Comparison of the immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac COVID ‐19 vaccines in Hong Kong
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Background and objective: Few head‐to‐head evaluations of immune responses to different vaccines have been reported. Methods: Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) antibody levels of adults receiving either two doses of BNT162b2 ( n = 366) or CoronaVac ( n = 360) vaccines in Hong Kong were determined. An age‐matched subgroup (BNT162b2 [ n = 49] vs. CoronaVac [ n = 49]) was tested for plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT) and spike‐binding antibody and T‐cell reactivity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: One month after the second dose of vaccine, BNT162b2 elicited significantly higher PRNT 50 , PRNT 90 , sVNT, spike receptor binding, spike N‐terminal domain binding, spike S2 domain binding, spike FcR binding and antibody avidity levels than CoronaVac. The geometric mean PRNT 50 titres in those vaccinated with BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccines were 251.6 and 69.45, while PRNT 90 titres were 98.91 and 16.57, respectively. All of those vaccinated with BNT162b2 and 45 (91.8%) of 49 vaccinated with CoronaVac achieved the 50% protection threshold for PRNT 90. Allowing for an expected seven‐fold waning of antibody titres over 6 months for those receiving CoronaVac, only 16.3% would meet the 50% protection threshold versus 79.6% of BNT162b2 vaccinees. Age was negatively correlated with PRNT 90 antibody titres. Both vaccines induced SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific CD4 + and CD8 + T‐cell responses at 1 month post‐vaccination but CoronaVac elicited significantly higher structural protein‐specific CD4 + and CD8 + T‐cell responses. Conclusion: Vaccination with BNT162b2 induces stronger humoral responses than CoronaVac. CoronaVac induces higher CD4 + and CD8 + T‐cell responses to the structural protein than BNT162b2.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a Hong Kong cohort, two doses of BNT162b2 induced significantly stronger SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody responses than CoronaVac at 1 month post-vaccination. CoronaVac induced higher structural protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses than BNT162b2.
Key findings
- One month after the second dose, BNT162b2 vaccinees had higher PRNT50 geometric mean titres (251.6 vs 69.45) and PRNT90 titres (98.91 vs 16.57) than CoronaVac vaccinees; all BNT162b2 and 45/49 (91.8%) CoronaVac recipients met the estimated 50% protection threshold for PRNT90.
- Assuming a 7.3-fold waning of antibody titres over 6 months for CoronaVac, the authors estimated only 16.3% of CoronaVac recipients would retain protective PRNT90 levels versus 79.6% of BNT162b2 recipients.
- BNT162b2 also elicited significantly higher sVNT inhibition (93.63% vs 52.11% in the full cohort; 94.8% vs 63.9% in the age-matched subgroup), spike RBD/NTD/S2 binding, FcγRIIIa binding, and antibody avidity than CoronaVac.
- Both vaccines induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, but CoronaVac elicited significantly higher structural protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses; post-vaccination structural CD4+ responder proportions were 83.3% for CoronaVac vs 32% for BNT162b2.
Methods
- Prospective cohort of healthy adults aged 18–79 years in Hong Kong, recruited 10 March–31 August 2021; prior COVID-19 infection was excluded. Participants received two doses of BNT162b2 (n = 366; 21-day interval) or CoronaVac (n = 360; 28-day interval), with blood collected before vaccination and 1 month after the second dose.
- sVNT was measured in all vaccinees; an age-matched subgroup (BNT162b2 n = 49 vs CoronaVac n = 49) underwent PRNT50/90, ELISA for spike RBD, NTD, S2 and N antibodies, FcγRIIIa-binding antibody and avidity assays.
- PBMCs from a subset (BNT162b2 n = 25; CoronaVac n = 30) were stimulated with structural (SNEM) or spike-only peptides, and T-cell responses were quantified by intracellular IFNγ staining and flow cytometry; regression analyses adjusted for age, gender and other vaccine uptake.
Limitations
- The paper states that vaccine choice was not randomized, so selection bias is possible; the study only assessed immunogenicity at 1 month after two doses, and durability requires ongoing follow-up.
- The paper states that waning estimates were based on CoronaVac data because comparable BNT162b2 data were lacking, so the assumption of comparable antibody waning between vaccines may be incorrect; plasma before the second dose was not collected, limiting assessment of first-dose or acute-phase responses.
- The paper states that similar comparisons are needed in teenagers and older adults; evident from the text, the full BNT162b2 and CoronaVac groups differed in mean age (45.01 vs 51.78 years), although the main immunological subgroup was age-matched.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Findingown data
Average magnitude of post-vaccination CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses after SNEM peptide stimulation was significantly higher in CoronaVac group than BNT162b2.
