Cited by 727Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

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Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta‐analysis of prospective observational studies

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Gudala, Kapil, Bansal, Dipika, Schifano, Fabrizio, Bhansali, Anil·2013·Journal of Diabetes Investigation

DOI 10.1111/jdi.12087PMC PMC4020261

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Abstract

Aims/Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between diabetes and the risk of all type dementia ( ATD ), A lzheimer's disease ( AD ) and vascular dementia ( VaD ). Materials and Methods: Prospective observational studies describing the incidence of ATD , AD and VaD in patients with diabetes mellitus were extracted from PubMed, EMBASE and other databases up to January 2012. Pooled relative risk ( RR ) estimates and 95% confidence intervals ( CI s) were calculated using the random‐effects model. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analysis were also carried out. Results: A total of 28 studies contributed to the analysis. Pooled RR of developing ATD ( n = 20) was 1.73 (1.65–1.82, I 2 = 71.2%), AD ( n = 20) was 1.56 (1.41–1.73, I 2 = 9.8%) and VaD ( n = 13) was 2.27 (1.94–2.66, I 2 = 0%) in patients with diabetes mellitus. Higher and medium quality studies did not show any significant difference for pooled RR for ATD , AD or VaD . Sensitivity analyses showed robustness of pooled RR among ATD , AD and VaD , showing no single study had a major impact on pooled RR . Conclusions: The results showed a 73% increased risk of ATD , 56% increase of AD and 127% increase of VaD in diabetes patients.

