Cited by 1,201Workplace Health and Well-beingStress and Burnout ResearchOccupational Health and Burnout

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Occupational sources of stress: a review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health

COOPER, CARY L., MARSHALL, JUDI·1976·Journal of Occupational Psychology

DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1976.tb00325.x

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Abstract

A great deal of research has been conducted over recent years in the field of occupational stress and its relationship to physical and mental illness. This paper attempts to provide a framework for examining this work, with the dual objectives of broadening the existing psychological literature with the extensive medical data available and also highlighting the research gaps in this area. By emphasizing the medical evidence it is hoped that we may encourage greater interdisciplinary work in the growing field of stress at work.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1976.tb00325.x

Cites

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Changes in the Serum Cholesterol and Blood Clotting Time in Men Subjected to Cyclic Variation of Occupational Stress
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Jones, A. P., & Butler, M. C. (1980) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351234 · Cited by 147
“toward stresses produced by conflict between the demands of the job role and those of the family role (Clark et al., 1978; Cooper and Marshall, 1976; Renshaw, 1976; Ridley, 1973).”
Background
Role Stress and Turnover Intention of Front-Line Hotel Employees: The Roles of Burnout and Service Climate
Wen, B., Zhou, X., Hu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00036 · Cited by 163
“According to some scholars (e.g., Cooper and Marshall, 1976; Jung et al., 2012), role overload is regard as a quantitative factor, while role conflict and ambiguity are qualitative factors.”
Background
The impacts of positive psychological states on physical health: A review and theoretical framework
Edwards, J. R., & Cooper, C. L. (1988) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(88)90212-2 · Cited by 145
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Action Research on Occupational Stress: Involving Workers as Researchers
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Development of short questionnaire to measure an extended set of role expectation conflict, coworker support and work-life balance: The new job stress scale
Shukla, A., & Srivastava, R. (2016) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2015.1134034 · Cited by 139
“Cooper and Marshall’s (Cooper & Marshall, 1976; Marshall & Cooper, 1979) Stress at Work model is similar to PE-Fit theory, but is more specific in identifying five major categories of job pressure and lack of organizational support in the workplace that contribute to occupational stress: (1)…”
Method
On the importance of the objective environment in stress and attribution theory. Counterpoint to Perrewé and Zellars
Fresé, M., & Zapf, D. (1999) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199909)20:5 · Cited by 104
Job characteristics as mediators in SES–health relationships
Warren, J. R., Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P., & Brand, J. E. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.035 · Cited by 139
Burnout among Teachers of Exceptional Children
Weiskopf, P. E. (1980) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/001440298004700101 · Cited by 137
“Many of the environmental sources of stress presented by Cooper and Marshall (1976) can be directly applied to teachers of exceptional children.”
Influential
The influence of self-esteem and role stress on job performance in hotel businesses
Akgündüz, Y. (2015) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-09-2013-0421 · Cited by 155
Work‐family stress, conflict, coping, and burnout in police officers
Burke, R. J. (1993) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/smi.2460090308 · Cited by 135
Occupational stress among senior police officers.
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Self-citation
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Cran, D. (1994) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069400000003 · Cited by 135
Organizational interventions: facing the limits of the natural science paradigm
Griffiths, A. (1999) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.485 · Cited by 131
“Literature reviews point to many aspects of work design and organization that are associated with health-related outcomes (17-21).”
Background
The nurse stress index
Harris, P. E. (1989) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678378908256952 · Cited by 130
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“community health workers, a review of the literature, and an initial pilot study.(16) 42 Then factor analysis, which is not discussed in this paper, yielded five subscales that”
BackgroundMethod
Young doctors' health—I. How do working conditions affect attitudes, health and performance?