“The average magnitude of the post-vaccination CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses after stimulation of SNEM peptides was significantly higher in CoronaVac group compared to those who received BNT162b2 (Figure 3A,B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CoronaVac N-FcγRIIIa responses were still significantly lower than COVID-19 cases.
“CoronaVac recipients had higher levels of FcγRIIIa-binding antibodies to N than the BNT162b2 group after vaccination (p < 0.0001) as expected, but CoronaVac N-FcγRIIIa responses were still significantly lower than COVID-19 cases (Figure 2B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Age was negatively correlated with PRNT90 antibody titres.
“Age was negatively correlated with PRNT 90 antibody titres.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Proportion of subjects with detectable post-vaccination T-cell responses (responders) was higher in CoronaVac recipients than BNT162b2 recipients for either SNEM peptides or S peptides alone.
“Overall, the proportion of subjects who had detectable post-vaccination T-cell responses (% of IFNγ + [interferon γ] cell is higher than 0.001), termed 'responders', was higher in CoronaVac recipients than BNT162b2 recipients for either SNEM peptides or S peptides alone (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
S-specific FcγRIIIa and S-IgG avidity were significantly lower in CoronaVac recipients than BNT162b2 recipients or COVID-19 convalescent patients.
“S-specific FcγRIIIa as well as S-IgG avidity were significantly lower in CoronaVac recipients than BNT162b2 recipients or COVID-19 convalescent patients (Figure 2C,D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
BNT162b2 elicited significantly higher PRNT50 geometric mean titres than CoronaVac at 1 month after the second dose (251.60 vs 69.45, p=1.24×10−9).
“BNT162b2 vaccinees had significantly higher geometric mean titres (GMT) of 251.60 (Æ1 SD, range from 147 to 432) compared to 69.45 (Æ1 SD, range from 28 to 172) for the CoronaVac group (p = 1.24Â 10 À9 ) (Figure 1C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BNT162b2 elicited significantly higher sVNT % inhibition than CoronaVac in the full cohort (93.63% vs 52.11%, p<0.0001).
“The mean % inhibition in the sVNT in post-vaccination plasma for BNT1626 and CoronaVac was 93.63% (SD 7.92) and 52.11% (SD 22.06), respectively (p < 0.0001) (Figure 1A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Post-vaccination CD8+ T-cell response after S-only peptide stimulation was comparable between CoronaVac and BNT162b2 groups.
“The magnitude of the post-vaccination CD4 + T-cell response after the stimulation of S-only peptides was also significantly higher in CoronaVac group but their CD8 + T-cell responses were comparable to the BNT162b2 group (Figure S4A,B in the Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Stratifying regression analysis by choice of vaccine, older age was independently associated with lower PRNT90 values with either vaccine.
“Stratifying regression analysis by choice of vaccine, older age was independently associated with lower PRNT 90 values with either vaccine (Table S3 in the Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Post-vaccination polyfunctional cytokine production (TNF-α and IL-2) by T cells in vaccine responders was equivalent between the two vaccine types and convalescent COVID-19 samples after SNEM or S-only peptide stimulation.
“Post-vaccination polyfunctional cytokine production, including TNF-α and IL-2 by T cells in the vaccine responders, was equivalent between the two vaccine types and convalescent COVID-19 samples after the stimulation of either the SNEM or S-only peptides (Figures 3C and S4C in the Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All vaccinees developed detectable PRNT50 antibody titres.
“All vaccinees developed detectable PRNT 50 antibody titres.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
BNT162b2 elicited significantly higher PRNT90 geometric mean titres than CoronaVac at 1 month after the second dose (98.91 vs 16.57, p=5.82×10−10).
“The corresponding PRNT 90 antibody responses for BNT162b2 (GMT 98.91, Æ1 SD, range from 44 to 221) were significantly higher than for CoronaVac vaccines (GMT 16.57, Æ1 SD, range from 5 to 54) (p = 5.82 Â 10 À10 ) (Figure 1D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CoronaVac recipients had higher levels of FcγRIIIa-binding antibodies to N protein than BNT162b2 group after vaccination (p<0.0001).
“CoronaVac recipients had higher levels of FcγRIIIa-binding antibodies to N than the BNT162b2 group after vaccination (p < 0.0001) as expected, but CoronaVac N-FcγRIIIa responses were still significantly lower than COVID-19 cases (Figure 2B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Adjusting for age, gender, and history of other vaccine uptake, CoronaVac recipients had significantly lower PRNT90 values than BNT162b2 recipients.
“Adjusting for age, gender and history of other vaccine uptake, subjects who received CoronaVac had a significantly lower PRNT 90 value compared to those who received BNT162b2 (Table S2 in the Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BNT162b2 elicited significantly higher IgG antibody levels to spike RBD, NTD, and S2 domains than CoronaVac.
