Operationalization of Frailty Using Eight Commonly Used Scales and Comparison of Their Ability to Predict All‐Cause Mortality
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Objectives: To operationalize frailty using eight scales and to compare their content validity, feasibility, prevalence estimates of frailty, and ability to predict all‐cause mortality. Design: Secondary analysis of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe ( SHARE ). Setting: Eleven European countries. Participants: Individuals aged 50 to 104 (mean age 65.3 ± 10.5, 54.8% female, N = 27,527). Measurements: Frailty was operationalized using SHARE data based on the Groningen Frailty Indicator, the Tilburg Frailty Indicator, a 70‐item Frailty Index ( FI ), a 44‐item FI based on a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment ( FI ‐ CGA ), the Clinical Frailty Scale, frailty phenotype (weighted and unweighted versions), the Edmonton Frail Scale, and the FRAIL scale. Results: All scales had fewer than 6% of cases with at least one missing item, except the SHARE ‐frailty phenotype (11.1%) and the SHARE ‐Tilburg (12.2%). In the SHARE ‐Groningen, SHARE ‐Tilburg, SHARE ‐frailty phenotype, and SHARE ‐ FRAIL scales, death rates were 3 to 5 times as high in excluded cases as in included ones. Frailty prevalence estimates ranged from 6% ( SHARE ‐ FRAIL ) to 44% ( SHARE ‐Groningen). All scales categorized 2.4% of participants as frail. Of unweighted scales, the SHARE ‐ FI and SHARE ‐Edmonton scales most accurately predicted mortality at 2 ( SHARE ‐ FI area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( AUC ) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval ( CI ) = 0.75–0.79); SHARE ‐Edmonton AUC = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.74–0.79) and 5 (both AUC = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.74–0.77) years. The continuous score of the weighted SHARE ‐frailty phenotype ( AUC = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.75–0.78) predicted 5‐year mortality better than the unweighted SHARE ‐frailty phenotype ( AUC = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.68–0.71), but the categorical score of the weighted SHARE ‐frailty phenotype did not ( AUC = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.68–0.72). Conclusion: Substantive differences exist between scales in their content validity, feasibility, and ability to predict all‐cause mortality. These frailty scales capture related but distinct groups. Weighting items in frailty scales can improve their predictive ability, but the trade‐off between specificity, predictive power, and generalizability requires additional evaluation.
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The frailty categories were defined as robust/non-frail 0.0<0.2, pre-frail 0.2<0.35, and frail ≥0.35.
“Our cutpoints were as follows: Robust/Non-frail: 0.0 < 0.2; Pre-frail: 0.2 < 0.35; Frail: ≥ 0.35.”
From Frailty as determined by a comprehensive geriatric assessment-derived deficit-accumulation index in older patients with cancer who receive chemotherapy (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
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“To date, most studies on frailty have sampled people aged > 50 or 65 (Fried et al. 2001; Goggins et al. 2005; Theou et al. 2012, 2013) although one report associated frailty with mortality in people as young as 15 (Rockwood et al. 2011) and another with fracture risk from age 25 (Kennedy et al.…”
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Frailty in an Older Inpatient Population
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Age-related deficit accumulation and the diseases of ageing
Rockwood, K., & Howlett, S. E. (2019) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2019.04.005 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to construct a frailty index from an existing dataset in 10 steps
Theou, O., Haviva, C., Wallace, L. M. K., Searle, S. D., & Rockwood, K. J. (2023) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afad221 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationFrailty and cardiac rehabilitation: A call to action from the EAPC Cardiac Rehabilitation Section
Vigorito, C., Abreu, A., Ambrosetti, M., Belardinelli, R., Corrà, U., Cupples, M., Davos, C. H., Hoefer, S., Iliou, M., Schmid, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316682579 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Characterizing Frailty Status in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial
Pajewski, N. M., Williamson, J. D., Applegate, W. B., Berlowitz, D. R., Bolin, L. P., Chertow, G. M., Krousel-Wood, M. A., Barrera, N. L., Powell, J. R., Roumie, C. L., et al. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv228 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“It is important to note that predictive validity for frailty measures is commonly assessed by examining their association with all-cause mortality (33,34).”