Baldwin, P. J., Dodd, M., & Wrate, R. W. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00306-1 · Cited by 131
Workplace bullying and stress
Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2004) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1016/s1479-3555(02)02008-5 · Cited by 135
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Prasada, K. D. V., Vaidyab, R. W., & Mangipudic, M. R. (2020) · Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies · doi:10.18843/ijcms/v11i2/01 · Cited by 129
Effects of role conflict on counselor trainees' self-statements, anxiety level, and performance.
Friedlander, M. L., Keller, K. E., Peca-Baker, T. A., & Olk, M. E. (1986) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.33.1.73 · Cited by 129
Technostress Research: A Nurturing Ground for Measurement Pluralism?
University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Fischer, T., Riedl, R., & University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria and University of Linz (2017) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.04017 · Cited by 127
“Researchers have frequently used task, organizational, and social environment in the context of stress research (Cooper & Marshall, 1976; McGrath, 1976; Sonnentag & Frese, 2013), and we added the technological environment as another domain due to its relevance in the technostress context.”
Beyond the Steers and Rhodes Model of Employee Attendance
Brooke, P. (1986) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1986.4283124 · Cited by 127
The impact of role stress on workers' behaviour through job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
Antón, C. (2009) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590701700511 · Cited by 147
“Cooper and Marshall (1976) suggest five sources of stress at work: intrinsic to the job, role in the organization, career development, relationship at work, and organizational structure and climate.”
Background
Long Working Hours and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
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“Both work-related stressors and the personality of the job incumbent are thought to affect health outcomes (Cooper & Marshall, 1976), and by extension job satisfaction.”
Background
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND THE COSTS OF HEALTH CARE.
Manning, M., Jackson, C. N., & Fusilier, M. R. (1996) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256662 · Cited by 121
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“Both dimensions are well-known potential stressors and/or resources of the job context (Cooper & Marshall, 1976).”
Background
Managing organizational stress: A field experiment.
Ganster, D. C., Mayes, B. T., Sime, W. E., & Tharp, G. D. (1982) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.67.5.533 · Cited by 118
Toward a Theory of Burnout
Meier, S. T. (1983) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872678303601003 · Cited by 117
STRESSORS, COPING STRATEGIES AND STRESS‐RELATED OUTCOMES AMONG DIRECT CARE STAFF IN STAFFED HOUSES FOR PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES
Hatton, C., Brown, R. M., Caine, A., & Emerson, E. (1995) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.1995.tb00161.x · Cited by 116
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Fogarty, G. J., Machin, M. A., Albion, M. J., Sutherland, L. F., Lalor, G. I., & Revitt, S. (1999) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.1998.1670 · Cited by 122
“…that provide workers with little or no say in the decision-making process, restrictions on behaviour, office politics, lack of effective consultation (Cooper & Marshall, 1976), and erratic working hours (Greenhaus & Parasuraman, 1987) can all have detrimental effects on workers’ well- being.”
Background
Occupational Stress in Human Computer Interaction.
Smith, M. J., Conway, F. T., & Karsh, B. (1999) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.37.157 · Cited by 116
The Influence of Communication Structure and Social Support on Job Stress and Burnout
Ray, E. B., & MILLER, K. I. (1991) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0893318991004004005 · Cited by 112
Intolerance of ambiguity as a moderator of the occupational role stress—strain relationship: A meta‐analysis
Frone, M. R. (1990) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030110406 · Cited by 110
The Impact of Occupational Stress on Employee's Turnover Intention in the Luxury Hotel Segment
Hwang, J., Lee, J. J., Park, S., Chang, H.-S., & Kim, S. (2014) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2014.872898 · Cited by 109
“Also, Cooper and Marshall (1976) and Ivancevich and Matteson (1980) supported the notion that stress causes physiological and emotional deviations from the norm.”
Background
A structural model approach toward the development of a theory of the link between stress and mental health
Cooper, C. L., & Baglioni, A. J. (1988) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02767.x · Cited by 109
Stress, computer-based work monitoring and measurement systems: a conceptual overview
