Molecular Regulators of Exercise-mediated Insulin Sensitivity in Non-obese Individuals
Open accessAbstract
Insulin resistance is a significant contributor to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and low maximal oxygen uptake. While intense and prolonged exercise may have negative effects, physical activity can have a positive influence on cellular metabolism and the immune system. Moderate exercise has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve antioxidant status, whereas intense exercise can increase oxidative stress in the short term. The impact of exercise on pro-inflammatory cytokine production is complex and varies depending on intensity and duration. Exercise can also counteract the harmful effects of ageing and inflamm-ageing. This review aims to examine the molecular pathways altered by exercise in non-obese individuals at higher risk of developing T2D, including glucose utilization, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, inflammation and oxidative stress, with the potential to improve insulin sensitivity. The focus is on understanding the potential benefits of exercise for improving insulin sensitivity and providing insights for future targeted interventions before onset of disease.
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Active AMPK stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, and increases appetite at hypothalamic level by stimulating secretion of adiponectin, which promotes glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in muscle cells.
“Furthermore, active AMPK stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, and increases appetite at the hypothalamic level by stimulating the secretion of adiponectin, which in turn promotes glucose uptake by and fatty acid oxidation in muscle cells [21,22].”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The section “Exercise-induced changes in metabolic pathways: implications for insulin sensitivity” (page not provided) says adiponectin can stimulate glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation, and lists AMPK among pathways involved in exercise-related insulin sensitivity. It does not say AMPK stimulates adiponectin secretion, mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, or appetite at the hypothalamic level. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Tero-Vescan, A., Degens, H., Matsakas, A., Ștefănescu, R., Ősz, B. E., & Slevin, M. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18081222 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Furthermore, active AMPK stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, and increases appetite at the hypothalamic level by stimulating the secretion of adiponectin, which in turn promotes glucose uptake by and fatty acid oxidation in muscle cells [21,22].”
- Authors
- Almuraikhy, S., Doudin, A., Domling, A., Althani, A. A. J. F., & Elrayess, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Qatar University (QA)
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Drug Design Groningen University Groningen The Netherlands
- Biomedical Research Center Qatar University Doha Qatar
- Corresponding author
- Elrayess, Mohamed A.
- Venue
- Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-11-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e18015-e18015
- ISSN
- 1582-1838 (ISSN-L)
- 1582-4934
- PMC
- PMC10805515
- OpenAlex
- W4388488857
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Qatar University (IRCC‐2022‐467)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- physical activity, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, non-obese adults, oxidative stress, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, glucose utilization, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, molecular pathways
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Exercise, Oxidative Stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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