BackgroundMcIsaac, D. I., Moloo, H., Bryson, G. L., & van Walraven, C. (2017) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000001960 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
From sarcopenia to frailty: a road less traveled
Morley, J. E., von Haehling, S., Anker, S. D., & Vellas, B. J. (2014) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-014-0132-3 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“The FRAIL (fatigue, resistance, aerobic, illness, and loss of weight) scale has been validated by six separate studies and appears to perform as well as the other more complex scales [11–16].”
MethodGuaraldi, G., Brothers, T. D., Zona, S., Stentarelli, C., Carli, F., Malagoli, A., Santoro, A., Menozzi, M., Mussi, C., Mussini, C., et al. (2015) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000753 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Missing values were removed from both the numerator and the denominator of the frailty index, and observations were included if they had at least 80% of available health variables at that visit [14].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationButt, J. H., Jhund, P. S., Bělohlávek, J., de Boer, R. A., Chiang, C., Desai, A. S., Dróżdż, J., Hernandez, A. F., Inzucchi, S. E., Katova, T., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.122.061754 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Frailty in Critical Care Medicine: A Review
Biasio, J. C. D., Mittel, A. M., Mueller, A., Ferrante, L. E., Kim, D. H., & Shaefi, S. (2020) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004665 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The Association of Preoperative Frailty and Postoperative Delirium: A Meta-analysis
Gracie, T. J., Caufield-Noll, C. P., Wang, N., & Sieber, F. E. (2021) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000005609 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Park, C., & Ko, F. (2021) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2021.05.008 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Butt, J. H., Dewan, P., Merkely, B. P., Bělohlávek, J., Dróżdż, J., Kitakaze, M., Inzucchi, S. E., Kosiborod, M., Martínez, F. A., Tereshchenko, S. N., et al. (2022) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m21-4776 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Functional Impairment, Disability, and Frailty in Adults Aging with HIV-Infection
Erlandson, K. M., Schrack, J. A., Jankowski, C. M., Brown, T. T., & Campbell, T. (2014) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-014-0215-y · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Frailty Defined by FRAIL Scale as a Predictor of Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Kojima, G. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.04.006 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Bu, Z., Huang, A., Xue, M., Li, Q. Y., Bai, Y., & Xu, G. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1926 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Multiple system assessment (Kojima et al., 2018; Malmstrom et al., 2014; Theou et al., 2013) also confirms that the prediction effectiveness of FI on disability, mortality, and other adverse outcomes is better than that of other assessment instruments, which is consistent with the results of the…”
Result(2013) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/10433.1613-9380 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Pritchard, J. M., Kennedy, C. C., Karampatos, S., Ioannidis, G., Misiaszek, B., Marr, S., Patterson, C., Woo, T., & Παπαϊωάννου, Α. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0623-0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Prevalence of frailty in Canadians 18–79 years old in the Canadian Health Measures Survey
Kehler, D. S., Ferguson, T. W., Stammers, A. N., Bohm, C. J., Arora, R. C., Duhamel, T. A., & Tangri, N. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0423-6 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“However, previous studies show that a modified Fried criteria is associated with adverse events [26, 27, 36].”
BackgroundMethodResultHao, Q., Zhou, L., Dong, B., Yang, M. J., Dong, B., & Weil, Y. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38072-7 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kim, D. H., & Schneeweiß, S. (2014) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3674 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Frailty in People Aging With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
Brothers, T. D., Kirkland, S., Guaraldi, G., Falutz, J., Theou, O., Johnston, B. L., & Rockwood, K. (2014) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu258 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationThe implication of frailty on preoperative risk assessment
Amrock, L. G., & Deiner, S. G. (2014) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000065 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Peng, Y., Zhong, G., Zhou, X., Guan, L., & Zhou, L. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03404-w · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“However, some comparative studies [7, 91] have also found substantive differences between these tools in their validity, feasibility, and ability to predict mortality.”