“While both vaccines elicited significant increases in these antibodies as detected by ELISA, BNT162b2 vaccine elicited significantly higher antibody levels to all three antigens (Figure 1E-G).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BNT162b2 group had significantly higher FcγRIIIa-binding spike antibody levels than CoronaVac group after two doses.
“However, the antibody level from the BNT162b2 group was significantly higher than the CoronaVac group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Post-vaccination CD4+ T-cell response after S-only peptide stimulation was significantly higher in CoronaVac group than BNT162b2.
“The magnitude of the post-vaccination CD4 + T-cell response after the stimulation of S-only peptides was also significantly higher in CoronaVac group but their CD8 + T-cell responses were comparable to the BNT162b2 group (Figure S4A,B in the Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CoronaVac elicited significantly higher structural protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses than BNT162b2.
“CoronaVac elicited significantly higher structural protein-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the age-matched subgroup, BNT162b2 elicited significantly higher sVNT % inhibition than CoronaVac (94.8% vs 63.9%, p=7.71×10−17).
“The mean % inhibition in the sVNT in post-vaccination plasma for BNT1626 and CoronaVac was 94.8% (SD 3.45) and 63.9% (SD 16.72), respectively (p = 7.71 Â 10 À17 ) (Figure 1B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
S-specific CD4+ T-cell memory phenotypes showed TEM > TCM in CoronaVac group compared to BNT162b2.
“Interestingly, S-specific CD4 + T-cell responses memory phenotypes further showed TEM > TCM (T central memory) in the CoronaVac group compared to BNT126b2, which may impact recall at infection and long-term cellular memory (Figure S4D in the Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Average avidity of N-specific FcγRIIIa from CoronaVac recipients was comparable to COVID-19 patients.
“The average avidity of N-specific FcγRIIIa from CoronaVac recipients was comparable to the patients with COVID-19 (Figure 2E).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The plasma samples from all vaccinees before vaccination were negative in sVNT.
“The plasma samples from all vaccinees before vaccination were negative in sVNT (data not shown).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Recipients from both BNT162b2 or CoronaVac elicit increases of FcγRIIIa-binding spike antibodies after two doses of vaccination.
“We found that recipients from both BNT162b2 or CoronaVac elicit increases of FcγRIIIa-binding spike antibodies after two doses of vaccination (Figure 2A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Neutralizing antibody levels reportedly fell by 7.3-fold within 6 months of CoronaVac immunization.
“Neutralizing antibody levels reportedly fell by 7.3-fold within 6 months of CoronaVac immunization.17”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
This difference in immunogenicity may explain reported difference in vaccine efficacy between the two vaccines.
“This difference in immunogenicity may explain reported difference in vaccine efficacy between the two vaccines.[27][28][29][30]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
High levels of protection against hospitalization and death in CoronaVac vaccines were observed in Chile and Turkey despite lower antibody neutralization titres than BNT162b2.
“This is consistent with high levels of protection against hospitalization and death in Cor-onaVac vaccines observed in Chile and Turkey despite lower antibody neutralization titres than BNT162b2.30,31”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Both vaccines may be effective in preventing severe adverse outcomes of COVID-19.
“both vaccines may be effective in preventing such adverse outcomes of COVID-19.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A third dose of CoronaVac vaccine appears to boost antibody levels.
“A third dose of CoronaVac vaccine appears to boost antibody levels 17 and our data suggest that these may be needed for older CoronaVac recipients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells may provide an additional contribution to the immune correlate of protection.
“Therefore, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells may provide an additional contribution to the immune correlate of protection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
T-cell responses are important in limiting severity and fatal outcomes.
“As it is likely that T-cell responses are important in limiting severity and fatal outcomes, [7][8][9][10][11]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Our data suggest that a third dose may be needed for older CoronaVac recipients.
“A third dose of CoronaVac vaccine appears to boost antibody levels 17 and our data suggest that these may be needed for older CoronaVac recipients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Study design and conductown data
A sample size of 49 per vaccine group provided statistical power higher than 80% with 95% confidence to discern differences between the two vaccines.
“From the data mentioned above, we estimated that a sample size of 49 for each vaccine group provided statistical power higher than 80% with 95% confidence level to discern differences between the two vaccines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
FcγRIIIa binding is more likely to result in downstream signalling leading to effector function if antibodies have high avidity.
“FcγRIIIa binding is more likely to result in downstream signalling leading to effector function if antibodies have high avidity.26”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Proline mutations used in BNT162b2 to stabilize spike protein and serial passages/inactivation procedures used in CoronaVac contribute to differences in neutralizing antibody responses elicited by the two vaccines.
