Amygdala real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback for major depressive disorder: A review
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Advances in imaging technologies have allowed for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data in real‐time (rtfMRI), leading to the development of neurofeedback (nf) training. This rtfMRI‐nf training utilizes functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tomographic localization capacity to allow a person to see and regulate the localized hemodynamic signal from his or her own brain. In this review, we summarize the results of several studies that have developed and applied neurofeedback training to healthy and depressed individuals with the amygdala as the neurofeedback target and the goal to increase the hemodynamic response during positive autobiographical memory recall. We review these studies and highlight some of the challenges and advances in developing an rtfMRI‐nf paradigm for broader use in psychiatric populations. The work described focuses on our line of research aiming to develop the rtfMRI‐nf into an intervention, and includes a discussion of the selection of a region of interest for feedback, selecting a control condition, behavioral and cognitive effects of training, and predicting which participants are most likely to respond well to training. While the results of these studies are encouraging and suggest the clinical potential of amygdala rtfMRI‐nf in alleviating symptoms of major depressive disorder, larger studies are warranted to confirm its efficacy.
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Neurofeedback has preliminary support for producing generalized depression relief.
“Approach: Neurofeedback Evidence: Preliminary support 154,155”
From Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: an integrative model (2020) · cites this paper as [154]
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Ketamine for depression: the highs and lows
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Self-citationAchieving remission in major depressive disorder: the first step to long-term recovery.
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [27]The human amygdala Whalen PJ Phelps EA New York, NY Guildford Press 2009
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Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: an integrative model
Price, R. B., & Duman, R. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0615-x · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex and depression
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Zhao, Z., Yao, S., Li, K., Sindermann, C., Zhou, F., Zhao, W., Li, J., Lührs, M., Goebel, R., Kendrick, K. M., et al. (2019) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000496057 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
- Authors
- Young, K. D., Zotev, V., Phillips, R., Misaki, M., Drevets, W. C., & Bodurka, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Janssen Research & Development (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Kymberly D.
- Bodurka, Jerzy
- Venue
- Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-05-21
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 466-481
- ISSN
- 1323-1316 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1819
- PMC
- PMC6035103
- OpenAlex
- W2799758446
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (K99MH101235)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- real-time fMRI neurofeedback, amygdala, major depressive disorder, autobiographical memory recall, hemodynamic response, region of interest selection, control conditions, treatment response prediction, emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Hemodynamics, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mental Recall, Neurofeedback, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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