MethodResultModified Frailty Index Is an Effective Risk Assessment Tool in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Runner, R. P., Bellamy, J. L., Vu, C. C. L., Erens, G. A., Schenker, M. L., & Guild, G. N. (2017) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.03.046 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Marcucci, M., Damanti, S., Germini, F., Apóstolo, J., Campos, E. B., Gwyther, H., Holland, C., Kurpas, D., Bujnowska–Fedak, M. M., Szwamel, K., et al. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1434-2 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Oviedo-Briones, M., Rodríguez‐Laso, Á., Carnicero, J. A. C., Cesari, M., Grodzicki, T. K., Gryglewska, B., Sinclair, A. J., Landi, F., Vellas, B. J., Checa‐López, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.024 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Comparison of Frailty Measures as Predictors of Outcomes After Orthopedic Surgery
Cooper, Z. R., Rogers, S. O., Ngo, L. H., Guess, J. R., Schmitt, E. M., Jones, R. N., Ayres, D. K., Walston, J. D., Gill, T. M., Gleason, L. J., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14387 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, FP and FI are generally considered the most-studied and -robust measures based on the available evidence because they have been found to have strong predictive value in other studies.(45) Although a large prospective cohort of individuals undergoing orthopedic procedures was examined, the generalizability…”
BackgroundAging, frailty and complex networks
Mitnitski, A., Rutenberg, A. D., Farrell, S. R. M., & Rockwood, K. J. (2017) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-017-9684-x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Other frailty measures can also be considered as special cases of the FI (Theou et al. 2013a) and often are specialized.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFrailty and sarcopenia in elderly
Morley, J. E. (2016) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-016-1087-5 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Frailty trajectories to identify end of life: a longitudinal population-based study
Stow, D., Matthews, F. E., & Hanratty, B. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1148-x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Conceptual Models of Frailty: Accumulation of Deficits
Rockwood, K. J. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.03.020 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationHow should older adults with cancer be evaluated for frailty?
Huisingh-Scheetz, M. J., & Walston, J. D. (2016) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2016.06.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
McIsaac, D. I., Wong, C. A., Huang, A. R., Moloo, H., & van Walraven, C. (2018) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000002769 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Typically, there is moderate agreement between different frailty instruments, however, each tends to identify a distinct, but related, group of patients.(55,56) While reasons exist for heterogeneity in selection of frailty instruments,(11) advancing the science of perioperative frailty in a manner than can meaningfull…”
BackgroundPeball, M., Mahlknecht, P., Werkmann, M., Marini, K., Murr, F., Herzmann, H., Stockner, H., Marzi, R. D., Heim, B., Djamshidian, A., et al. (2018) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000492572 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Amblàs-Novellas, J., Martori, J. C., Molist‐Brunet, N., Oller, R., Gómez‐Batiste, X., & Panicot, J. E. (2016) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2016.09.003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“0% Vivos (n) % (1) 100 (7) 100 (14) 100 (25) 100 (21) 100 (26) 96,3 (27) 93,1 (27) 84,4 (26) 76,5 (42) 76,4 (45) 62,5 (26) 43,3 (24) 38,1 (5) 11,6 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (n) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (2) (5) 6 (8) 23,5 (13) (27) (34) (39) (38) (45) (32) (26) (3) (1) Exitus”
Interventions to Mobilize Elderly Patients and Reduce Length of Hospital Stay
Surkan, M., & Gibson, W. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.04.033 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Assessing the social dimension of frailty in old age: A systematic review
Bessa, B., Ribeiro, Ó. M., & Coelho, T. (2018) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2018.06.005 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Is It Time to Begin a Public Campaign Concerning Frailty and Pre-frailty? A Review Article
Sacha, J., Sacha, M., Soboń, J., Borysiuk, Z., & Feusette, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00484 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Studies comparing uni- and multidimensional measures of frailty have demonstrated large differences in their ability to identify frail older adults (Hoogendijk et al., 2013; Theou et al., 2013; Jung et al., 2014; Roppolo et al., 2015).”
BackgroundScreening for frailty in Canada’s health care system: A time for action
Muscedere, J., Andrew, M. K., Bagshaw, S. M., Estabrooks, C., Hogan, D., Holroyd-Leduc, J., Howlett, S., Lahey, W., Maxwell, C., McNally, M., et al. (2016) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980816000301 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Socioeconomic inequalities in frailty and frailty components among community-dwelling older citizens
Franse, C. B., van Grieken, A., Li, Q., Melis, R. J. F., Rietjens, J. A. C., & Raat, H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187946 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“In the FI approach and other frailty measures such as the FRAIL scale, morbidities are considered as part of frailty [2, 12].”