Amick, B. C., & Smith, M. J. (1992) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(92)90005-g · Cited by 108
The Role of Environmental Control on Environmental Satisfaction, Communication, and Psychological Stress
Huang, Y.-H., Robertson, M. M., & Chang, K.-I. (2004) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916503262543 · Cited by 112
“Because long-term exposure to stress can lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and related mental health problems (e.g., Cooper & Marshall, 1976; Karasek & Theorell, 1990), more research examining the psychosocial aspects of the work environment and stress appears justifiable.”
Background
Locus of control, social support, stress, and adjustment in international transfers
Black, J. S. (1990) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/bf01731881 · Cited by 104
The construct validity of the ASSET stress measure
Johnson, S. J., & Cooper, C. L. (2003) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.971 · Cited by 104
Behavioral and physiological consequences of stress and its antecedent factors.
Hendrix, W. H., Ovalle, N. K., & Troxler, R. G. (1985) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.70.1.188 · Cited by 102
Impacts of Digital Technostress and Digital Technology Self-Efficacy on Fintech Usage Intention of Chinese Gen Z Consumers
Lee, Y.-K. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13095077 · Cited by 138
Gender and regional differences in perceived job stress across Europe
Smet, P. D., Sans, S., Dramaix, M., Boulenguez, C., Backer, G. D., Ferrario, M., Cesana, G., Houtman, I. L. D., Isacsson, S. O., Kittel, F., et al. (2005) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki028 · Cited by 103
Occupational Stress: Review and Reappraisal
Sharit, J., & Salvendy, G. (1982) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872088202400201 · Cited by 105
“Cooper and Marshall (1976) list some of the methodological flaws that they feel have undermined such research.”
Background
Situation critical: High demand, low control, and low support in paramedic organizations.
Regehr, C., & Millar, D. (2007) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765607299912 · Cited by 100
Stress in academe: What bothers professors?
Thorsen, E. J. (1996) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf00137127 · Cited by 100
Interpersonal conflict as a predictor of work disability: A follow-up study of 15,348 finnish employees
Appelberg, K., Romanov, K., Heikkila, K. V., Honkasalo, M., & Koskenvuo, M. J. (1996) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00576-5 · Cited by 100
Psychosocial aspects of working with video display terminals (VDTs) and employee physical and mental health
Smith, M. J. (1997) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/001401397187568 · Cited by 100
Identifying stressors at work: Recent research developments
Cooper, C. L. (1983) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(83)90068-5 · Cited by 99
The impact of personal, professional and organizational characteristics on administrator burnout
Gmelch, W. H., & Gates, G. S. (1998) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/09578239810204363 · Cited by 99
Quality of working life and turnover intention in information technology work
Korunka, C., Hoonakker, P., & Carayon, P. (2008) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20099 · Cited by 110
“The most important job and organizational factors identiﬁed in the literature are: job demands, job control, social support, job content, role conﬂict, and role ambiguity (Carayon & Smith, 2000; Cooper & Marshall, 1976; Karasek, 1979; Theorell & Karasek, 1996).”
Background
A model of job stress and physical health: the role of individual differences
Cooper, C. L., Kirkcaldy, B. D., & Brown, J. M. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90194-5 · Cited by 98
The use of total cost of ownership for strategic procurement: a company-wide management information system
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Psychological flexibility and mindfulness as predictors of individual outcomes in hospital health workers.
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THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT OF WORK STRESS: A CRITIQUE
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“…consequences, ILP is not inherently antithetical to employees’ wellbeing, which ultimately depends on ‘intensity’ (Anderson-Connolly et al. 2002), and management styles compatible with reasonable health standards (Cooper and Marshall 1976; de Treville and Antonakis 2006; Conti et al. 2006).”
Background
A longitudinal test of Karasek's Job Strain model among office workers
Carayon, P. (1993) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379308257070 · Cited by 96
Does privatization affect corporate culture and employee wellbeing?
Cunha, R. C. E., & Cooper, C. L. (2002) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940210415915 · Cited by 95
Principal workload
Oplatka, İ. (2017) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-06-2016-0071 · Cited by 101
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The risk management of occupational stress