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“diabetes (Gudala et al., 2013; Velayudhan et al., 2010), obesity (Businaro et al.”
Background
Comparative assessment of cognitive impairment and oxidative stress markers among vitamin D insufficient elderly patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Rajalakshmi, R., Uthaiah, C. A., M., R. C., Madhunapantula, S. V., Salimath, P. V., Praveen, K., Srinath, K. M., & Kishor, M. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269394 · Cited by 12
Synergistic impact of diabetes and cognitive impairment on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Chinese older adults: A prospective population-based cohort study
Li, Z., Wang, S., Liu, S., Gong, X., Wang, Y., Wu, D., Yang, M., Li, R., Li, H., Li, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.997260 · Cited by 12
“02 patients with DM; individuals with DM are twice as likely to develop dementia as those without DM (13, 14).”
Background
Factors Associated with Changes in Brain Atrophy during a Three-Year Observation in Elderly Diabetic Patients: Effect of Renal Impairment on Hippocampal Atrophy
Kawamura, T., Umemura, T., Umegaki, H., Imamine, R., Kawano, N., Mase, H., Mizoguchi, A., Minatoguchi, M., Kusama, M., Kouchi, Y., et al. (2016) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000443497 · Cited by 12
New Insight into Metformin Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application
Yan, Y., Kover, K. L., & Moore, W. V. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.91148 · Cited by 13
Brain-derived circulating cell-free DNA defines the brain region and cell specific origins associated with neuronal atrophyPreprint
Chatterton, Z., Mendelev, N., Chen, S., Raj, T., Walker, R. H., Carr, W. S., Kamimori, G. H., Beeri, M. S., Ge, Y., Dwork, A. J., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/538827 · Cited by 13
“cognitive impairment, vascular dementia and AD [34, 35].”
Common bacterial infections and risk of incident cognitive decline or dementia: a systematic review protocol
Muzambi, R., Bhaskaran, K., Brayne, C., Smeeth, L., & Warren-Gash, C. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030874 · Cited by 11
Systemic Metabolism and Mitochondria in the Mechanism of Alzheimer’s Disease: Finding Potential Therapeutic Targets
Song, M., & Fan, X. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098398 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, people 65 years of age or older have reduced insulin sensitivity [4–6].”
Background
Sleep disorders and risk of dementia in patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes: A nationwide population‐based cohort study
Jin, D.-L., & Choi, J. W. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13092 · Cited by 11
“Type 2 diabetes is related with cognitive dysfunction and the development of dementia.(3,4) This includes subtle cognitive changes, also referred to as diabetes-associated cognitive decrements, as well as an increased risk of severe stages of cognitive dysfunction, including mild cognitive impairment and dementia.”
Background
Type 2 diabetes and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia: A longitudinal cohort study integrating polygenic risk score
Jeong, S., Lin, L., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Hsu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251326107 · Cited by 13
“9 In addition, those with longer durations and earlier onset ages of T2DM were found to be more likely to develop vascular dementia.”
Evaluating the Causal Association Between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Han, S., Lelieveldt, T., Sturkenboom, M., Biessels, G. J., & Ahmadizar, F. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13051095 · Cited by 12
Effect of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract on glial NF‑κB levels and expression of serum inflammation markers in an obese‑type 2 diabetes mellitus animal model
Muniroh, M., Nindita, Y., Karlowee, V., Purwoko, Y., Rahmah, N. D., Widyowati, R., & Suryono, S. (2021) · Biomedical Reports · doi:10.3892/br.2021.1439 · Cited by 11
“Diabetes mellitus induces some toxic effects, such as hyperglycemia, vascular dementia, brain insulin resistance and neurode‐ generation, which increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia (1,6).”
Background
Predictors of cognitive and emotional symptoms 12 months after first-ever mild stroke
Vlachos, G., Ihle‐Hansen, H., Wyller, T. B., Brækhus, A., Mangset, M., Hamre, C., & Fure, B. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2022.2038211 · Cited by 11
“A strong epidemiological association exists between diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments (Gudala et al., 2013).”
Background
Possibility for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia Using Three Kinds of Brown Rice Blends after High-Pressure Treatment
Nakamura, S., Ikeuchi, T., Araki, A., Kasuga, K., Watanabe, K., Hirayama, M., Ito, M., & Ohtsubo, K. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11060818 · Cited by 11
Tea Consumption Is Associated with Reduced Cognitive Decline and Interacts with Iron Intake: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study on 4,820 Old Adults
Sukik, L., Liu, J., & Shi, Z. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220344 · Cited by 12
Exploring the common pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus via microarray data analysis
Ye, X., Liu, M., Wang, X., Cheng, S.-Q., Li, C.-S., Bai, Y., Yang, L.-L., Wang, X.-X., Wen, J., Xu, W., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1071391 · Cited by 13
“Compared with non-diabetic patients people with a history of diabetes had a 73% increase in the risk of all types of dementia, a 56% increase in AD, and a 127% increase in vascular dementia (Gudala et al., 2013).”
Background
The Potential of a Stratified Approach to Drug Repurposing in Alzheimer’s Disease
Anderson, C., Bucholc, M., McClean, P. L., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14010011 · Cited by 13
“Obesity also increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, which is another risk factor associated with AD [74].”
Background
SLC2A3 rs12842 polymorphism and risk for Alzheimer’s disease
Arseniou, S., Siokas, V., Aloizou, A., Stamati, P., Mentis, A. A., Tsouris, Z., Dastamani, M., Peristeri, E., Valotassiou, V. J., Bogdanos, D. P., et al. (2020) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2020.1786973 · Cited by 22
Pantethine Ameliorates Recognition Impairment in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Modulating Cholesterol Content and Intestinal Flora Species
Chen, J., Li, Y., Chen, M., Liu, X., Chen, J., Li, X., Wang, C., Wan, G., & Tian, J. (2023) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202200799 · Cited by 10
Diabetic Retinopathy and Brain Structure, Cognition Function, and Dementia: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study
Chai, Y.-H., Han, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231022 · Cited by 10
“Currently, dementia affects more than 46 million older adults worldwide; experts predict that the ﬁgure will be nearly tripled 2050 [2, 3].”
Effect of glymphatic system function on cognitive function in patients with chronic kidney disease
Ko, J., Park, B. S., Heo, C. M., Yi, J., Lee, D. A., & Park, K. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1480536 · Cited by 11
“However, there was no statistically significant difference in the DTI-ALPS index regardless of the presence of T2DM in this study.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Impact of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Dementia Onset in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