“Proline mutations used in BNT162b2 vaccine to stabilize the spike protein in its pre-fusion state 35 and the serial passages in Vero cells and inactivation procedures used in the CoronaVac vaccine 36 contribute to the differences in neutralizing antibody responses elicited by the two vaccines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
sVNT has high overall concordance to PRNT.
“We used sVNT, which has high overall concordance to the PRNT, 15,16 to examine the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody from the plasma samples collected before and at 1 month after the second dose of vaccination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- May combine two claims. 14
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth vaccines induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses at 1 month post-vaccination.
“Both vaccines induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses at 1 month post-vaccination but CoronaVac elicited significantly higher structural”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningAll 49 BNT162b2 vaccinees and 45 (91.8%) of 49 CoronaVac vaccinees achieved the 50% protection threshold for PRNT90 at 1 month after second dose.
“Thus, we estimated that all 49 vaccinated with BNT162b2 and 45 (91.8%) of 49 of those vaccinated with CoronaVac achieved the 50% protection threshold 1 month after the second dose of vaccination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMemory phenotype of IFNγ+ CD4+ T cells in both vaccine groups showed significantly higher percentage of TEM and lower TN than recovered COVID-19 patients.
“The memory phenotype of IFNγ + CD4 + T cells in both vaccine groups showed significantly higher percentage of T effector memory (TEM) (p < 0.05) and lower T naïve (TN) (p < 0.01) than the recovered COVID-19 patients (Figure 3D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOne plasma sample from a BNT162b2 vaccinee had high ELISA-binding antibody to N protein but was negative for other viral proteins, and may represent cross-reactivity.
“One plasma sample from a BNT162b2 vaccinee had high ELISA-binding antibody to N protein (but not to C-terminal domain of N) in postvaccination plasma, but was negative for other viral proteins (ORF8, data not shown), and therefore may represent cross-reactivity in the N antibody assay, perhaps with other seasonal coronaviruses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe mean age of BNT162b2 group was 45.01 and CoronaVac 51.78, p<0.0001.
“The mean (SD) age of the two groups were 45.01 (13.16) and 51.78 (9.92) years, respectively (p < 0.0001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCoronaVac group had 59.2% and 40.8% positive in ELISA against full length and C-terminal domain of N protein.
“As expected from a whole virus vaccine which also contains the virus N protein, 59.2% (29/49) and 40.8% (20/49) of post-vaccination plasma from CoronaVac group were positive in ELISA against the full length (aa 44-419) and Cterminal domain of the N protein (Figure S2 in the Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAn advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they contain additional viral antigens, such as N protein, which may elicit T-cell immunity and contributed to higher responses in CoronaVac subjects here.
“An advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they also contain additional viral antigens, such as the highly abundant and immunogenic N protein which may also elicit T-cell immunity 33 and contributed to the higher responses in CoronaVac subjects here.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn animal models, spike-specific CD8+ T-cell responses can compensate for inadequate antibody responses and are highly cross-reactive to different variants of concern.
“In animal models of re-infection, spike-specific CD8 + T-cell responses can compensate for inadequate antibody responses 24 and are also highly cross-reactive to different variants of concern.32”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAllowing for a 7.3-fold waning of antibody titres for both vaccines, only 16.3% of CoronaVac vaccinees would meet the 50% protection threshold at 6 months post-vaccination, versus 79.6% of BNT162b2 vaccinees.
“If we adjust for a 7.3-fold waning of antibody titres for both vaccines, we estimate that only eight (16.3%) of 49 receiving CoronaVac vaccines meet the protective threshold while 39 (79.6%) of 49 of those receiving BNT162b2 do so 6 months post-vaccination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The rates of antibody waning are comparable between BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccines.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenOne month post-second dose likely represents peak antibody response, beyond which antibody titres are likely to wane.
“One month post-second dose likely represents the peak antibody response, beyond which antibody titres are likely to wane.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAntibodies that bind to Fc receptors on effector cells such as NK cells may stimulate ADCC upon FcγRIIIa binding of virus-antibody complexes leading to downstream signalling.
“Antibodies that bind to Fc receptors on effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells may stimulate antibodydependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) upon FcgRIIIa binding of virus-antibody complexes leading to downstream signalling.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenOur study only focused on investigating immunogenicity at 1 month after two doses of vaccination.
“Our study only focused on investigating the immunogenicity at 1 month after the two doses of vaccination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPreliminary results from another study reported a marked difference of immunogenicity between BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in healthcare workers.
“Preliminary results from another study have recently reported a marked difference of immunogenicity between BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in healthcare workers.37”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe choice of vaccine was not randomized and there might be a selection bias in those opting for each vaccine.