BackgroundAssociation of vitamin D deficiency and frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Zhou, J.-H., Huang, P., Liu, P., Hao, Q., Chen, S.-P., Dong, B., & Wang, J. (2016) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.09.003 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A systematic review of the association between sedentary behaviors with frailty
Kehler, D. S., Hay, J. L., Stammers, A. N., Hamm, N. C., Kimber, D. E., Schultz, A. S. H., Szwajcer, A., Arora, R. C., Tangri, N., & Duhamel, T. A. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.010 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Development and validation of a frailty index in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
Hoogendijk, E. O., Theou, O., Rockwood, K. J., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Deeg, D. J. H., & Huisman, M. A. (2016) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0689-0 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationFrail-VIG index: a concise frailty evaluation tool for rapid geriatric assessment
Amblàs-Novellas, J., Martori, J. C., Espaulella, J., Oller, R., Molist‐Brunet, N., Inzitari, M., & Romero‐Ortuño, R. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0718-2 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Other requirements for the Frail-VIG index was that it meet or exceed the characteristics of existing FIs [4, 16] in terms of the submaximal limit for the FI score (99% of individuals with an FI < 0.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialValentini, A., Federici, M., Cianfarani, M. A., Tarantino, U., & Bertoli, A. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s164174 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Eckart, A., Hauser, S. I., Haubitz, S., Struja, T., Kutz, A., Koch, D., Neeser, O. L., Meier, M. A., Müeller, B., & Schüetz, P. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026923 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Exploring the efficiency of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator: a review
Gobbens, R. J. J., Schols, J. M. G. A., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s130686 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“93,94 However, the predictive power of the individual frailty components will depend strongly on the adverse outcome that will be examined.”
Operationalizing Frailty Using the Frailty Phenotype and Deficit Accumulation Approaches
Theou, O., Walston, J. D., & Rockwood, K. J. (2015) · Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology and geriatrics · doi:10.1159/000381164 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“When eight frailty scales were recently applied to a representative sample of middle-aged and older Europeans in the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), they all identified frailty and predicted all-cause mortality, even though they captured related but distinct components and varied in the acc…”
MethodSelf-citationFrailty: Identifying elderly patients at high risk of poor outcomes.
Lee, L. S., Heckman, G. A., & Molnar, F. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Falk, H., Guðnadóttir, G. S., Alfredsson, J., Cederholm, T., Ekerstad, N., Religa, D., Nellgård, B., & Wilhelmson, K. (2023) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s388160 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“7,8,12 Although one primary purpose of the CFS is risk stratification, it may also be used as a screening tool to identify frail patients needing further geriatric evaluation, i.e. comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA).”
Frailty-aware care: giving value to frailty assessment across different healthcare settings
Boreskie, K. F., Hay, J. L., Boreskie, P. E., Arora, R. C., & Duhamel, T. A. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02722-9 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“This tool has also been associated with adverse outcomes such as mortality [65].”
BackgroundUnifying aging and frailty through complex dynamical networks
Rutenberg, A. D., Mitnitski, A., Farrell, S. G., & Rockwood, K. J. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.027 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationAdherence to Mediterranean Diet and Frailty
Ntanasi, E., Yannakoulia, M., Kosmidis, M.-H., Anastasiou, C. A., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Sakka, P., & Scarmeas, N. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.11.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Association of Frailty and Long‐Term Survival in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Tran, D. T. T., Tu, J. V., Dupuis, J., Eddeen, A. B., & Sun, L. Y. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.009882 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“To date, several frailty scales exist to capture related, but distinct, groups that form different dimensions of frailty.(31) A direct comparison of 8 commonly used frailty instruments demonstrated limited agreement between these instruments.”
BackgroundOlder Adults in the Emergency Department with Frailty
Theou, O., Campbell, S., Malone, M. L., & Rockwood, K. J. (2018) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2018.04.003 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of Clinically Meaningful Changes in Measures of Frailty
Jang, I., Jung, H., Lee, H., Park, H., Lee, E., & Kim, D. H. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Frailty and Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction: Insights From the CONCORDANCE Registry
Patel, A., Goodman, S. G., Yan, A. T.-K., Alexander, K. P., Wong, C. L., Cheema, A. N., Udell, J. A., Kaul, P., D'Souza, M. I., Hyun, K. K., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.009859 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“consider >5 deficits.(16) Dodson et al demonstrated that gait speed, a component of the frailty phenotype, measured 1 month after MI was associated with a 2-fold increase in mortality at 1 year, but its significance independent of clinical factors was unclear.”
