Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health

COOPER, CARY L.; MARSHALL, JUDI

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1976.tb00325.x

Cited by 1,201Workplace Health and Well-beingStress and Burnout ResearchOccupational Health and Burnout

Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health

COOPER, CARY L., MARSHALL, JUDI·1976·Journal of Occupational Psychology

DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1976.tb00325.x

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Abstract

A great deal of research has been conducted over recent years in the field of occupational stress and its relationship to physical and mental illness. This paper attempts to provide a framework for examining this work, with the dual objectives of broadening the existing psychological literature with the extensive medical data available and also highlighting the research gaps in this area. By emphasizing the medical evidence it is hoped that we may encourage greater interdisciplinary work in the growing field of stress at work.

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The costs of occupational stress to individuals and organizations have been well documented.
“The costs of occupational stress to individuals (e.g., the increased risk of negative physical and mental health outcomes) and organizations (e.g., absenteeism, employee turnover, poor quality control, and frequent and severe accidents) have been well documented [33,34].”
From Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel (2020) · cites this paper as [33]

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Method
Perceived job insecurity as a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis
Virtanen, M., Nyberg, S. T., Batty, G. D., Jokela, M. M., Heikkilä, K., Fransson, E. I., Alfredsson, L. S., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., Burr, H., et al. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f4746 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
A Critical Examination of the Demand-Control-Support Model from a Work Psychological Perspective
JONGE, J. D., & Kompier, M. A. J. (1997) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1023/b:ijsm.0000008152.85798.90 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Work Organization, Job Stress, and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Carayon, P., Smith, M. J., & Haims, M. C. (1999) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872099779656743 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Individual contributory factors in teacher stress: The role of achievement striving and occupational commitment
Jepson, E., & Forrest, S. E. (2006) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709905x37299 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
A Model of Teacher Stress
Kyriacou, C., & Sutcliffe, J. (1978) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/0305569780040101 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Stress at work and psychosomatic complaints: A causal interpretation.
Fresé, M. (1985) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.70.2.314 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
CONFLICT AT WORK AND INDIVIDUAL WELL‐BEING
Dreu, C. K. W. D., van Dierendonck, D., & Dijkstra, M. T. M. (2004) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022905 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
A Cybernetic Theory of Stress, Coping, and Well-Being in Organizations
Edwards, J. R. (1992) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1992.4279536 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Long Working Hours and Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Virtanen, M., Heikkilä, K., Jokela, M. M., Ferrie, J. E., Batty, G. D., Vahtera, J., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws139 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-employment and work-related stress: The mediating role of job control and job demand
Hessels, J., Rietveld, C. A., & van der Zwan, P. (2017) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.10.007 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“Furthermore, stress at work is positively associated with disease incidence and negatively associated with life expectancy (Cooper and Marshall, 1976; Karasek, 1979; Cooper and Smith, 1985; Gardner and Oswald, 2004).”
Background
Teacher Stress: a review
Kyriacou, C., & Sutcliffe, J. (1977) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/0013191770290407 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
OFFICE CLUTTER OR MEANINGFUL PERSONAL DISPLAYS: THE ROLE OF OFFICE PERSONALIZATION IN EMPLOYEE AND ORGANIZATIONAL WELL-BEING
Wells, M. (2000) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1006/jevp.1999.0166 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Sources and Outcomes of Stress in Organizational Settings: Toward the Development of a Structural Model
Parasuraman, S., & Alutto, J. A. (1984) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/255928 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The cost of violence/stress at work and the benefits of a violence/stress-free working environment
Hoel, H. (2001) · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Employee stress and health complaints in jobs with and without electronic performance monitoring
Smith, M. J., Carayon, P., Sanders, K., Lim, S.-Y., & LeGrande, D. (1992) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(92)90006-h · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Stress and burnout in community mental health nursing: a review of the literature
Edwards, D. J., Burnard, P., Coyle, D., Fothergill, A., & Hannigan, B. (2000) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2000.00258.x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“8 © 2000 Blackwell Science Ltd, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 7, 7–14 Cooper & Marshall (1976) suggested a model in which six categories of workplace stressors are identified.”
Background
Work-family conflict, spouse support, and nursing staff well-being during organizational restructuring.
Burke, R. J., & Greenglass, E. R. (1999) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//1076-8998.4.4.327 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Pressure points: a review of research on stressors and strains in UK academics
Kinman, G. (2001) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410120090849 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“For some time it has been argued that workers involved in high levels of personal interaction, such as teachers, are more vulnerable to occupational stress than those in product-orientated organisations (e.g. Cooper & Marshall, 1976; Cox, 1978).”
Background
Communication and empathy as precursors to burnout among human service workers
MILLER, K. I., Stiff, J. B., & Ellis, B. H. (1988) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637758809376171 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel
Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Taillieu, T., Turner, S., Mason, J. E., Ricciardelli, R., McCreary, D. R., Vaughan, A. D., Anderson, G. S., Krakauer, R. L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041234 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“, finding time to stay in good physical condition; fatigue; making friends outside the job; working alone at night; overtime demands; inconsistent leadership styles) are uniquely associated not only with negative mental health in general [35] but especially after controlling for PPTE exposures.”