“The choice of vaccine was not randomized and there might be a selection bias in those opting for each vaccine.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIncreased ADCC function is associated with mRNA and protein vaccination and reduced morbidity during infection, and is regarded as one of the indicators of immune protection.
“Furthermore, increased ADCC function is associated with mRNA 22 and protein 23 vaccination and reduced morbidity during infection, 24,25 and is therefore regarded as one of the indicators of immune protection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAntibodies against different domains of the spike can facilitate protection.
“Antibodies against different domains of the spike can facilitate protection.[18][19][20]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningTo avoid age-related bias, we randomly selected age-matched samples from BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccinees for detailed analysis.
“To avoid age-related bias, we randomly 49 selected age-matched samples from BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccinees for more detailed analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningAs primary study endpoint was neutralization titres after vaccination, we did not collect plasma prior to second dose to assess effect of first dose or acute phase responses.
“As our primary study endpoint was neuralization titres after vaccination, we did not collect plasma prior to the second dose of vaccine to assess the effect of the first dose of the vaccine, or acute phase responses, where earlier responses may account for the final post-vaccination differences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was approved by the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong-New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee and all participants provided written consent.
“The study was approved by the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong-New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Ref No.: 2020.229) and all participants provided written consent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenOur estimates to adjust for antibody waning were based on reports on CoronaVac; comparable data for BNT162b2 were lacking.
“Our estimates to adjust for antibody waning were based on reports on CoronaVac; however, comparable data for BNT162b2 were lacking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
The rates of antibody waning are comparable between BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccines.
“Thus, our assumption of comparable rates of antibody waning for the two vaccines may not be correct.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants such as B.1.351 Beta and P1 Gamma lead to an eight- to 10-fold reduction in neutralizing titres.
“Furthermore, some of the virus variants (e.g., B.1.351Beta variant and P1 Gamma variant) circulating in parts of the world lead to an eight-to 10-fold reduction in neutralizing titres and this is likely to further compromise”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The ELISA assays as previously described were optimized and validated.
“The ELISA assays as previously described6,7 were optimized and validated.”
From Real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron BA.2 variant in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive population (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The Immunological assays section (page not provided) identifies the ELISA assays used and says their methods are detailed in Appendix S1. The available text does not say the assays were optimized or validated, so it supports the citation as a description of ELISA methods but not that additional claim. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt is possible that neutralizing antibody titers underestimate protection conferred by whole-virus inactivated vaccines such as CoronaVac, which present multiple viral proteins that may protect via pathways other than neutralizing antibodies.
“It is possible that neutralizing antibody titers underestimate protection conferred by whole-virus inactivated vaccines such as CoronaVac, which present multiple viral proteins to the host immune system that may protect via multiple pathways other than neutralizing antibodies, such as T cell immunity and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity6.”
From Real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron BA.2 variant in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive population (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Figure 3 caption contradicts the reported T-cell comparison
MajorThe caption describes post-vaccination T-cell responses as comparable between the vaccines, but the Results report significantly higher structural-protein CD4+ and CD8+ responses in the CoronaVac group.
“F I G U R E 3 T-cell responses post vaccination are comparable between BNT162b2 and CoronaVac.”
“The average magnitude of the post-vaccination CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses after stimulation of SNEM peptides was significantly higher in CoronaVac group compared to those who received BNT162b2 (Figure 3A,B).”
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Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
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“SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, emerged in late 2019 leading to a devastating pandemic.(1,2) Over 240 million COVID-19 infections including 4.”
Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246 · cited 1× · see citing works
“SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, emerged in late 2019 leading to a devastating pandemic.(1,2) Over 240 million COVID-19 infections including 4.”
Self-citationSafety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592 · see citing works
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Proline mutations used in BNT162b2 vaccine to stabilize the spike protein in its pre-fusion state 35 and the serial passages in Vero cells and inactivation procedures used in the CoronaVac vaccine 36 contribute to the differences in neutralizing antibody responses elicited by the two vaccines.”
Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Cited by 3,742 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has been suggested that the neutralizing antibody titre associated with protection from re-infection in 50% of individuals is 20% of the mean convalescent antibody levels.(5) Using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-confirmed convalescent T A B L E 1 Comparison of characteristics between the two vaccine groups (n = 98)”
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
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RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study
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Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection
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“Proline mutations used in BNT162b2 vaccine to stabilize the spike protein in its pre-fusion state 35 and the serial passages in Vero cells and inactivation procedures used in the CoronaVac vaccine 36 contribute to the differences in neutralizing antibody responses elicited by the two vaccines.”
