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The role of polyphenols in modern nutrition
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Abstract Polyphenols are found in plant‐based foods and beverages, notably apples, berries, citrus fruit, plums, broccoli, cocoa, tea and coffee and many others. There is substantial epidemiological evidence that a diet high in polyphenol‐rich fruit, vegetables, cocoa and beverages protects against developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The absorption and metabolism of these compounds have been well described and, for many, the gut microbiota play a critical role in absorption; taking into consideration the parent compound and the metabolites from colon bacteria catabolism, more than 80% of a dose can be absorbed and ultimately excreted in the urine. Common polyphenols in the diet are flavanols (cocoa, tea, apples, broad beans), flavanones (hesperidin in citrus fruit), hydroxycinnamates (coffee, many fruits), flavonols (quercetin in onions, apples and tea) and anthocyanins (berries). Many intervention studies, mechanistic in vitro data and epidemiological studies support a role for polyphenols against the development of chronic diseases. For example, flavanols decrease endothelial dysfunction, lower blood pressure and cholesterol, and modulate energy metabolism. Coffee and tea both reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, through action of their constituent polyphenols. Despite extensive research, the exact mechanisms of action of polyphenols in the human body have not been decisively proven, but there is strong evidence that some targets such as nitric oxide metabolism, carbohydrate digestion and oxidative enzymes are important for health benefits. Consumption of polyphenols as healthy dietary components is consistent with the advice to eat five or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day, but it is currently difficult to recommend what ‘doses’ of specific polyphenols should be consumed to derive maximum benefit.
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“Often polyphenols act synergistically with other nutrients to influence glucose homeostasis and cellular processes”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [232]
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“it is uncertain whether isolated supplements would have the maximum effect without eating a variety of whole foods, as in the MedDiet eating pattern [232]”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [232]
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“However, despite representing a novel treatment paradigm for IR and IR-related diseases, polyphenol-based synthetic supplements may have several drawbacks [232].”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [232]
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The beneficial health effects of flavonoids on the cardiovascular system: Focus on K+ channels
Fusi, F., Trezza, A., Tramaglino, M., Sgaragli, G., Saponara, S., & Spiga, O. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104625 · Cited by 86
Prebiotics – an added benefit of some fibre types
Lockyer, S., & Stanner, S. A. (2019) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12366 · Cited by 88
“As well as fibre, carbohydrate-containing foods also provide other nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and plant bioactives (e.g. polyphenols), some of which can nourish gut microbes (Conlon & Bird 2014) and may confer other health benefits (Williamson 2017).”
BackgroundSaad, A. M., Mohammed, D. M., Alkafaas, S. S., Ghosh, S. B., Negm, S. H., Salem, H. M., Fahmy, M. A., Semary, H. E., Ibrahim, E. H., AbuQamar, S. F., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1653378 · Cited by 106
Quercetin inhibits glucose transport by binding to an exofacial site on GLUT1
Hamilton, K. E., Rekman, J. F., Gunnink, L. K., Busscher, B. M., Scott, J. L., Tidball, A. M., Stehouwer, N. R., Johnecheck, G. N., Looyenga, B. D., & Louters, L. L. (2018) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.012 · Cited by 84
Zayed, A., Serag, A., & Farag, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.103937 · Cited by 88
The Influence of Dietary Interventions on Arterial Stiffness in Overweight and Obese Subjects
Stanek, A., Grygiel‐Górniak, B., Brożyna-Tkaczyk, K., Myśliński, W., Cholewka, A., & Zolghadri, S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061440 · Cited by 82
Dzah, C. S., Zhang, H., Gobe, V. A. D., Asante-Donyinah, D., & Duan, Y. (2024) · Advances in Redox Research · doi:10.1016/j.arres.2024.100099 · Cited by 83
Rabbani, N., Xue, M., Weickert, M. O., & Thornalley, P. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072374 · Cited by 74
“Treatment with tRES-HESP alleviates these UPR-mediated responses [9,10]; tRES-HESP may also decrease expression of TXNIP directly via Nrf2 and ARE-linked suppression [68]. tRES-HESP may thereby be a potent inducer of reversal of insulin resistance with applications for both prevention and treatment of T2DM.”
BackgroundInfluentialAbsorption Coefficients of Phenolic Structures in Different Solvents Routinely Used for Experiments
Kaeswurm, J., Scharinger, A., Teipel, J., & Buchweitz, M. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26154656 · Cited by 73
Anti-breast cancer effects of phytochemicals: primary, secondary, and tertiary care
Mazuráková, A., Koklesová, L., Samec, M., Kúdela, E., Kajo, K., Skuciova, V., Csizmár, S. H., Mešťanová, V., Péč, M. J., Adamkov, M., et al. (2022) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-022-00277-2 · Cited by 73
Wang, J., Chatzidimitriou, E., Wood, L., Hasanaliyeva, G., Markellou, E., Iversen, P. O., Seal, C. J., Barański, M., Vigar, V., Ernst, L., et al. (2020) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100091 · Cited by 71
The role of bread in the UK diet: An update
Lockyer, S., & Spiro, A. (2020) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12435 · Cited by 78
Vegan diet: nutritional components, implementation, and effects on adults’ health
Łuszczki, E., Boakye, F., Zielińska, M., Dereń, K., Bartosiewicz, A., Oleksy, Ł., & Stolarczyk, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1294497 · Cited by 81
“The results suggest that elevated F&V intake may enhance HDL’s antioxidant properties through an increase in carotenoid content (35).”