Background
Burnout: Investigating the impact of background variables for elementary, intermediate, secondary, and university educators
Byrne, B. M. (1991) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/0742-051x(91)90027-m · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Emotional contagion, empathic concern and communicative responsiveness as variables affecting nurses’ stress and occupational commitment
Omdahl, B. L., & O'Donnell, C. (1999) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01021.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
An Integrated Model of Communication, Stress, and Burnout in the Workplace
MILLER, K. I., Ellis, B. H., Zook, E. G., & Lyles, J. S. (1990) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365090017003002 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Political skill: An antidote for workplace stressors
Perrewé, P. L., Ferris, G. R., Frink, D. D., & Anthony, W. P. (2000) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/ame.2000.4468071 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Work environments, stress, and productivity: An examination using ASSET.
Donald, I., Taylor, P. J., Johnson, S. J., Cooper, C. L., Cartwright, S., & Robertson, S. (2005) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.12.4.409 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“ASSET is based on existing conceptualizations of stress (e.g., Cooper & Marshall, 1976) and incorporates additional measures of job satisfaction and organizational commitment.”
Method
Conflict in organizations: Beyond effectiveness and performance
Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Beersma, B. (2005) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320444000227 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“This, in turn, may negatively affect the physical and psychological well-being of the individuals involved (Cooper & Marshall, 1976; Dana & Griffin, 1999).”
Background
The impact of a new emotional self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA and cortisol
McCraty, R., Barrios-Choplin, B., Rozman, D., Atkinson, M., & Watkins, A. (1998) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/bf02688660 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Occupational stress and work‐related upper extremity disorders: Concepts and models*
Huang, G. D., Feuerstein, M., & Sauter, S. L. (2002) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.10045 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The relationship between quality of work life and work-life-balance mediating role of job stress, job satisfaction and job commitment: evidence from India
Aruldoss, A., Kowalski, K. B., & Parayitam, S. (2020) · Journal of Advances in Management Research · doi:10.1108/jamr-05-2020-0082 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Job characteristics, role stress and mental health
Kelloway, E. K., & Barling, J. I. (1991) · Journal of Occupational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1991.tb00561.x · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Sources of stress in academe: a national perspective
Gmelch, W. H., Lovrich, N. P., & Wilke, P. K. (1984) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf00974924 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“Those professionals involved in interaction with other people are more vulnerable to occupational stress than workers in product-oriented institutions (Cooper and Marshall, 1976).”
Background
Occupational Stress, Type A Behavior, and Physical Well Being
Ivancevich, J. M., Matteson, M. T., & Preston, C. (1982) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/255998 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The Balance Theory and the Work System Model … Twenty Years Later
Carayon, P. (2009) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447310902864928 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Understanding Police Stress Research
Abdollahi, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice · doi:10.1300/j158v02n02_01 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Such individuals are more likely to experience adverse psychological and physical effects of stressful situations (Cooper & Marshall, 1976).”
Background
Occupational Stress in British Educational Settings: a review
Borg, M. G. (1990) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/0144341900100201 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Critical events in psychotherapy supervision: An interpersonal approach.
Ladany, N., Friedlander, M. L., & Nelson, M. L. (2005) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10958-000 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-Employment and Health: Barriers or Benefits?
Rietveld, C. A., van Kippersluis, H., & Thurik, R. (2014) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3087 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“The mismatch between job demands and job control determines the level of occupational stress, which can influence disease incidence and longevity (Cooper and Marshall, 1976; Karasek, 1979; Cooper and Smith, 1985).”
Background
Occupational socialization and psychological development: An underemphasized research perspective in industrial psychology
Fresé, M. (1982) · Journal of Occupational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1982.tb00095.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“This research will be touched upon only briefly (for overviews see Cooper & Marshall, 1976; Frese, 1981; Udris, 1981).”
Background
Job demands and job control as correlates of early retirement thoughts in Finnish social and health care employees
Elovainio, M. J., Forma, P., Mika Kivimaki, B., Sinervo, T. S., Sutinen, R., & Laine, M. (2005) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370500084623 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“Karasek and Theorell (1990) propose that the DC model is a synthesis of psychological stress models (demands) as described for instance in the Michigan model (Katz & Kahn, 1978) and in Cooper’s comprehensive model (Cooper & Marshal, 1976) and sociological models (Bartley & Marmot, 2000).”
Method
Occupational Stress of Academic Staff in South African Higher Education Institutions
Barkhuizen, N. E., & Rothmann, S. (2008) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/008124630803800205 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Sources of Stress Experienced by Professional Australian Footballers
Noblet, A. J., & Gifford, S. (2002) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200209339007 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Associations of effort-reward imbalance at work and reported symptoms in different groups of male and female public transport workers
Peter, R., Geißler, H., & Siegrist, J. (1998) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199807)14:3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
An Empirical Study of Occupational Stress Transmission in Working Couples
Jones, F. A., & Fletcher, B. C. (1993) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679304600705 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Work Demands on Administrators and Spouse Well-Being