A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
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Correlates of Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques
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“This is consistent with high levels of protection against hospitalization and death in CoronaVac vaccines observed in Chile and Turkey despite lower antibody neutralization titres than BNT162b2.(30,31) In animal models of re-infection, spike-specific CD8 T-cell responses can compensate for inadequate antibody response…”
Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile
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“This is consistent with high levels of protection against hospitalization and death in CoronaVac vaccines observed in Chile and Turkey despite lower antibody neutralization titres than BNT162b2.(30,31) In animal models of re-infection, spike-specific CD8 T-cell responses can compensate for inadequate antibody response…”
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“7–11 The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of these vaccines have been evaluated in separate clinical trials, 12–14 but there are few ‘head-to-head’ comparisons of different vaccines.”
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Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19
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“7–11 The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of these vaccines have been evaluated in separate clinical trials, 12–14 but there are few ‘head-to-head’ comparisons of different vaccines.”
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“In animal models of re-infection, spike-specific CD8 T-cell responses can compensate for inadequate antibody responses(24) and are also highly cross-reactive to different variants of concern.(32) Therefore, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells may provide an additional contribution to the immune correlate of protection.”
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“Virus neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection from re-infection following natural infection as well as vaccination 4,5 and in experimental animal models.”
InfluentialFunctional SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory persists after mild COVID-19Preprint
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Distinct Early Serological Signatures Track with SARS-CoV-2 Survival
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“7–11 The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of these vaccines have been evaluated in separate clinical trials, 12–14 but there are few ‘head-to-head’ comparisons of different vaccines.”
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Immune correlates of protection by mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates
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Differential contributions of central and effector memory T cells to recall responses
Roberts, A. D., Ely, K. H., & Woodland, D. L. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20050137 · Cited by 272 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Sampling at earlier timepoints (Days 7–14) post vaccination may reveal differences in response magnitude given the phenotypic expansion of Sspecific TEM CD4 T cells by the BNT162b2 vaccine which may also have greater recall potential at infection.(34) Longitudinal follow-up is thus necessary to confirm the long-term T…”
Potent human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infectionPreprint
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Extremely potent human monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients
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Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to eight months after infectionPreprint
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Comparative immunogenicity of mRNA and inactivated vaccines against COVID-19
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Pentraxins and Fc Receptor-Mediated Immune Responses
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“FcγRIIIa binding is more likely to result in downstream signalling leading to effector function if antibodies have high avidity.(26) S-specific FcγRIIIa as well as S-IgG avidity were significantly lower in CoronaVac recipients than BNT162b2 recipients or COVID-19 convalescent patients (Figure 2C,D).”
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“21 Furthermore, increased ADCC function is associated with mRNA 22 and protein 23 vaccination and reduced morbidity during infection, 24,25 and is therefore regarded as one of the indicators of immune protection.”
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“21 Furthermore, increased ADCC function is associated with mRNA 22 and protein 23 vaccination and reduced morbidity during infection, 24,25 and is therefore regarded as one of the indicators of immune protection.”
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Extremely potent human monoclonal antibodies from convalescent Covid-19 patientsPreprint
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Cheng, S. M. S., Mok, C. K. P., Leung, Y. W. Y., Ng, S. S., Chan, K., Ko, F. W. S., Chen, C., Yiu, K. K. L., Lam, B. H., Lau, E. H. Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01704-7 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
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Self-citationGut microbiota composition is associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunogenicity and adverse events
Ng, S. C., Peng, Y., Zhang, L., Mok, C. K. P., Zhao, S., Li, A., Ching, J. Y. L., Liu, Y., Yan, S., Chan, D. L. S., et al. (2022) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326563 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
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Waning COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness for BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in Malaysia: An Observational Study
Suah, J. L., Husin, M., Tok, P. S. K., Tng, B. H., Thevananthan, T., Low, E. V., Appannan, M. R., Muhamad Zin, F., Mohd Zin, S., Yahaya, H., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.028 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Sinovac: CoronaVac.”
InfluentialDuque, J. S. R., Wang, X., Leung, D., Cheng, S. M. S., Cohen, C. A., Mu, X., Hachim, A., Zhang, Y., Chan, S. M., Chaothai, S., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31485-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins reveal distinct serological signatures in children
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Self-citationSchultz, B. M., Melo-González, F., Duarte, L. F., Gálvez, N. M. S., Pacheco, G. A., Soto, J. A., Berríos-Rojas, R. V., González, L. A., Moreno‐Tapia, D., Rivera-Pérez, D., et al. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01423-22 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Islam, M. S., Liao, P., Hu, Y., & Chen, X. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.73583 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hybrid immunity and strategies for COVID-19 vaccination
Hui, D. S. C. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00640-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Self-citationWithin-host genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals
Gu, H., Quadeer, A. A., Krishnan, P., Ng, D. Y. M., Chang, L. D. J., Liu, G. Y. Z., Cheng, S. M. S., Lam, T. T., Peiris, M. J. S., McKay, M. R., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37468-y · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Comirnaty vaccine is known to be more immunogenic than CoronaVac vaccine 43 and this may contribute to our observation.”