Ortega, M. A., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Montero, C. G., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Lahera, G., Monserrat, J., Llavero-Valero, M., Gutiérrez-Rojas, L., Molina, R., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153099 · Cited by 77
Pede, G. D., Mena, P. R., Bresciani, L., Achour, M., Lamuela-Raventós, R. M., Estruch, R., Landberg, R., Kulling, S. E., Wishart, D. S., Rodriguez‐Mateos, A., et al. (2022) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2022.101146 · Cited by 69
Montano, L., Maugeri, A., Volpe, M. G., Micali, S., Mirone, V. G., Mantovani, A., Navarra, M., & Piscopo, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031568 · Cited by 70
Ji, Z., Deng, W., Chen, D., Liu, Z., Shen, Y., Dai, J., Zhou, H., Zhang, M., Xu, H., & Dai, B. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26862 · Cited by 68
“Mice were administered Hsd at dosages ≤ 5 percent to validate its safety and even after long-term administration, Hsd caused no mutation, toxicity, or carcinogenesis [6].”
MethodCleverdon, R. E. G., Elhalaby, Y., McAlpine, M. D., Gittings, W., & Ward, W. E. (2018) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages4010015 · Cited by 64
Polyphenols, the Healthy Brand of Olive Oil: Insights and Perspectives
Finicelli, M., Squillaro, T., Galderisi, U., & Peluso, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113831 · Cited by 63
“Without these understandings, the real power of foods will remain unknown to scientists, and nutrition will be a black box with no scope for improvement [2,3].”
BackgroundAdriouch, S., Lampuré, A., Nechba, A., Baudry, J., Assmann, K. E., Kesse‐Guyot, E., Herçberg, S., Scalbert, A., Touvier, M., & Fezeu, L. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111587 · Cited by 64
“Cardiovascular protection by polyphenol intakes may encompass various mechanisms [6–8], including anti-inflammatory properties [9], an increase in antioxidant capacity [10], and an inhibition of platelet aggregation and antithrombotic properties [11].”
Fisetin Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy-Induced Podocyte Injury by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome
Dong, W., Jia, C., Li, J., Zhou, Y., Luo, Y., Liu, J., Zhao, Z., Zhang, J., Lin, S., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.783706 · Cited by 62
Hurst, R. D., Lyall, K. A., Wells, R. W., Sawyer, G. M., Lomiwes, D. D., Ngametua, N., & Hurst, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00016 · Cited by 63
Sawicki, T., Topolska, J., Romaszko, E., & Wiczkowski, W. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00925 · Cited by 61
Role of Phytonutrients in Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics Perspective in Curing Breast Cancer
Bhattacharya, T., Dutta, S., Akter, R., Rahman, M. H., Karthika, C., Nagaswarupa, H. P., Murthy, H. C. A., Frățilă, O., Brata, R. D., & BUNGAU, S. G. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11081176 · Cited by 59
Host–Microbe Interplay in the Cardiometabolic Benefits of Dietary Polyphenols
Anhê, F. F., Choi, B. S.-Y., Dyck, J. R. B., Schertzer, J. D., & Marette, A. (2019) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.002 · Cited by 60
Acquaviva, R., Tomasello, B., Giacomo, C. D., Santangelo, R., Mantia, A. L., Николаевна, Н. И., Sarpietro, M. G., Castelli, F., & Malfa, G. A. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11101485 · Cited by 59
“They play a key role in several processes of plant metabolism and are strictly involved in defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic factors [23].”
BackgroundInfluence of Cooking Methods on Onion Phenolic Compounds Bioaccessibility
Cattivelli, A., Conte, A., Martini, S., & Tagliazucchi, D. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10051023 · Cited by 61
Antimetabolic Effects of Polyphenols in Breast Cancer Cells: Focus on Glucose Uptake and Metabolism
Keating, E., & Martel, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00025 · Cited by 61
Torres, L., Cogliati, B., & Otton, R. (2019) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2019/4168380 · Cited by 57
“Among the main biological effects attributed to GT polyphenols, we can highlight the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and hepatoprotective activities [8, 9].”
BackgroundAlternative Methods of Bioactive Compounds and Oils Extraction from Berry Fruit By-Products—A Review
Piasecka, I., Wiktor, A., & Górska, A. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12031734 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Williamson, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Williamson, G.
- ORCID
- Williamson, G.
- Venue
- Nutrition Bulletin
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-08-15
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 226-235
- ISSN
- 1467-3010 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-9827
- PMC
- PMC5601283
- OpenAlex
- W2749105166
- Cited by
- 551
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrition Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council (POLYTRUE? 322467)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (DRINC BB/M027406/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
- Keywords
- polyphenols, dietary polyphenols, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, gut microbiota, flavan-3-ols, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, Theobroma cacao, tea, coffee, fruit and vegetable intake, endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide, oxidative enzymes, chronic disease prevention
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