Burke, R. J., Weir, T., & DuWors, R. E. (1980) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872678003300404 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Six domains of self-care: Attending to the whole person
Butler, L. D., Mercer, K. A., McClain-Meeder, K., Horne, D. M., & Dudley, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2018.1482483 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“…stress may arise from a variety of work-related circumstances, including unpleasant working conditions, excessive workload, role conflict or ambiguity, lack of job security, over- or under-promotion, and conflicts with bosses and coworkers, among other factors (reviewed in Cooper & Marshall, 1976).”
Background
Relationship of Job Stress to Job Performance: A Study of Managers and Blue-Collar Workers
Jamal, M. (1985) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872678503800502 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Health Among Leaders: Positive and Negative Affect, Engagement and Burnout, Forgiveness and Revenge
Little, L. M., Simmons, B. L., & Nelson, D. L. (2007) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00687.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Distress leads to negative health outcomes (Cooper and Marshall, 1976; Jenkins, 1971, 1978), whereas initial research on eustress suggests that it may lead to positive health outcomes (cf.”
Background
Between Service and Servility: Role Conflict in Subordinate Service Roles
Shamir, B. (1980) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872678003301004 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Stressful Events, Work-Family Conflict, Coping, Psychological Burnout, and Well-Being among Police Officers
Burke, R. J. (1994) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.787 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Molecular Genetic Architecture of Self-Employment
van der Loos, M. J. H. M., Rietveld, C. A., Eklund, N., Koellinger, P., Rivadeneira, F., Abecasis, G. R., Ankra-Badu, G. A., Baumeister, S. E., Benjamin, D. J., Biffar, R., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“For example, a potential mismatch between personal disposition and occupational choice may result in stress and decreased happiness, which have been shown to negatively affect (cardiovascular) disease incidence and longevity [29–32].”
Background
The validity of the occupational stress indicator
Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Williams, J., & Williams, J. (1990) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379008256962 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
SOCIAL INFORMATION AND EMPLOYEE ANXIETY ABOUT ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
MILLER, K. I., & Monge, P. R. (1985) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00052.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
A Cybernetic Framework for Studying Occupational Stress
Cummings, T. G., & Cooper, C. L. (1979) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872677903200504 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Influence of Lifestyle, Coping, and Job Stress on Blood Pressure in Men and Women
Lindquist, T. L., Beilin, L. J., & Knuiman, M. W. (1997) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.29.1.1 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Entrepreneurial Stress: Is it Hazardous to Your Health?
Buttner, E. H. (1992) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Predictive effects of occupational and marital stress on the mental health of a male workforce
Bromet, E. J., Dew, M. A., PARKINSON, D. K., & Schulberg, H. C. (1988) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030090102 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Another look at the locus of control-organizational commitment relationship: it depends on the form of commitment
Coleman, D. F., Irving, G. P., & Cooper, C. L. (1999) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199911)20:6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The impact of job demands and behavioral control on experienced job stress
Perrewé, P. L., & Ganster, D. C. (1989) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030100303 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Job Complexity, Performance, and Well‐being: When Does Supplies‐Values Fit Matter?*
Shaw, J. D., & Gupta, N. (2004) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.00008.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“V) or needs–supplies fit approach to stress offers conceptual extensions over job demands (e.g., Cooper & Marshall, 1976) or psychophysiological response theories (e.g., Parker & DeCotiis, 1983) by incorporating both the situations an individual encounters in the environment (task characteristics,…”
Background
Work Stress, Role Conflict, Social Support, and Psychological Burnout among Teachers
Burke, R. J., & Greenglass, E. R. (1993) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.371 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Back to basics: Re-examination of Demand-Control Theory of occupational stress
Beehr, T. A., Glaser, K. M., Canali, K. G., & Wallwey, D. A. (2001) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370110067002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Job Stress and Satisfaction among Palliative Physicians
Graham, J., Ramirez, A., Cull, A., Finlay, I. G., Hoy, A., & Richards, M. (1996) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/026921639601000302 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Women, Work and Stress: A Review and Agenda for the Future
Haw, M. A. (1982) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136510 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Much research over the course of the last 20 years suggests that work may be a significant source of stress, and that stress may be tied to serious consequences in regard to mental and physical ill health (Cooper and Marshall, 1976; House, 1974; Jenkins, 1971a, b; Kahn et al., 1964; Kasl, 1978; Margolis et al., 1974).”
Background
Occupational stress, safety, and health: Conceptual framework and principles for effective prevention interventions.
Israel, B. A., Baker, E. A., Goldenhar, L. M., & Heaney, C. A. (1996) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.1.3.261 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Authors: COOPER, C. L., & MARSHALL, J.
Affiliations: University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author: COOPER, CARY L.
ORCID: COOPER, CARY L.
MARSHALL, JUDI
Venue: Journal of Occupational Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1976-03
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-28
ISSN: 0305-8107 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1976.tb00325.x
OpenAlex: W1970480634
Cited by: 1,201
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 13.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 12952 d)
Locations: Journal of Occupational Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
Keywords: occupational stress, coronary artery disease, mental illness, psychosocial risk factors, interdisciplinary research, research gaps

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Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health

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