Self-citationWang, X., Jiang, S., Ma, W., Li, X., Wei, K., Xie, F., Zhao, C., Zhao, X., Wang, S., Li, C., et al. (2023) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2023.11.012 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Innate Immunity in Protection and Pathogenesis During Coronavirus Infections and COVID-19
Malireddi, R. K. S., Sharma, B. R., & Kanneganti, T. (2024) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-043545 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Self-citationAntibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in People with Severe Obesity
Kara, Z., Akçin, R., Demir, A. N., Dinç, H. Ö., Taşkın, H. E., Kocazeybek, B. S., & Yumuk, V. (2022) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-022-06181-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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Strength and durability of antibody responses to BNT162b2 and CoronaVac
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Self-citationMok, C. K. P., Chen, C., Zhao, S., Sun, Y., Yiu, K. K. L., Chan, T., Lai, H.-L., Lai, K. C., Lau, K. M., Ling, K. C., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00006-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrelation between COVID-19 vaccination and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review
He, Y., Ouyang, J., Hu, X.-D., Ni, W., Jiang, Z., Bian, N., & Wang, J. (2023) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.892 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
T Cells Targeting SARS-CoV-2: By Infection, Vaccination, and Against Future Variants
Nguyen, T. H. O., Cohen, C. A., Rowntree, L. C., Bull, M. B., Hachim, A., Kedzierska, K., & Valkenburg, S. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.793102 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Comparison of the Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in Bangladeshi Population
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“The mechanism of attenuation is likely threefold: (1) removal of the polybasic insert (PRRA) rendered the virus less infectious in the lung; (2) removal ofORF6-8 and the introduction of Nsp1 further weakened the ability of the virus to antagonize IFNs; (3) K164A/H165A mutations also alleviated Nsp1-mediated cytotoxici…”
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“…the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Fosun Pharma/BioNTech) conferred approximately 10-fold higher post-vaccination neutralizing antibody titers than 2 doses of the aluminum hydroxide– adjuvanted inactivated virus vaccine CoronaVac (Sinovac) [2, 3], while T-cell responses to the 2 vaccines were similar [3].”
Self-citationA Comprehensive Review on the Current Vaccines and Their Efficacies to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Variants
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“However, comparatively lesser activation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific CD4+ T cells is observed [56].”
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“Bar-On YM, Goldberg Y, Mandel M, Bodenheimer O, Freedman L, Alroy-Preis S, Ash N, Huppert A, Milo R. Protection against Covid-19 by BNT162b2 booster across age groups.”
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“Besides the immunization status (naïve versus primed), both cohorts also differed in the employed vaccine type (mRNA vaccine versus inactivated vaccine), which likely also had a moderate effect on the strength of the induced humoral immune response (50, 51).”
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“While the high antibody responses after two shots of CoronaVac in adults have been documented [8,9], the antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus after CoronaVac immunization were substantially reduced within 3–6 months [10,11].”
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“Such an agreement was only reached with the Finley Institute of Cuba which ran its phase 3 trials in Iran [48, 49].”
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“Another study compared the immune responses generated by both mRNA-based vaccine and the inactivated whole-virion vaccine and reported that the mRNA-based vaccine induced stronger humoral immune responses than the inactivated whole-virion vaccine (32).”
BackgroundResultZee, S. T. J., Kwok, L. F., Kee, K.-M., Fung, L. H., Luk, W.-P., Chan, T., Leung, C.-P., Yu, P.-W., Hung, J. R. L., SzeTo, K. Y., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081322 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationGut microbiota as a regulator of vaccine efficacy: implications for personalized vaccination
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“Safety and efficacy of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccines have been previously reported [5,17,18], and some studies have directly compared CoronaVac and BNT162b2 vaccines performances [19,20].”
Priming conditions shape breadth of neutralizing antibody responses to sarbecoviruses
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Self-citationSerological assays for differentiating natural COVID-19 infection from vaccine induced immunity
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“Another local study have shown that while the antibody responses after 2 doses of BNT162b2 were higher than those of CoronaVac, the latter elicited significantly higher structural protein-specific CD4 and BD8 T-cell responses.(17) Furthermore, a recent study from Singapore reported that T-cell response was higher amon…”
Self-citationCoronavac inactivated vaccine triggers durable, cross-reactive Fc-mediated phagocytosis activities
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“[32] only compared the plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT) and spike-binding antibody and T-cell responses between BNT162b2”
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“Furthermore, CoronaVac is superior in stimulating CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to the structural protein than BNT162b2, potentially compensating for the waning of neutralizing antibody protection [34].”