Pan, J., Yang, H., Lu, J., Chen, L., Wen, T., Zhao, S., & Shi, L. (2025) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000543533 · Cited by 10
“While dementia stands as a prevalent and severe complication of diabetes, current research predominantly focuses on treatment, leaving a gap in exploring strategies for preventing and postponing diabetes-related dementia [26 – 28].”
Characterization of cognitive decline in long-duration type 1 diabetes by cognitive, neuroimaging, and pathological examinations
Shah, H., Desalvo, M. N., Haidar, A., JANGOLLA, S. V. T., Yu, M. G., Roque, R. S., Hayes, A., Gauthier, J., ZIEMNIAK, N. A., VIEBRANZ, E. R., et al. (2025) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.180226 · Cited by 10
“Dia-betes-associated cognitive decline may have multiple underlying mechanisms, including vascular abnormalities and changes in glucose, insulin sensitivity, and amyloid metabolism (2, 3).”
Triad of impairment in older people with diabetes-reciprocal relations and clinical implications
Abdelhafiz, A. H., Davies, P. C., & Sinclair, A. J. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108065 · Cited by 11
Ameliorative effect of ozagrel, a thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor, in hyperhomocysteinemia‐induced experimental vascular cognitive impairment and dementia
Bhatia, P., & Singh, N. (2020) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.12610 · Cited by 10
Potential of prevention strategies for the modifiable risk factor type 2 diabetes with relation to the future number of dementia patients in Germany– a multi-state projection through 2040
Fink, A., Dörre, A., Demuth, I., & Doblhammer, G. (2022) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02682-6 · Cited by 11
“About 3 to 4% of all Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases are attributable to diabetes [5], and diabetes patients have a 73% increased risk of any dementia, a 56% increase of AD, and a 127% increase of vascular dementia (VaD) [8].”
Background
Volume atrophy in medial temporal cortex and verbal memory scores in American Indians: Data from the Strong Heart Study
Suchy‐Dicey, A. M., Su, Y., Buchwald, D., Manson, S. M., & Reiman, E. M. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12889 · Cited by 10
A pancreatic player in dementia: pathological role for islet amyloid polypeptide accumulation in the brain
Bortoletto, A. S., & Parchem, R. J. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.369095 · Cited by 10
“…described the increased incidence of dementia in T2DM patients, and T2DM is now considered a predictive factor in the development of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases (Ott et al., 1999; Haan et al., 2003; Gudala et al., 2013; Ninomiya, 2014; Biessels and Despa, 2018; Raimundo et al., 2020).”
Patterns of changes in overtime working hours over 3 years and the risk for progression to type 2 diabetes in adults with pre-diabetes
Kuwahara, K., Miyamoto, T., Yamamoto, S., Honda, T., Nakagawa, T., & Mizoue, T. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.002 · Cited by 10
Development of AD-Like Pathology in Skeletal Muscle
Chen, X., Miller, N. M., Afghah, Z., & Geiger, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.13188/2376-922x.1000028 · Cited by 10
“Accumulation of lipofuscin[10], damaged organelles and protein aggregates [9] Genetic risk factors ApoE4 Muscle weakness [29,30] Potential endosome dysfunction involving insulin receptor [65]? Endocytic dysfunction [60-186]”
Background
Association between egg consumption and cognitive function among Chinese adults: long-term effect and interaction effect of iron intake
Sukik, L., Liu, J., & Shi, Z. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521004402 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, diabetes has been shown to be associatedwith cognitive impairment(27,28), dementia(29,30), Alzheimer’s disease(30,31) and vascular dementia(30).”
Background
Recent advances in the understanding of cognitive decline among the elderly
Gangolli, V. (2016) · Journal of Geriatric Mental Health · doi:10.4103/2348-9995.181914 · Cited by 9
Association of mental disorders and quality of diabetes care – A six-year follow-up study of type 2 diabetes patients in North Karelia, Finland
Nazu, N. A., Wikström, K., Lamidi, M., Lindström, J., Tirkkonen, H., Rautiainen, P., & Laatikainen, T. K. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108312 · Cited by 12
The causal effect of HbA1c on white matter brain aging by two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
Tian, C., Ye, Z., McCoy, R. G., Pan, Y., Bi, C., Gao, S., Ma, Y., Mo, C., Yu, J., Lu, T., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1335500 · Cited by 10
“Our findings are consistent with previous studies (Gudala et al., 2013; Jha et al., 2022).”
Result
Plasma NfL is associated with mild cognitive decline in patients with diabetes
Marutani, N., Akamine, S., Kanayama, D., Gotoh, S., Yanagida, K., Maruyama, R., Mori, K., Miyamoto, T., Adachi, H., Sakagami, Y., et al. (2022) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12819 · Cited by 9
The Cognitive Improvement and Alleviation of Brain Hypermetabolism Caused by FFAR3 Ablation in Tg2576 Mice Is Persistent under Diet-Induced Obesity
Solas, M., Zamarbide, M., Ardanaz, C. G., Ramírez, M. J., & Pérez‐Mediavilla, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232113591 · Cited by 9
Increased Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes in Alzheimer’s Disease—Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity Models in Cells
Vianello, C., Salluzzo, M., Anni, D., Boriero, D., Buffelli, M., & Carboni, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054540 · Cited by 10
The Effect of Adherence to Screening Guidelines on the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Elderly Individuals Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Yashkin, A. P., Akushevich, I. V., Ukraintseva, S. V., & Yashin, A. I. (2018) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721418811201 · Cited by 10
Ankylosing spondylitis is associated with an increased risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Ponvilawan, B., Charoenngam, N., Rittiphairoj, T., & Ungprasert, P. (2020) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13920 · Cited by 12
Harnessing neurogenesis in the adult brain—A role in type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease
Lazarov, O., Minshall, R. D., & Bonini, M. G. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.020 · Cited by 9
“with T2DM than in those without T2DM (Biessels et al., 2014; Gudala et al., 2013).”
Background

Authors: Gudala, K., Bansal, D., Schifano, F., & Bhansali, A.
Affiliations: National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (IN)
University of Hertfordshire (GB)
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
Corresponding author: Bansal, Dipika
ORCID: Bansal, Dipika
Schifano, Fabrizio
Bhansali, Anil
Venue: Journal of Diabetes Investigation
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-04-26
Volume: 4
Issue: 6
Pages: 640-650
ISSN: 2040-1116 (ISSN-L)
2040-1124
DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12087
PMC: PMC4020261
OpenAlex: W2035873080
Cited by: 727
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 5
FWCI: 14.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Diabetes Investigation (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: diabetes mellitus, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia risk, incidence, type 2 diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta‐analysis of prospective observational studies

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