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The role of polyphenols in modern nutrition
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Abstract Polyphenols are found in plant‐based foods and beverages, notably apples, berries, citrus fruit, plums, broccoli, cocoa, tea and coffee and many others. There is substantial epidemiological evidence that a diet high in polyphenol‐rich fruit, vegetables, cocoa and beverages protects against developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The absorption and metabolism of these compounds have been well described and, for many, the gut microbiota play a critical role in absorption; taking into consideration the parent compound and the metabolites from colon bacteria catabolism, more than 80% of a dose can be absorbed and ultimately excreted in the urine. Common polyphenols in the diet are flavanols (cocoa, tea, apples, broad beans), flavanones (hesperidin in citrus fruit), hydroxycinnamates (coffee, many fruits), flavonols (quercetin in onions, apples and tea) and anthocyanins (berries). Many intervention studies, mechanistic in vitro data and epidemiological studies support a role for polyphenols against the development of chronic diseases. For example, flavanols decrease endothelial dysfunction, lower blood pressure and cholesterol, and modulate energy metabolism. Coffee and tea both reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, through action of their constituent polyphenols. Despite extensive research, the exact mechanisms of action of polyphenols in the human body have not been decisively proven, but there is strong evidence that some targets such as nitric oxide metabolism, carbohydrate digestion and oxidative enzymes are important for health benefits. Consumption of polyphenols as healthy dietary components is consistent with the advice to eat five or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day, but it is currently difficult to recommend what ‘doses’ of specific polyphenols should be consumed to derive maximum benefit.
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“Often polyphenols act synergistically with other nutrients to influence glucose homeostasis and cellular processes”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [232]
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“it is uncertain whether isolated supplements would have the maximum effect without eating a variety of whole foods, as in the MedDiet eating pattern [232]”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [232]
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“However, despite representing a novel treatment paradigm for IR and IR-related diseases, polyphenol-based synthetic supplements may have several drawbacks [232].”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [232]
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Boix, Y. F., Dubois, A. F., Hendrix, S., Luna, L. G., Beenaerts, N., Manrique, C. E. M., Victório, C. P., & Cuypers, A. (2020) · Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology · doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2020190142 · Cited by 4
“Significant amounts of polyphenols are reported in vegetables, fruits, condiments and beverages [2,3].”
BackgroundEffect of Storage on Fruit Bioactives
Aadil, R. M., Roobab, U., Khan, M. K. I., & Rahman, U. U. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.21667-3 · Cited by 4
Post-exercise fatigue, lactate, and natural nutritional strategy
Ferrara, L., & D’Angelo, S. (2023) · Journal of Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.7752/jpes.2023.09261 · Cited by 4
Nanodeliveries of Food Polyphenols as Nutraceuticals
Palai, S., & Rudrapal, M. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781394188864.ch8 · Cited by 4
Dessì, D., Fais, G., & Sarais, G. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14101740 · Cited by 3
“It is well-known that diets high in polyphenols are beneficial for the human body, largely due to their antioxidant properties [59].”
Niknejad, A., Esmaealzadeh, N., Peyrovinasab, A., Sirouskabiri, S., Gholami, M., Pasha, A. V. K., Shahri, S., Büsselberg, D., & Abdolghaffari, A. H. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.8522 · Cited by 3
“They majorly exert low bioavailability and will not reach detectable serum concentrations (Rambaran 2020; di Lorenzo et al. 2021; Williamson 2017; Landete 2012; D'Archivio et al. 2010; Adhikari and Saha 2023).”
Mu, W., Yestekbayeva, D., Twum, B., & Wan, M. L. Y. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157509 · Cited by 3
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“Synergistic interactions with other bioactive compounds (tryptophan, polyphenols, antioxidant vitamins) may further potentiate its effects [131, 135–137].”
Formation mechanisms, fabrication strategies, and applications of casein–polyphenol complexes
Sun, Y., & Zhao, Z. (2026) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.70584 · Cited by 3
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Phytogenic Substances: A Promising Approach Towards Sustainable Aquaculture Industry
Shehata, A. M., Abdel-Moneim, A.-M. E., Gewida, A. G. A., El-Hack, M. E. A., Alagawany, M. M., & Naiel, M. A. E. (2022) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815049015122010014 · Cited by 3
Barin, A., Das, R. K., Bastani, N. E., Iversen, P. O., & Duttaroy, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2023.105847 · Cited by 3
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“While the monomeric anthocyanin concentration increases with ripening (Gralec et al., 2019), processing significantly decreases the monomeric anthocyanin concentration (Williamson, 2017).”