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“This corresponded to lower FcR binding antibodies in CoronaVac boosted groups, regardless of the vaccine used to prime, which is likely due to the overall higher immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 vaccine than CoronaVac 23 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Impact of Childhood and Parental Vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates in Children
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“Our sensor-based data also agree with previous studies using conventional serological/ELISA tests, where the administration of both tested vaccines induced higher titers of antibodies against the S protein than the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, CoronaVac [26,27].”
ResultRojas-Botero, M. L., Fernández-Niño, J. A., Arregocés-Castillo, L., Palacios-Clavijo, A. F., Pinto-Álvarez, M., & Gómez, F. R. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001845 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Impact of Tuberculosis on Disease Severity and Viral Shedding Duration in COVID-19 Patients
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“Many studies have reported exhaustion of immunity after third to fifth doses of the vaccines, particularly among patients with underlying health conditions and those receiving mRNA vaccines [22, 23].”
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“Although another study suggested that inactivated vaccine induced stronger T-cell response measured in vitro [11], the clinical correlation is uncertain, as indiscriminatory T-cell reactivity may paradoxically induce more inflammatory damage if a longer time is needed for immune recruitment and allows more virus repli…”
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“Several reports have demonstrated the resistance of the Omicron strain to the immunity induced by COVID-19 vaccines [36 – 38].”
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“S IgG avidity and Fcγ receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa)-binding assays were performed as previously described, with the addition of Omicron BA.2 [14, 15, 33, 36].”
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“…may be due to the drop in neutralizing antibodies among those immunized with CoronaVac , which was the vaccine most used in older adults at the beginning of the campaign [22] and/or the emergence of variants such as Delta, which have a higher lethality rate when compared to the original virus [23].”
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“Plasma samples from 479 healthy adults who were enrolled in our previous COVID-19 vaccine study in Hong Kong were tested for the neutralization against influenza viruses [8] .”
Self-citationHuman T Cell Responses to Flavivirus Vaccines
Wullimann, D., & Ljunggren, H. (2025) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.70027 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“Limitations of this trial included that only humoral immune response against Omicron variants was assessed, whereas cellular immune response also contributes to protection against infection and severe disease (32).”
BackgroundFive discoveries about COVID-19 made since the public health emergency ended
Johnson, B. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/d41591-023-00084-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The fast-track development of COVID-19 vaccines
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Harris, A. W., Kurtovic, L., Nogueira, J., Bouzas, I. C. D. S., Opi, D. H., Wines, B. D., Lee, W. S., Hogarth, P. M., Poumbourios, P., Drummer, H. E., et al. (2024) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00686-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Antibodies mediating Fc-functional activity have been reported to target all subregions of the S protein,includingthereceptor-bindingdomain,N-terminalregion,andthe S1andS2subregions 58,61 – 63 .”
Leung, N., Cheng, S. M. S., Cohen, C. A., Martín-Sánchez, M., Au, N. Y. M., Luk, L. L. H., Tsang, L. C. H., Kwan, K. K. H., Chaothai, S., Fung, L. W. C., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.22279158 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“9) 99 (22) 33 (33) 20 (17) 28 (24) 18 (16)”
Self-citationLau, J. J., Cheng, S. M. S., Leung, K. S. M., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.22281746 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“5 CoronaVac, which present multiple viral proteins to the host immune system that may protect via multiple pathways other than neutralizing antibodies, such as T- cell immunity and antibody dependent cytotoxicity [6].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
- Authors
- Mok, C. K. P., Cohen, C. A., Cheng, S. M. S., Chen, C., Kwok, K., Yiu, K., Chan, T., Bull, M., Ling, K. C., Dai, Z., Ng, S. S., Lui, G. C., Wu, C., Amarasinghe, G. K., Leung, D. W., Wong, S. Y. S., Valkenburg, S. A., Peiris, M., & Hui, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole (HK)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peiris, Malik
- Hui, David S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Respirology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-11-24
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 301-310
- ISSN
- 1323-7799 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1843
- PMC
- PMC8934254
- OpenAlex
- W3210423025
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 11.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Respirology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (T11‐705/21‐N, T11‐712/19‐N, N_HKU737/18)
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF‐2018M3A9H4055203)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- BNT162b2, CoronaVac, COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine immunogenicity, neutralizing antibodies, plaque reduction neutralization test, antibody avidity, T cell response, humoral immune response, vaccine comparison, Hong Kong
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Adult, Hong Kong, Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-28.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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