Clarke, S., & Cooper, C. L. (2000) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/713670158 · Cited by 91
“The nature and effects of occupational stress Sources of occupational stress (or s̀tressors’ ) have been categorised by Cooper and Marshall (1976) as: intrinsic to the job; role in the organisation; relationships at work; career development; organisational structure and climate; home± work…”
Background
Handbook of Brief Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
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Stress among student nurses: is it practical or academic?
Rhead, M. M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.1995.tb00038.x · Cited by 89
Job insecurity and well-being: A longitudinal study among male and female employees in finland
Mauno, S., & Kinnunen, U. M. (1999) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668809908413938 · Cited by 92
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Lingard, H. C., & Sublet, A. (2002) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446190210156073 · Cited by 86
“Organizational and job conditions (stressors), identied in the literature to be associated with occupational stress (see e.g. Cooper and Marshall, 1976; Mauno and Kinnunen, 1999), were measured using a 36-item instrument.”
Method
Increases in body mass index and waist circumference as outcomes of working overtime
Nakamura, K., Shimai, S., Kikuchi, S., Takahashi, H., Tanaka, M., Nakano, S., Motohashi, Y., Nakadaira, H., & Yamamoto, M. (1998) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/48.3.169 · Cited by 86
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Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (1992) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030130606 · Cited by 84
Toward A Conceptual Clarification Of Employee Responses To Flexible Working Hours: A Work Adjustment Approach
Pierce, J. L., & Newstrom, J. W. (1980) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638000600202 · Cited by 84
An Analysis of Methods for Intercultural Training
Fowler, S. M., & Yamaguchi, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108854184.008 · Cited by 91
Occupational stressors and job performance: An updated review and recommendations
Rosen, C. C., Chang, C.-H. D., Djurdjevic, E., & Eatough, E. M. (2010) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2010)0000008004 · Cited by 89
INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED CONTROL OVER TIME ON COLLEGE STUDENTS' STRESS AND STRESS-RELATED OUTCOMES
Nonis, S. A., Hudson, G. I., Logan, L. B., & Ford, C. W. (1998) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1023/a:1018753706925 · Cited by 82
Occupational Tedium among Prison Officers
Shamir, B., & Drory, A. (1982) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854882009001006 · Cited by 82
Effects of culinary employees’ role stress on burnout and turnover intention in hotel industry: moderating effects on employees’ tenure
Jung, H. S., Yoon, H. H., & Kim, Y. J. (2011) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2011.574277 · Cited by 90
“This study examines three dimensions of employees’ role stress (Cooper & Marshall, 1976): role conflict, role ambiguity, and role overload.”
BackgroundMethod
Work and non-work stressors and well-being among police officers: The role of coping
Burke, R. J. (1998) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615809808248319 · Cited by 81
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“…human factors, and occupational health (Vroom 1964, McCormick et al. 1969, Walton 1973, Caplan et al. 1975, Hackman and Oldham 1975, 1976, Cooper and Marshall 1976, McCormick 1979, Kahn 1981, Moos 1981, Karasek et al. 1983, Rasmussen 1983, Rohmert and Landau 1983, Herzberg 1987, Hart and…”
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“Job stress has been defi ned in terms of a misfi t between a person ’ s skills and abilities and work demands, and a misfi t between a person ’ s needs and organizational support (Beehr & Newman, 1978; Cooper & Marshall, 1976; Schuler, 1980).”
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Authors: COOPER, C. L., & MARSHALL, J.
Affiliations: University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author: COOPER, CARY L.
ORCID: COOPER, CARY L.
MARSHALL, JUDI
Venue: Journal of Occupational Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1976-03
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-28
ISSN: 0305-8107 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1976.tb00325.x
OpenAlex: W1970480634
Cited by: 1,201
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 13.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 12952 d)
Locations: Journal of Occupational Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Keywords: occupational stress, coronary artery disease, mental illness, psychosocial risk factors, interdisciplinary research, research gaps

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Occupational sources of stress: a review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health

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