Introduction: the evolution of functional foods and novel bioactives
Süfer, Ö. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28862-3.00001-7 · Cited by 3
Traumatic brain injury: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of polyphenols
Shahbaz, S. K., Fathollazadeh, P., Zare, I., Sathyapalan, T., Sadeghi, M., Dehnavi, S., Karav, S., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2025) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2025.2508773 · Cited by 3
“These natural antioxidants are found in a wide array of plant-based foods, including apples, fruit juices, tea, vegetables, cereals, chocolate, legumes, berries, plums, broccoli, cocoa, and coffee [124, 125].”
Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Crataegi Fructus
Stamin, F. D., Topală, C. M., Mazilu, I., Badea, G. I., Vîjan, L. E., & Cosmulescu, S. N. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15179525 · Cited by 3
Perceptions and Efficacy of Oral Rinsing with Two Types of Coconut Oil: A Comparative Study
Peedikayil, F. C. (2022) · CORD · doi:10.37833/cord.v37i.438 · Cited by 3
“Marina et al. in Williamson (2017) found phenolic content was 7% higher in Virgin coconut oil than in refined coconut oil.”
BackgroundPlant polyphenols in the regulation of ion channels during aging and induced diseases
Yılmaz, B. O., Yilmaz, B., & Aydin, Y. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90581-7.00021-9 · Cited by 3
Bobasa, E. M., Akter, S., Phan, A. D. T., Netzel, M. E., Cozzolino, D., Osborne, S. A., & Sultanbawa, Y. F. (2022) · Nutraceuticals · doi:10.3390/nutraceuticals3010002 · Cited by 3
Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Mushrooms
Babotă, M., Frumuzachi, O., Nicolescu, A., Ielciu, I., Păltinean, R., Crișan, G., & Mocan, A. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839167522-00139 · Cited by 3
Potential Effects of Polyphenols on Osteoblast and Osteoclast Culture
Azizul, N. H., Hapidin, H., Abdullah, H., Azlan, M., Ahmad, A., & Soelaiman, I. N. (2023) · Biomedical Research and Therapy · doi:10.15419/bmrat.v10i1.786 · Cited by 3
Maurya, R., Shandilya, C., Raina, N., Rawat, A., Devi, K., Bhadada, S. K., Bishnoi, M., & Kondepudi, K. K. (2024) · Food Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/08905436.2024.2305978 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, it is advantageous to include foods high in polyphenols in the diet for health, as good diet combined with exercise may help prevent gut-CONTACT related disorders and maintain a healthy body weight (Williamson 2017).”
BackgroundAghaebrahimi, Z., Sabaghzadeh, J., Soudi, S., Ahary, M. T., Nabavi, S. H., & Ranjbaran, M. (2024) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-024-04037-8 · Cited by 3
“These compounds play critical roles in human health mainly as antioxidants, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial agents [60].”
Minnaar, C. A., Szász, A., Lee, S. Y., Szigeti, G. P., Szász, A. M., & Máthé, D. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2022.137024 · Cited by 4
“Intestinal homeostasis is an integrative part of the whole body’s well-being [103].”
BackgroundRole of Phenols in Energy and Functional Beverages
Beara, I. N., & Lesjak, M. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815851-7.00008-5 · Cited by 3
Al-Hamdany, N., & Flayeh, K. A. M. (2019) · Mağallaẗ ʻulūm al-rāfidayn · doi:10.33899/rjs.2019.163302 · Cited by 3
“تاممبكرم دممجاوتت لوممنيفلا ةددممعتمتاوارممضكلاو سممكاوفلا ممف ةممفاجلا تامميلوقبلاو اممشلاو ةومم قلاو ةتلاوكممشلاو وممبحلاو (Scalbert et al., 2002; Cardona et al., 2013) نادوممسلا لوممفلاو وممجلاو نوممتي لا ممف ل ممكو امممسلا تاممبنو(Shabana et al., 2011; Williamson, 2017).”
Khalifeh, T., Vazirizadeh, A., Mohebbi, G., Barmak, A. R., & Darabi, A. H. (2021) · Iranian South Medical Journal · doi:10.52547/ismj.24.2.134 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Williamson, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Williamson, G.
- ORCID
- Williamson, G.
- Venue
- Nutrition Bulletin
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-08-15
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 226-235
- ISSN
- 1467-3010 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-9827
- PMC
- PMC5601283
- OpenAlex
- W2749105166
- Cited by
- 551
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrition Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council (POLYTRUE? 322467)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (DRINC BB/M027406/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
- Keywords
- polyphenols, dietary polyphenols, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, gut microbiota, flavan-3-ols, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, Theobroma cacao, tea, coffee, fruit and vegetable intake, endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide, oxidative enzymes, chronic disease prevention
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