Cited by 68
Gueta, T., & Carmel, Y. (2016) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.06.001 · Cited by 72
“…SDM approach (MaxEnt) developed by Phillips et al. (2006) is the most widely used SDM algorithm (Fourcade et al., 2014); due to its high performance (Elith et al., 2010), capability to deal with presence-only data (Elith et al., 2011), and low sensitivity to small sample sizes (Elith et al., 2010).”
MethodAhmad, R., Khuroo, A. A., Charles, B., Hamid, M., Rashid, I., & Aravind, N. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47859-1 · Cited by 67
Khwarahm, N. R. (2020) · Ecological Processes · doi:10.1186/s13717-020-00259-0 · Cited by 72
“Previous studies have emphasized on training models based on the geographical extent of the distribution of the species (Elith et al. 2010; Soberon and Peterson 2005).”
BackgroundThe drivers of avian abundance: patterns in the relative importance of climate and land use
Howard, C., Stephens, P. A., Pearce‐Higgins, J. W., Gregory, R. D., & Willis, S. G. (2015) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12377 · Cited by 71
“As a result, ecologists frequently use climate projections to predict, through species distribution modelling (SDM), the risks that species face under particular climate change scenarios (Elith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMechanistic species distribution modeling reveals a niche shift during invasion
Chapman, D. S., Scalone, R., Štefanić, E., & Bullock, J. M. (2017) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.1835 · Cited by 67
“Second, unlike fitted distribution models (mechanistic or correlative), forward models do not require the distribution to be in equilibrium with the environment (Elith et al. 2010).”
BackgroundKougioumoutzis, K., Kokkoris, I. P., Panitsa, M., Trigas, P., Strid, A., & Dimopoulos, P. (2020) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d12070270 · Cited by 66
“By doing so, we spatially disaggregated the occurrences to ensure that the SDMs did not over-represent the environmental conditions associated with over-sampled regions, which hinder the interpretation and application of models [46,47].”
Alaniz, A. J., Carvajal, M. A., & Vergara, P. M. (2020) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.6063 · Cited by 65
Gaps and opportunities in modelling human influence on species distributions in the Anthropocene
Frans, V. F., & Liu, J. (2024) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02435-3 · Cited by 71
“For example, supplementary tools for SDMs, such as multivariate similarity surfaces and limiting factor mapping, can highlight locations where habitat suitability is compromised and which predictors compromised them 23,104 .”
Alamgir, M., Mukul, S. A., & Turton, S. M. (2015) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.03.001 · Cited by 66
Smith, A. B. (2013) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12031 · Cited by 66
Metadata
- Authors
- Elith, J., Kearney, M., & Phillips, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- AT&T (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elith, Jane
- Venue
- Methods in Ecology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-05-24
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 330-342
- ISSN
- 2041-210X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2100533358
- Semantic Scholar
- 57fbdc5ff136d10620ea5204db024583249f9550
- Cited by
- 2,813
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 190 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 252 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 219 · 2020: 199 · 2019: 184 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 179 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 50.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Methods in Ecology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- species distribution modeling, extrapolation error, Rhinella marina, invasive species, climate change scenarios, absence data, MaxEnt, model reliability, species spread
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