BackgroundStow, D., Spiers, G., Matthews, F. E., & Hanratty, B. (2019) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216319828650 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Common Ground? The Concordance of Sarcopenia and Frailty Definitions
Reijnierse, E. M., Trappenburg, M. C., Blauw, G. J., Verlaan, S., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., Meskers, C. G. M., & Maier, A. B. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.01.013 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hoogendijk, E. O., Rockwood, K. J., Theou, O., Armstrong, J. J., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Deeg, D. J. H., & Huisman, M. A. (2018) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afy081 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationModified Frailty Index Is an Effective Risk Assessment Tool in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Bellamy, J. L., Runner, R. P., Vu, C. C. L., Schenker, M. L., Bradbury, T. L., & Roberson, J. R. (2017) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.04.056 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mulasso, A., Roppolo, M., Gobbens, R. J. J., Mosso, C. O., & Rabaglietti, E. (2015) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s92328 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Amrock, L. G., Neuman, M. D., Lin, H., & Deiner, S. G. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.04.018 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Theou, O., van der Valk, A. M., Godin, J., Andrew, M. K., McElhaney, J. E., McNeil, S., & Rockwood, K. J. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa084 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationMotta, F., Sica, A., & Selmi, C. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.576134 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“The FI-CD has a high predictive value for adverse clinical outcomes (35) and it seems that its total score, rather than type of health deficit, may better predict adverse outcomes (36).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Functional Dependency on Outcomes After Complex General and Vascular Surgery
Scarborough, J. E., Bennett, K. M., Englum, B. R., Pappas, T. N., & Lagoo‐Deenadayalan, S. A. (2014) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000000767 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Shaw, B. H., Borrel, D., Sabbaghan, K., Kum, C., Yang, Y., Robinovitch, S. N., & Claydon, V. E. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1082-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Brousseau, A.-A., Dent, E., Hubbard, R. E., Melady, D., Émond, M., Mercier, É., Costa, A. P., Gray, L., Hirdes, J. P., Dey, A. B., et al. (2017) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afx168 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“We confirmed that the FI-ED had similar properties to more detailed frailty indices that were validated and are in use in other contexts [28, 29], and we established that the FI-ED was associated with a variety of patient-centred and system-centred outcomes.”
ResultZazzara, M. B., Vetrano, D. L., Carfì, A., & Onder, G. (2020) · Panminerva Medica · doi:10.23736/s0031-0808.19.03731-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Romero‐Ortuño, R., & Soraghan, C. J. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006645 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Frailty and Cognitive Impairment in Predicting Mortality Among Oldest-Old People
Hao, Q., Dong, B., Yang, M. J., Dong, B., & Wei, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00295 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Furthermore, FI could be used to classify more people as frail, as it is based on a more comprehensive geriatric assessment, such as physical examinations, multi-functional measures, and diagnostic data, and hence, more capable of predicting mortality than frailty phenotype measurements (Theou et al., 2013; Cesari et…”
Background
- Authors
- Theou, O., Brothers, T. D., Mitnitski, A., & Rockwood, K.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rockwood, Kenneth
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-08-26
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1537-1551
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- OpenAlex
- W2037844081
- Cited by
- 665
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 18.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- zenodo.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission through the Fifth Framework Programme (QLK6-CT-2001-00360)
- U.S. National Institute (U01 AG09740-13S2, P01 AG005842, P01 AG08291, P30 AG12815, R21 AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG BSR06-11, OGHA 04-064)
- German Ministry of Education and Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Keywords
- frailty, frailty assessment tools, all-cause mortality prediction, frailty index, Clinical Frailty Scale, Fried frailty phenotype, Edmonton Frail Scale, FRAIL scale, Tilburg Frailty Indicator, Groningen Frailty Indicator, comprehensive geriatric assessment, frailty prevalence, SHARE survey, older adults, mortality risk stratification, content validity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Europe, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Geriatric Assessment, Survival Rate, Frail Elderly
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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